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Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Glutensiz ve Kazeinsiz Diyetin Gastrointestinal Semptomlara Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 27, 1044 - 1060, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1401628

Öz

Amaç: Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan çocuklarda glutensiz-kazeinsiz (GFCF) diyetin GİS semptomları, besin tüketimi ve ebeveynlerinin yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Yarı deneysel bu çalışmada, gönüllülük esasıyla dahil edilen diyet müdahale (n=12) ve kontrol grubunun (n=15) tanımlayıcı özellikleri ve besin tüketimleri sorgulanmıştır. Diyet uygulama öncesi ve sonrası (12 hafta süreyle) olmak üzere GİS semptomları izlem formu, Otizm Öğün Davranış Kısa Ölçeği (BAMBI) ve Otizmde Yaşam Kalitesi Anketi-Ebeveyn Sürümü (OYKA-E) soru kâğıtları 2 defa uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Glutensiz-kazeinsiz diyet grubundaki OSB’li çocukların 12 hafta sonundaki değerlendirmelerinde, günlük karbonhidrat ve kalsiyum alımının istatistiksel olarak azaldığı görülmüştür (p=0,041). Glutensiz-kazeinsiz diyet grubundaki OSB’li çocuklardan diyet öncesi 7 OSB'li çocuk bir veya birkaç GİS semptom yaşarken, diyet sonrası GİS semptomu yaşayanların sayısı 3’e düşmüştür ancak bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamı bulunmamıştır (p=0.310). Diyet öncesi ve sonrası yaşam memnuniyeti puan ortalaması kıyaslandığında; GFCF diyet grubundaki OSB’li çocukların; diyet öncesi puan ortalamaları 4,33±2,57; diyet sonrası 8,00±1,91 puan olarak belirlenmiştir (p=0,002). Glutensiz-kazeinsiz diyet grubundaki çocukların ebeveynlerin çoğu (%91,6) diyete devam edeceğini, %75,0’i ise diyetin çocuklarının beslenme alışkanlıklarının düzene soktuğunu beyan etmiştir.
Sonuç: OSB’li çocuklarda GFCF diyetinin GİS semptomlarını ve ebeveynlerin yaşam kalitesini iyileştirici etkisi gözlenmiştir. Ancak ebeveynlerin diyetisyen danışmanlığında çocukların büyüme ve gelişmesi izlenerek, gerekli besin destekleri yapılarak diyeti sürdürmeleri gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma protokolü, Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurul Başkanlığı tarafından onaylanmış (10840098-604.01.01/14.11.2019), ardından Bağcılar Belediyesi Engelliler Sarayı tarafından incelenerek onay alınmıştır. Katılımcılar kendi istekleri ile bilgilendirilmiş gönüllü onam formunu imzalamışlardır. Çalışma Helsinki Deklarasyonu prensiplerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır.

