THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY’S SECURITY DIMENSION AND PESCO’S ROLE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 347 - 374, 15.12.2019

Ebru Turhan

https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.627263

Cited By: 4

Öz

In tandem with
initial of efforts for political and economic integration in Europe, attempts
to form a common security and defense policy were observed. The 1999 European
Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) and the 2009 Common Security and Defense
Policy (CSDP) long focused on common security policies neglecting much-needed
integration in the defense ‘sphere’. The Permanent Structured Cooperation
(PESCO) launched in 2017 aims at fostering the EU’s defense actorness. This
study examines PESCO’s contribution to integration efforts in CSDP’s defense
dimension and the development of the EU’s defense capabilities, and the
mechanism’s constraints and potential drawing on process tracing method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PESCO, Permanent Structured Cooperation, European Union, Security, Defense, Integration

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN ORTAK GÜVENLİK VE SAVUNMA POLİTİKASI’NIN SAVUNMA BOYUTUNUN GELİŞİMİNDE PESCO’NUN ROLÜ: FIRSATLAR VE ZORLUKLAR

Öz

Avrupa’da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşmeye yönelik ilk
çabalarla eş zamanlı olarak bir güvenlik ve savunma politikası oluşturma
girişimleri gözlemlenmiştir. 1999 Helsinki AB Zirvesi’nde açıklanan Avrupa
Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (AGSP) ve 2009’da Lizbon Antlaşması ile hayata
geçirilen Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (OGSP), uzun bir süre güvenlik
politikalarına ağırlık verilmesinin ve dolayısıyla savunma boyutunda bütünleşmenin ihmal
edilmesinin önüne geçememiştir. 2017’de hayata geçirilen “Daimi Yapılandırılmış
İşbirliği” (PESCO) ile AB’nin savunma aktörlüğünün etkinleştirilmesi
hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada, PESCO’nun OGSP’nin savunma boyutunda gerçekleşmesi
amaçlanan bütünleşmeye ve AB’nin savunma kabiliyetlerinin gelişimine katkısı,
bu süreçte oluşan zorluklar ve fırsatlar, nedensel mekanizmalara odaklanan
süreç takibi yöntemiyle analiz edilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

PESCO, Daimi Yapılandırılmış İşbirliği, Avrupa Birliği, Güvenlik, Savunma, Bütünleşme

