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Parenting Stress and Parent-Child Relationship During The Covid-19 Lockdown

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 33, 298 - 311, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1250110

Öz

Parent-child relationships have an important role in terms of child development. Development and psychology theories state that these relationships have a more important place especially in early childhood.One of the factors affecting this relationship is parental stress experienced by parents. Due to the measures taken during the Covid-19 pandemic, the curfew and the closure of schools caused parents to spend all their days at home with their children, and this might be reflected in parent-child relationships. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of covid-19 anxiety, lockdown time and parental stress on the conflicts and positive relationships of parents who stay at home with their children during the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, data were collected from 429 parents with children aged 0-6, including 389 women and 40 men, and the model established by the path analysis method was tested. Based on the model test results, there was a significant relationship between parental stress and parent-child relationship, while no significant relationship was found between lockdown time and covid-19 anxiety and parent-child relationship. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature and suggestions were made.

Kaynakça

  • Akçınar, B. ve Baydar, N. (2018). Erken çocuklukta anne davranışlarının dışsallaştırma davranış problemleri ile ilişkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17 (66) , 454-470. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.325593 Akgün, E. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2010). Çocuk anababa ilişki ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(24), 44-53.
  • Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C. & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers' social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 14(2), 133-154.
  • Arslan-Dikme, Ş. ve Gültekin, B. K. (2021). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinin evden çalışan ebeveynler ve çocuklarına etkileri. Education & Youth Research, 1 (1), 31-48.
  • Boele, S., Van der Graaff, J., De Wied, M., Van der Valk, I. E., Crocetti, E., & Branje, S. (2019). Linking parent–child and peer relationship quality to empathy in adolescence: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(6), 1033-1055.
  • Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934.
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C. & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 14(2), 117-132.
  • Cuong, V. M., Assanangkornchai, S., Wichaidit, W., Minh Hanh, V. T., & My Hanh, H. T. (2021). Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: Findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 722-730.
  • Çelebi, Ş. (2022). Covid-19 karantina sürecinde çocukların duygusal durumları: Ebeveynlik stresi ve çocuğun mizacının katkısı. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Özyeğin Üniversitesi.
  • Deater‐Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3), 314-332.
  • Feinberg, M. E., A Mogle, J., Lee, J. K., Tornello, S. L., Hostetler, M. L., Cifelli, J. A., ... & Hotez, E. (2022). Impact of the Covıd‐19 pandemic on parent, child, and family functioning. Family Process, 61(1), 361-374.
  • Garcia, A. S., Ren, L., Esteraich, J. M., & Raikes, H. H. (2017). Influence of child behavioral problems and parenting stress on parent–child conflict among low-income families: The moderating role of maternal nativity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 63(3), 311-339.
  • Gayretli, S. ve Sönmez Düzkaya, D. (2023). Pandemi sürecinde ebeveynlerin koronavirüs anksiyete düzeyinin ebeveyn çocuk ilişkisine etkisi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1148061
  • Hiraoka, D., & Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 497-498.
  • Huth-Bocks, A. C. & Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children’s adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23(4), 243-251.
  • Jackson, A. P., & Choi, J. (2018). Parenting stress, harsh parenting, and children’s behavior. Journal of Family Medicine & Community Health, 5(3), 10.
  • Johnson, S. L., Rieder, A., Green, E. P., Finnegan, A., Chase, R. M., Zayzay, J., & Puffer, E. S. (2022). Parenting in a conflict-affected setting: Discipline practices, parent–child interactions, and parenting stress in Liberia. Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001041
  • Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children's psychopathology, and father–child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 24(3), 339-360.