Teşekkür

Çalışmaya katılım gösteren tüm katılımcılara teşekkür ederiz. Makale Şevval Tekkeli’nin yüksek lisans tez çalışmasından üretilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. American Psychiatric Association. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • 2. Ghalichi F, Ghaemmaghami J, Malek A, Ostadrahimi A. Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr. 2016;12(4):436–442.
  • 3. Vissoker RE, Latzer Y, Gal E. Eating and feeding problems and gastrointestinal dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2015;12:10–21.
  • 4. Malhi P, Venkatesh L, Bharti B, Singhi P. Feeding problems and nutrient ıntake in children with and without autism: A comparative study. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;84(4):283–288.
  • 5. Babinska K, Celusakova H, Belica I, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding problems and their associations with dietary interventions, food supplement use, and behavioral characteristics in a sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):1–18.
  • 6. Saurman V, Margolis KG, Luna RA. Autism spectrum disorder as a brain gut microbiome axis disorder. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):818–828.
  • 7. Winburn E, Charlton J, Mc Conachie H, et al. Parents’ and child health professionals’ attitudes towards dietary interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(4):747–757.
  • 8. Marí-Bauset S, Llopis-González A, Zazpe I, Marí-Sanchis A, Suárez-Varela MM. Nutritional impact of a gluten-free casein-free diet in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(2):673–684.
  • 9. Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, et al. Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Rev. 2019;0(0):1–17.
  • 10. Reissmann A, Hauser J, Makulska-Gertruda E, Tomsa L, Lange K. Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2010;4(3):328–39.
  • 11. Fattorusso A, Di Genova L, Dell’isola GB, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Autism spectrum disorders and the gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;11(3).
  • 12. Baspinar B, Yardimci H. Gluten-free casein-free diet for autism spectrum disorders: An it be effective in solving behavioural and gastrointestinal problems? Eurasian J Med. 2020;52(3):292–297.
  • 13. Harris C, Card B. A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Complement Ther Med. 2012;20(6):437–440.
  • 14. Keller A, Rimestad ML, Rohde JF, et al. The effect of a combined gluten-and casein-free diet on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–18.
  • 15. González-Domenech PJ, Díaz Atienza F, García Pablos C, Fernández Soto ML, Martínez-Ortega JM, Gutiérrez-Rojas L. Influence of a combined gluten-free and casein-free diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A 12-month follow-up clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(3):935–948.
  • 16. Pekcan G. Beslenme Durumunun Saptanması. Ankara: Hatiboğlu Yayınevi; 2016:67–142.
  • 17. Ebrahim GJ. WHO child growth standards: Head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skin fold-for-age and sub scapular skin fold-for-age. Journal Trop Pediatr. 2007(54)214–215.
  • 18. WHO. Child Growth Standards. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(12):1002.
  • 19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi̇ (TÜBER). Ankara: 2015.
  • 20. Lukens CT, Linscheid TR. Development and validation of an inventory to assess mealtime behavior problems in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(2):342–52.
  • 21. Meral BF, Fidan A. A study on Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the brief autism mealtime behavior inventory (BAMBI). Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2014;116:403-8.
  • 22. Eapen V, Črnčec R, Walter A, Tay KP. Conceptualisation and development of a quality of life measure for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res Treat. 2014;2014:1–11.
  • 23. Gürbüz Özgür B, Aksu H, Eser E. Otizmde yaşam kalitesi anketi anne-baba sürümünün türkçe geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2017;18(4):344–52.
  • 24. Cekici H, Sanlier N. Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(3):145–155.
  • 25. Alp AG. Otistik Bozukluğu Olan Çocukların Beslenme Durumlarının Tanımlanması Ve Ailelere Verilen Beslenme Eğitiminin Etkisinin Belirlenmesi [yüksek lisans tezi]. Gaziantep, Türkiye: Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • 26. Cermak Sharon A, Curtin C, Bandini LG. Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(2):238–246.
  • 27. Bandini LG, Anderson SE, Curtin C, et al. Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. J Pediatr. 2010;23(1):259–264.
  • 28. Kaynar AN, Yılmaz HÖ. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme durumunun belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniv. Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2020;9(2):151–162.
  • 29. Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):1–16.
  • 30. Srikantha P, Hasan Mohajeri M. The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(9):14–19.
  • 31. Margari L, Marzulli L, Gabellone A, de Giambattista C. Eating and mealtime behaviors in patients with autism spectrum disorder: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:2083–102.
  • 32. Meral BF, Fidan A. Measuring the impact of feeding covariates on health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2015;10:124-130.
  • 33. Castro K, Faccioli LS, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Perry IS, Riesgo R. Feeding behavior and dietary intake of male children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2016;53:68–74.
  • 34. Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver SJ, Connell-Jones GG. Withdrawn: Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2019;4(1):CD003498.
  • 35. Alhazmi A, Petersen R, Donald KA. Quality of life among parents of South African children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2018;30(4):226–231.
  • 36. Vasilopoulou E, Nisbet J. The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2016;23:36–49.
  • 37. Kuhlthau K, Payakachat N, Delahaye J, et al. Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8(10):1339–1350.
  • 38. Yıldırım B. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanısı Almış Çocukların Anne Babalarının Depresyon, Kaygı Ve Yaşam Kalitesi Düzeylerinin, Psikolojik Yardım Almaya Yönelik Tutumları İle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme [yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul, Türkiye: Psikoloji, İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • 39. Öz B. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanısı Alan Çocukların Annelerinde Görülen Depresyon-Anksiyete Belirtileri ve Damgalanma Algısı [tıpta uzmanlık tezi]. Diyarbakır, Türkiye: Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi; 2018.
  • 40. Marsden REF, Francis J, Garner I. Use of GFCF diets in children with asd. an investigation into parents’ beliefs using the theory of planned behaviour. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(9):3716–3731.

Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet Effect on Gastrointestinal Symptoms at Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 27, 1044 - 1060, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1401628

Öz

Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the effect of gluten-free-casein-free (GFCF) diet on GIS symptoms, food consumption, and parental quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Method: In this semi-experimental study, the descriptive characteristics and food consumption of the dietary intervention (n=12) and control groups (n=15), who were included on a voluntary basis, were questioned.
The GIS symptoms follow-up form, the Autism Meal Behavior Brief (BAMBI), Quality of Life in Autism Questionnaire-Parent Version (OYKA-E) question papers were applied twice before and after the diet (for 12 weeks).
Results: The children with ASD in the GFCF diet group, daily carbohydrate and calcium intakes were found to be statistically reduced (p=0.041). Among the children in the GFCF diet group, 7 children with ASD experienced one or more GIS symptoms before the diet, while the number of children with GIS symptoms after the diet decreased to 3, but this difference was not statistically significant. (p=0.310). Children with ASD in the GFCF diet group; The mean scores before the diet were 4.33±2.57 points, and 8.00±1.91 points after the diet. (p=0.002). Most of the parents (91.6%) of the children in the GFCF diet group stated that they would continue the diet, while 75.0% stated that the diet regulated their children's eating habits.
Conclusion: GFCF diet improved GIS symptoms and parents' quality of life in children with ASD. However, it was concluded that parents should follow the growth and development of the children under the consultancy of a dietitian and maintain the diet by providing the necessary nutritional support.