Kaynakça

• Auswaertiges Amt (2016). A strong Europe in a world of uncertainties. By Jean-Marc Ayrault and Frank-Walter Steinmeier. 27 Haziran 2016. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/europa/160624-bm-am-fra-st/281702 (01.06.2019).
• Aydın-Düzgit, S. ve Marrone, A. (2018). PESCO and Security Cooperation Between the EU and Turkey. Global Turkey in Europe Working Paper No:19.
• Barigazzi, J. (2018). UK and US will be allowed to join some EU military projects. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/pesco-military-uk-and-us-will-be-allowed-to-join-some-eu-military-projects/ (01.06.2019).
• Bendiek, A., Kempin, R. ve von Ondarza, N. (2018). Qualified Majority Voting and Flexible Integration for a More Effective CFSP?, SWP Comment, 25 Haziran 2018. Bennett, A. ve Checkel, J. T. (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytical Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Billon-Galland, A. ve Quencez, M. (2017). Can France and Germany Make PESCO Work as a Process Toward EU Defense?. GMF Policy Brief No: 033.
• Biscop, S. (2018). European Defence: Give PESCO a Chance. Survival, 60 (3), 161-180.
• Blockmans, S. (2018). The EU’s Modular Approach to Defence Integration: an Inclusive, Ambitious and Legally Binding PESCO?. Common Market Law Review, 55 (6), 1785-1826.
• Blockmans, S. ve Wessel, R. A. (2009). The European Union and Crisis Management: Will the Lisbon Treaty Make the EU More Effective?. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, (14) 2, 265-308.
• Bruxelles2Pro (2016). Revitalizing CSDP: towards a comprehensive, realistic and credible defence in the EU. 11 Eylül 2016. http://club.bruxelles2.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/[e-mail] (10.06.2019).
• Cebeci, M. (2018). AB’nin Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikalarında Güncel Tartışmalar. S. Baykal, S. A. Açıkmeşe, B. Akçay ve Ç. Erhan (Der.), ATAUM 30. Yıl Armağanı: Hukuki, Siyasi ve İktisadi Yönleriyle Avrupa Bütünleşmesinde Son Gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB İlişkileri içinde (ss. 151-178). ATAUM: Ankara. Council of the EU (2017a). Notification on Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) to the Council and to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31511/171113-pesco-notification.pdf (13.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2017b). Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/2315 of 11 December 2017 establishing permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) and determining the list of participating Member States. Official Journal of the European Union. 14 Aralık 2017. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017D2315&from=EN (15.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2018a). Council decision establishing a common set of governance rules for PESCO projects Foreign Affairs Council meeting Luxembourg. 25 June 2018. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35786/council-decision-pesco-projects.pdf (10.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2018b). Council Decision of 6 March 2018 establishing the list of projects to be developed under PESCO, Brüksel. 6 Mart 2018. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/33065/st06393-en18-council-decision-pesco_press.pdf (12.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2018c). Council Decision (CFSP) 2018/1797 of 19 November 2018 amending and updating Decision (CFSP) 2018/340 establishing the list of projects to be developed under PESCO. Brüksel. 19 Kasım 2018. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-13978-2018-INIT/en/pdf (12.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2018d). Council Conclusions on Security and Defence in the context of the EU Global Strategy - Council Conclusions (25 June 2018). http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10246-2018-INIT/en/pdf (13.06.2019).
• Council of the EU (2019). Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)'s projects – Overview. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/39348/table-pesco-projects.pdf (10.06.2019).
• Council of the European Communities (1992). Treaty on European Union, Luxembourg.
• Çayhan, E. B. (2002). Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası ve Türkiye. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, (3) 2002, 42-55.
• EEAS (2017). Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) Factsheet. 17 Kasım 2017. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/coordinated_annual_review_on_defence_card_factsheet.pdf (15.06.2019).
• Ekim, S. (2018). Europe in an Uncertain World: Values vs. Security Interests. Global Turkey in Europe, Documenti IAI 18.
• European Commission (2017a). European Commission - Fact Sheet. Questions and Answers: the Future of European Defence. 7 Haziran 2017. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-17-1517_en.htm (16.06.2019).
• European Commission (2017b). Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker at the Defence and Security Conference Prague: In defence of Europe. Prag, 9 Haziran 2017.
• European Commission (2017c). A European Defence Fund: €5.5 billion per year to boost Europe's defence capabilities. 7 Haziran 2017. https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1508_en.htm (10.06.2019).