  • Kırman, A., & Doğan, Ö. (2017). Anne-baba çocuk ilişkileri: Bir meta-sentez çalışması. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 4(1), 28-49.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the Social Sciences. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  • Kök, E. E. ve Ünal, F. (2018). Ebeveynlerin çocukları ile ilişkilerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(5), 1437-1446.
  • Kubb, C., & Foran, H. M. (2020). Measuring COVID-19 related anxiety in parents: psychometric comparison of four different inventories. JMIR mental health, 7(12), e24507.
  • Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104709.
  • Li, G., Tan, T. X., & Wang, P. (2022). Parenting stress during covıd-19 lockdown: Correlates with family and child factors. Journal of Family Issues, 0192513X221106719.
  • Memiş Doğan, M., Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739-752. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44678
  • Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C. & Espada, J. P. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of the Covıd-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. https://psyarxiv.com/5bpfz/ adresinden 01.05.2020 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Öngider, N. (2013). Anne-baba ile okul öncesi çocuk arasındaki ilişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5(4), 420-440.
  • Özada, A., & Duyan, V. (2018). Ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi ve zorbalık. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(1), 49-55.
  • Özmen, S. K. ve Özmen, A. (2012). Anne baba stres ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(196), 20-35.
  • Özyürek, A., ve Çetinkaya, A. (2021). Covıd-19 pandemi döneminde aile ve ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 96-106.
  • Prikhidko, A., Long, H., & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The effect of concerns about Covıd-19 on anxiety, stress, parental burnout, and emotion regulation: the role of susceptibility to digital emotion contagion. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 567250.
  • Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K. M., Suwalsky, J. T., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Parenting stress, perceived parenting behaviors, and adolescent self-concept in European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 752
  • Ren, J., Li, X., Chen, S., Chen, S., & Nie, Y. (2020). The influence of factors such as parenting stress and social support on the state anxiety in parents of special needs children during the Covıd-19 epidemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 565393.
  • Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during Covıd-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent–child relationship. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(5), 671-682.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of Structural Equaiton Models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş- Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları [Introduction to structural equalition modeling: Basic principles and LISREL applications]. İstanbul: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Multiple regression. ın, using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education, Boston.
  • Tang, S., Xiang, M., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2021). Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: The importance of parent-child discussion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 353-360.
  • Talu, E. ve Gençtanırım Kurt, D. (2022). COVID-19 salgınının çocuklar üzerindeki akademik ve psiko-sosyal etkileri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8 (1), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1030839
  • Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Ben-Yaakov, O., & Chasson, M. (2021). Parenting stress among new parents before and during the Covıd-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 117, (2021), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105080
  • Tezel Şahin, F., Şepitci Sarıbaş, M. ve Ertör, E. (2020). Erken çocukluk döneminde çocuk-ebeveyn ilişkisi ile çocukların yalnızlık ve sosyal memnuniyetsizliklerinin incelenmesi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (6), 1873-1889. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.763266
  • Vescovi, G., Riter, H. D. S., Azevedo, E. C., Pedrotti, B. G., & Frizzo, G. B. (2021). Parenting, mental health, and Covid-19: a rapid systematic review. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática. São Paulo. 23 (1) 1-28.
  • Villarreal, D. L., Smith, O. A., & Nelson, J. A. (2022). Child behavior problems related to ınconsistency and average negativity in mother–child conflict characteristics: The mediating role of parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(7), 1859-1868.
  • Wu, M., Xu, W., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, L., Fan, J., & Chen, J. (2020). Mental health status of students’ parents during COVID-19 pandemic and its influence factors. General Psychiatry, 33(4).
  • Yue, J., Zang, X., Le, Y., & An, Y. (2020). Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Current Psychology, 1-8.