Kaynakça

  • 1. American Psychiatric Association. What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • 2. Ghalichi F, Ghaemmaghami J, Malek A, Ostadrahimi A. Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr. 2016;12(4):436–442.
  • 3. Vissoker RE, Latzer Y, Gal E. Eating and feeding problems and gastrointestinal dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2015;12:10–21.
  • 4. Malhi P, Venkatesh L, Bharti B, Singhi P. Feeding problems and nutrient ıntake in children with and without autism: A comparative study. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;84(4):283–288.
  • 5. Babinska K, Celusakova H, Belica I, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding problems and their associations with dietary interventions, food supplement use, and behavioral characteristics in a sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):1–18.
  • 6. Saurman V, Margolis KG, Luna RA. Autism spectrum disorder as a brain gut microbiome axis disorder. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):818–828.
  • 7. Winburn E, Charlton J, Mc Conachie H, et al. Parents’ and child health professionals’ attitudes towards dietary interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(4):747–757.
  • 8. Marí-Bauset S, Llopis-González A, Zazpe I, Marí-Sanchis A, Suárez-Varela MM. Nutritional impact of a gluten-free casein-free diet in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(2):673–684.
  • 9. Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, et al. Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Rev. 2019;0(0):1–17.
  • 10. Reissmann A, Hauser J, Makulska-Gertruda E, Tomsa L, Lange K. Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2010;4(3):328–39.
  • 11. Fattorusso A, Di Genova L, Dell’isola GB, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Autism spectrum disorders and the gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2019;11(3).
  • 12. Baspinar B, Yardimci H. Gluten-free casein-free diet for autism spectrum disorders: An it be effective in solving behavioural and gastrointestinal problems? Eurasian J Med. 2020;52(3):292–297.
  • 13. Harris C, Card B. A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Complement Ther Med. 2012;20(6):437–440.
  • 14. Keller A, Rimestad ML, Rohde JF, et al. The effect of a combined gluten-and casein-free diet on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–18.
  • 15. González-Domenech PJ, Díaz Atienza F, García Pablos C, Fernández Soto ML, Martínez-Ortega JM, Gutiérrez-Rojas L. Influence of a combined gluten-free and casein-free diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A 12-month follow-up clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(3):935–948.
  • 16. Pekcan G. Beslenme Durumunun Saptanması. Ankara: Hatiboğlu Yayınevi; 2016:67–142.
  • 17. Ebrahim GJ. WHO child growth standards: Head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skin fold-for-age and sub scapular skin fold-for-age. Journal Trop Pediatr. 2007(54)214–215.
  • 18. WHO. Child Growth Standards. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(12):1002.
  • 19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi̇ (TÜBER). Ankara: 2015.
  • 20. Lukens CT, Linscheid TR. Development and validation of an inventory to assess mealtime behavior problems in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(2):342–52.
  • 21. Meral BF, Fidan A. A study on Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the brief autism mealtime behavior inventory (BAMBI). Procedia-Soc Behav Sci. 2014;116:403-8.
  • 22. Eapen V, Črnčec R, Walter A, Tay KP. Conceptualisation and development of a quality of life measure for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res Treat. 2014;2014:1–11.
  • 23. Gürbüz Özgür B, Aksu H, Eser E. Otizmde yaşam kalitesi anketi anne-baba sürümünün türkçe geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2017;18(4):344–52.
  • 24. Cekici H, Sanlier N. Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(3):145–155.
  • 25. Alp AG. Otistik Bozukluğu Olan Çocukların Beslenme Durumlarının Tanımlanması Ve Ailelere Verilen Beslenme Eğitiminin Etkisinin Belirlenmesi [yüksek lisans tezi]. Gaziantep, Türkiye: Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • 26. Cermak Sharon A, Curtin C, Bandini LG. Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(2):238–246.
  • 27. Bandini LG, Anderson SE, Curtin C, et al. Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. J Pediatr. 2010;23(1):259–264.
  • 28. Kaynar AN, Yılmaz HÖ. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme durumunun belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniv. Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2020;9(2):151–162.
  • 29. Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):1–16.
  • 30. Srikantha P, Hasan Mohajeri M. The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(9):14–19.
  • 31. Margari L, Marzulli L, Gabellone A, de Giambattista C. Eating and mealtime behaviors in patients with autism spectrum disorder: Current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:2083–102.
  • 32. Meral BF, Fidan A. Measuring the impact of feeding covariates on health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2015;10:124-130.
  • 33. Castro K, Faccioli LS, Baronio D, Gottfried C, Perry IS, Riesgo R. Feeding behavior and dietary intake of male children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2016;53:68–74.
  • 34. Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver SJ, Connell-Jones GG. Withdrawn: Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2019;4(1):CD003498.
  • 35. Alhazmi A, Petersen R, Donald KA. Quality of life among parents of South African children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2018;30(4):226–231.
  • 36. Vasilopoulou E, Nisbet J. The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2016;23:36–49.
  • 37. Kuhlthau K, Payakachat N, Delahaye J, et al. Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8(10):1339–1350.
  • 38. Yıldırım B. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanısı Almış Çocukların Anne Babalarının Depresyon, Kaygı Ve Yaşam Kalitesi Düzeylerinin, Psikolojik Yardım Almaya Yönelik Tutumları İle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme [yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul, Türkiye: Psikoloji, İstanbul Okan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • 39. Öz B. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanısı Alan Çocukların Annelerinde Görülen Depresyon-Anksiyete Belirtileri ve Damgalanma Algısı [tıpta uzmanlık tezi]. Diyarbakır, Türkiye: Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi; 2018.
  • 40. Marsden REF, Francis J, Garner I. Use of GFCF diets in children with asd. an investigation into parents’ beliefs using the theory of planned behaviour. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(9):3716–3731.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Beslenme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şevval Tekkeli 0000-0003-2676-5522

Nesli Ersoy 0000-0003-0391-8848

Gülgün Ersoy 0000-0001-8345-5489

Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 10 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 27

Kaynak Göster

JAMA Tekkeli Ş, Ersoy N, Ersoy G. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Glutensiz ve Kazeinsiz Diyetin Gastrointestinal Semptomlara Etkisi. IGUSABDER. 2025;:1044–1060.

 Alıntı-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)