• European Council (1999a). Presidency Conclusions, Cologne European Council. 3-4 Haziran 1999, 150/99 REV 1.
• European Council (1999b). Presidency Conclusions, Helsinki European Council. 10-11 Aralık 1999. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21046/helsinki-european-council-presidency-conclusions.pdf (01.05.2019).
• European Council (2013). European Council 19-20 December 2013 Conclusions. Brüksel. 20 Aralık 2013, EUCO 217/13. European Council (2016). European Council meeting (15 December 2016) – Conclusions. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21929/15-euco-conclusions-final.pdf (01.07.2019).
• European Council (2017). European Council meeting (22 and 23 June 2017)– Conclusions. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23985/22-23-euco-final-conclusions.pdf (01.07.2019).
• European Parliament (2015). Flexibility Mechanisms in the Lisbon Treaty. Directorate General for Internal Policies. Study PE 536.474. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ STUD/2015/536474/IPOL_STU(2015)536474_EN.pdf (10.06.2019).
• Fiott, D., Missiroli, A. ve Tardy, T. (2017). Permanent Structured Cooperation: What’s in a name?. Chaillot Paper, No: 142.
• Gov.UK. (2018). UK-France Summit 2018: documents. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-france-summit-2018-documents (01.08.2019).
• Guerzoni, F. (2017). A European Integrated Force for an Ambitious Permanent Structured Cooperation. UEF Reflection Paper, Kasım 2017.
• Haine, J-Y. (2004). ESDP: an overview. Paris: Institute for Security Studies.
• Hofmann, S. C. (2011). Why Institutional Overlap Matters: CSDP in the European Security Architecture. JCMS, 49 (1), 101-120.
• Howorth, J. (2003). Saint Malo plus five: an interim assessment of ESDP. Notre Europe Policy Paper, Kasım 2003.
• Howorth, J. (2019). European defence policy and subsidiarity: The imperative of the EU level. European View, 18 (1), 1-9.
• Hynek, N. (2011). EU crisis management after the Lisbon Treaty: civil–military coordination and the future of the EU OHQ. European Security, 20 (1), 81-102.
• Jopp, M. ve Schubert, J. (2019). Level-II-GSVP: neue Dynamik durch intergouvernementale Integration. Integration, 1 (2019), 37-54.
• Koenig, N. ve Walter-Franke, M. (2017). France and Germany: Spearheading a European Security and Defense Union?. Jaques Delors Institute Berlin, Policy Paper No: 202.
• Major, C. ve Mölling, C. (2014). The Framework Nations Concept: Germany’s contribution to a capable European defence. SWP Comment, 52/2014.
• Marrone, A. (2017). Permanent Structured Cooperation: An Institutional Pathway for European Defence. IAI Commentaries: No. 17.
• Marrone, A., Pirozzi, N. ve Paola, N. (2017). PESCO: An Ace in the Hand for European Defence?. Rome: IAI.
• Martill, B. ve Sus, M. (2018). Post-Brexit EU/UK security cooperation: NATO, CSDP+, or ‘French connection’?. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20 (4), 1-18.
• Menon, A. (2004). From Crisis to Catharsis: ESDP after Iraq. International Affairs, 80 (4), 631-648.
• Menon, A. (2009). Empowering Paradise? The ESDP at Ten. International Affairs, 85 (2), 227-246.
• Menon, A. (2011). European Defence Policy from Lisbon to Libya. Survival, 53 (3), 75-90.
• Mills, C. (2018). EU defence: the realisation of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). House of Commons Briefing Paper No: 8149.
• Mills, C. (2019). The European Intervention Initiative (EII/EI2). House of Commons Briefing Paper No: 8432.
• Official Journal of the European Union (2007). Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, 2007/C 306/01.
• Official Journal of the European Union (2008). Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union - PROTOCOLS - Protocol (No 10) on permanent structured cooperation established by Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union, 09/05/2008 P. 0275 – 0277.
• Özdal, B. (2008). Lizbon Reform Andlaşması’nın Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası’na İlişkin Düzenlemelerinin Analizi. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 4 (7), 125-161.
• Présidence de la République (2017). Initiative for Europe. Speech by M. Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic. 26 Eylül 2017. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/english_version_transcript_-_initiative_for_europe_-_speech_by_the_president_of_the_french_republic_cle8de628.pdf (10.08.2019).
• Tardy, T. (2018). Does European defence really matter? Fortunes and misfortunes of the Common Security and Defence Policy. European Security, 27 (2), 119-137. Tocci, N. (2018). Towards a European Security and Defence Union: Was 2017 a Watershed?. JCMS, 56 (1), 131-141.
• Turhan, E. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nin Üçüncü Ülkelerle Harici Farklılaştırılmış Entegrasyon Modelleri ve Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin Geleceği: Neoliberal Bir Yaklaşım. SİYASAL: Journal of Political Sciences, 29 (1), 95-120.
• UK Parliament (2000). Text of Joint Declaration on European Defence, UK - French Summit. 3-4 Aralık 1998. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmdfence/264/26419.htm (05.06.2019).
• WEU (1992). Petersberg Declaration. WEU Council of Ministers. 19 Haziran 1992. Bonn. http://www.weu.int/documents/920619peten.pdf (10.08.2019).
• WEU (2019). Text of the Modified Brussels Treaty. http://www.weu.int/ (07.07.2019).