Covid-19 Kapanması Sırasında Ebeveyn Stresi ve Ebeveyn-Çocuk İlişkileri

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 33, 298 - 311, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1250110

Öz

Ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkileri çocuğun gelişimi açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Gelişim ve psikoloji kuramları özellikle ilk çocuklukta bu ilişkilerin daha önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bu ilişkiyi etkileyen faktörlerden biri de ebeveynlerin yaşadığı ebeveyn stresidir. Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında alınan önlemler gereği sokağa çıkma yasağının gelmesi ve okulların kapanması ebeveynlerin bütün günlerini çocukla evde geçirmelerine yol açmış ve bu durum da ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkilerine yansımıştır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında evde çocuklarıyla kalan ebeveynlerin Covid-19 kaygısı, kapanma süresi ve ebeveyn stresinin çocuklarıyla yaşadıkları çatışmalara ve kurdukları olumlu ilişkiye olan etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 389’ı kadın 40’ı erkek olmak üzere 0-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan 429 ebeveynden veri toplanmış ve yol analizi yöntemiyle kurulan model test edilmiştir. Model testi sonuçlarına göre ebeveyn stresi ve ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi arasında istatistiksel olarak manidar ilişki bulunurken kapanma süresi ve Covid-19 kaygısı ile ebeveyn – çocuk ilişkisi arasında istatistiksel olarak manidar bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Ede edilen sonuçlar ve ulaşılan bulgular alanyazın kapsamında tartışılmış ve çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akçınar, B. ve Baydar, N. (2018). Erken çocuklukta anne davranışlarının dışsallaştırma davranış problemleri ile ilişkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17 (66) , 454-470. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.325593 Akgün, E. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2010). Çocuk anababa ilişki ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(24), 44-53.
  • Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C. & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers' social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 14(2), 133-154.
  • Arslan-Dikme, Ş. ve Gültekin, B. K. (2021). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinin evden çalışan ebeveynler ve çocuklarına etkileri. Education & Youth Research, 1 (1), 31-48.
  • Boele, S., Van der Graaff, J., De Wied, M., Van der Valk, I. E., Crocetti, E., & Branje, S. (2019). Linking parent–child and peer relationship quality to empathy in adolescence: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(6), 1033-1055.
  • Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934.
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C. & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 14(2), 117-132.
  • Cuong, V. M., Assanangkornchai, S., Wichaidit, W., Minh Hanh, V. T., & My Hanh, H. T. (2021). Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: Findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 722-730.
  • Çelebi, Ş. (2022). Covid-19 karantina sürecinde çocukların duygusal durumları: Ebeveynlik stresi ve çocuğun mizacının katkısı. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Özyeğin Üniversitesi.
  • Deater‐Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3), 314-332.
  • Feinberg, M. E., A Mogle, J., Lee, J. K., Tornello, S. L., Hostetler, M. L., Cifelli, J. A., ... & Hotez, E. (2022). Impact of the Covıd‐19 pandemic on parent, child, and family functioning. Family Process, 61(1), 361-374.
  • Garcia, A. S., Ren, L., Esteraich, J. M., & Raikes, H. H. (2017). Influence of child behavioral problems and parenting stress on parent–child conflict among low-income families: The moderating role of maternal nativity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 63(3), 311-339.
  • Gayretli, S. ve Sönmez Düzkaya, D. (2023). Pandemi sürecinde ebeveynlerin koronavirüs anksiyete düzeyinin ebeveyn çocuk ilişkisine etkisi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1148061
  • Hiraoka, D., & Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 497-498.
  • Huth-Bocks, A. C. & Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children’s adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23(4), 243-251.
  • Jackson, A. P., & Choi, J. (2018). Parenting stress, harsh parenting, and children’s behavior. Journal of Family Medicine & Community Health, 5(3), 10.
  • Johnson, S. L., Rieder, A., Green, E. P., Finnegan, A., Chase, R. M., Zayzay, J., & Puffer, E. S. (2022). Parenting in a conflict-affected setting: Discipline practices, parent–child interactions, and parenting stress in Liberia. Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001041
  • Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children's psychopathology, and father–child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 24(3), 339-360.
  • Kırman, A., & Doğan, Ö. (2017). Anne-baba çocuk ilişkileri: Bir meta-sentez çalışması. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 4(1), 28-49.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the Social Sciences. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  • Kök, E. E. ve Ünal, F. (2018). Ebeveynlerin çocukları ile ilişkilerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(5), 1437-1446.
  • Kubb, C., & Foran, H. M. (2020). Measuring COVID-19 related anxiety in parents: psychometric comparison of four different inventories. JMIR mental health, 7(12), e24507.
  • Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104709.
  • Li, G., Tan, T. X., & Wang, P. (2022). Parenting stress during covıd-19 lockdown: Correlates with family and child factors. Journal of Family Issues, 0192513X221106719.
  • Memiş Doğan, M., Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739-752. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44678
  • Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C. & Espada, J. P. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of the Covıd-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. https://psyarxiv.com/5bpfz/ adresinden 01.05.2020 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Öngider, N. (2013). Anne-baba ile okul öncesi çocuk arasındaki ilişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5(4), 420-440.
  • Özada, A., & Duyan, V. (2018). Ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi ve zorbalık. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(1), 49-55.
  • Özmen, S. K. ve Özmen, A. (2012). Anne baba stres ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(196), 20-35.
  • Özyürek, A., ve Çetinkaya, A. (2021). Covıd-19 pandemi döneminde aile ve ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 96-106.
  • Prikhidko, A., Long, H., & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The effect of concerns about Covıd-19 on anxiety, stress, parental burnout, and emotion regulation: the role of susceptibility to digital emotion contagion. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 567250.
  • Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K. M., Suwalsky, J. T., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Parenting stress, perceived parenting behaviors, and adolescent self-concept in European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 752
  • Ren, J., Li, X., Chen, S., Chen, S., & Nie, Y. (2020). The influence of factors such as parenting stress and social support on the state anxiety in parents of special needs children during the Covıd-19 epidemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 565393.
  • Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during Covıd-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent–child relationship. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(5), 671-682.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of Structural Equaiton Models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş- Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları [Introduction to structural equalition modeling: Basic principles and LISREL applications]. İstanbul: Ekinoks Yayınları.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Multiple regression. ın, using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education, Boston.
  • Tang, S., Xiang, M., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2021). Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: The importance of parent-child discussion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 353-360.
  • Talu, E. ve Gençtanırım Kurt, D. (2022). COVID-19 salgınının çocuklar üzerindeki akademik ve psiko-sosyal etkileri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8 (1), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1030839
  • Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Ben-Yaakov, O., & Chasson, M. (2021). Parenting stress among new parents before and during the Covıd-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 117, (2021), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105080
  • Tezel Şahin, F., Şepitci Sarıbaş, M. ve Ertör, E. (2020). Erken çocukluk döneminde çocuk-ebeveyn ilişkisi ile çocukların yalnızlık ve sosyal memnuniyetsizliklerinin incelenmesi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (6), 1873-1889. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.763266
  • Vescovi, G., Riter, H. D. S., Azevedo, E. C., Pedrotti, B. G., & Frizzo, G. B. (2021). Parenting, mental health, and Covid-19: a rapid systematic review. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática. São Paulo. 23 (1) 1-28.
  • Villarreal, D. L., Smith, O. A., & Nelson, J. A. (2022). Child behavior problems related to ınconsistency and average negativity in mother–child conflict characteristics: The mediating role of parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(7), 1859-1868.
  • Wu, M., Xu, W., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, L., Fan, J., & Chen, J. (2020). Mental health status of students’ parents during COVID-19 pandemic and its influence factors. General Psychiatry, 33(4).
  • Yue, J., Zang, X., Le, Y., & An, Y. (2020). Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Current Psychology, 1-8.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Selen Demirtaş Zorbaz 0000-0003-0040-9095

Semra Kiye 0000-0003-4414-5765

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirtaş Zorbaz, S., & Kiye, S. (2023). Covid-19 Kapanması Sırasında Ebeveyn Stresi ve Ebeveyn-Çocuk İlişkileri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(33), 298-311. https://doi.org/10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1250110