Emotional, Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Testosterone Hormone

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 16, 292 - 301, 30.04.2022

Beyza Aslı Bilsel Ebru Durusoy Rıfat Mutuş

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1087451

Öz

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Androgens play an important role in mammalian sexual behavior. Testosterone, one of the sex hormones, has a significant effect on human behavior and cognitive functions. In the literature, it has been observed that low testosterone levels in women cause low motivation, chronic fatigue and a decrease in well-being. Likewise, it has been reported that low testosterone levels in men cause irritability, sleep problems, memory weakness and an increase in anxiety levels. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of testosterone hormone on mood, cognitive performance and behavior.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Testosterone, emotion, behavior, cognition

Testosteron Hormonunun Duygusal, Bilişsel ve Davranışsal Etkileri

Öz

Testosteron, androjen grubunda yer alan steroid yapılı bir hormondur. Androjenler, memelilerin cinsel davranışlarında önemli bir rol oynar. Cinsiyet hormonlarından biri olan testosteron, insan davranışları ve bilişsel fonksiyonları üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Literatürde, kadınlarda düşük testosteron seviyelerinin; motivasyon düşüklüğü, kronik yorgunluk ve iyilik halinde azalmaya sebep olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Aynı şekilde düşük testosteron düzeyinin de erkeklerde daha sinirli olma hali, uyku problemleri, hafızada zayıflık ve kaygı düzeyinde yükselmeye neden olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı testosteron hormonunun duygu durumu, bilişsel performans ve davranış üzerindeki etkilerine genel bir bakış açısı sağlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Testosteron, duygu, davranış, biliş

Kaynakça

• Eisenegger C, Haushofer J, Fehr E. The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2011;15(6):263-271.
• Buskens V, Raub W, van Miltenburg N, Montoya ER, van Honk J. Testosterone administration moderates effect of social environment on trust in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Scientific reports. 2016;6(1):1-8.
• Eisenegger C, Naef M, Snozzi R, Heinrichs M, Fehr E. Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature. 2010;463(7279):356-359.
• Filová B, Ostatníková D, Celec P, Hodosy J. The effect of testosterone on the formation of brain structures. Cells Tissues Organs. 2013;197(3):169-177.
• Khera M. Patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome and depression. Archivos Espanoles de Urologia. 2013;1(1):729-736.
• Joshi D, Van Schoor NM, De Ronde W, et al. Low free testosterone levels are associated with prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms in older men. Clinical endocrinology. 2010;72(2):232-240.
• Chen CV, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM. Testosterone works through androgen receptors to modulate neuronal response to anxiogenic stimuli. Neuroscience Letters. 2021;753:135852.
• Price ME, McCool BA. Structural, functional, and behavioral significance of sex and gonadal hormones in the basolateral amygdala: a review of preclinical literature. Alcohol . (2022);98:25-41.
• Cherrier M, Matsumoto A, Amory J, et al. Characterization of verbal and spatial memory changes from moderate to supraphysiological increases in serum testosterone in healthy older men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(1):72-79.
• Vina J, Lloret A. Why women have more Alzheimer's disease than men: Gender and mitochondrial toxicity of amyloid-β peptide. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2010;20(s2):S527-S533.
• Spritzer MD, Galea LA. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, but not estradiol, enhance survival of new hippocampal neurons in adult male rats. Developmental Neurobiology. 2007;67(10):1321-1333.
• Celec P, Ostatníková D, Hodosy J. On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2015;9:12.
• Orafidiya FA, Monaghan AE, McEwan IJ. Androgen Receptor Ligands: agonists and Antagonists. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 2018:234-41.
• McHugh DJ, Root JC, Nelson CJ, Morris MJ. Androgen‐deprivation therapy, dementia, and cognitive dysfunction in men with prostate cancer: how much smoke and how much fire? Cancer. 2018;124(7):1326-1334.
• Schulkin J. Rethinking homeostasis: allostatic regulation in physiology and pathophysiology. MIT Press. 2003.
• Bos PA, Hofman D, Hermans EJ, Montoya ER, Baron-Cohen S, Van Honk J. Testosterone reduces functional connectivity during the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;68:194-201.
• Pompili A, Lorio C, Gasbarri A. Effects of sex steroid hormones on memory. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2020;80:117-128.
• Dworsky-Fried Z, Faig CA, Vogel HA, Kerr BJ, TaylorAM. Central amygdala inflammation drives pain hypersensitivity and attenuates morphine analgesia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pain. 2022;163(1):e49-e61.
• Fowler CD, Freeman ME, Wang Z. Newly proliferated cells in the adult male amygdala are affected by gonadal steroid hormones. Journal of neurobiology. 2003;57(3):257-269.
• LaFlamme EM, Waguespack HF, Forcelli PA, Malkova L. "The parahippocampal cortex and its functional connection with the hippocampus are critical for nonnavigational spatial memory in macaques." Cerebral Cortex. 2021:31(4);2251-2267.
• Rao YL, Ganaraja B, Murlimanju BV, et al. Hippocampus and its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease: a review. 3 Biotech. 2022;12(2):1-10.
• Ish H, Tsurugizawa T, Ogiue-Ikeda M, et al. Local production of sex hormones and their modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The Neuroscientist. 2007;13(4):323-334.
• Isgor C, Sengelaub DR. Effects of neonatal gonadal steroids on adult CA3 pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology and spatial memory in rats. Journal of Neurobiology. 2003;55(2):179-190.
• Leranth C, Hajszan T, MacLusky NJ. Androgens increase spine synapse density in the CA1 hippocampal subfield of ovariectomized female rats. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24(2):495-499.
• Zhang JM, Tonelli L, Regenold WT, McCarthy MM. Effects of neonatal flutamide treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis correlate with depression-like behaviors in preadolescent male rats. Neuroscience. 2010;169(1):544-554.
• Crockett MJ, Fehr E. Pharmacology of economic and social decision making. In Neuroeconomics. 2014:259-279.
• Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Testosterone: much more for the brain than a sex hormone. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2022;128(6):929-941. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2022.01.002
• Spritzer MD, Ibler E, Inglis W, Curtis MG. Testosterone and social isolation influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of male rats. Neuroscience. 2011;195:180-190.
• Terburg D, Van Honk J. Approach–avoidance versus dominance–submissiveness: a multilevel neural framework on how testosterone promotes social status. Emotion Review. 2013;5(3):296-302.
• Honk JV, Bos PA, Terburg D. Testosterone and dominance in humans: behavioral and brain mechanisms. In: New frontiers in Social Neuroscience. Springer, 2014:201-214.
• Chronister BN, Gonzalez E, Gahagan S, et al. The Effects of testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and cortisol on anxiety and depression symptoms in ecuadorian adolescents. Pediatrics. 2021;147:254-256.
• Aikey JL, Nyby JG, Anmuth DM, James PJ. Testosterone rapidly reduces anxiety in male house mice (Mus musculus). Hormones and Behavior. 2002;42(4):448-460.
• Van Honk J, Peper JS, Schutter DJ. Testosterone reduces unconscious fear but not consciously experienced anxiety: Implications for the disorders of fear and anxiety. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;58(3):218-225.
• Walf AA, Frye CA. Gestational or acute restraint in adulthood reduces levels of 5α-reduced testosterone metabolites in the hippocampus and produces behavioral inhibition of adult male rats. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2012;6:40.
• Turk MC, Bakker CJ, Spencer SM, Lofgren SM. Systematic review of sex differences in the relationship between hormones and depression in HIV. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022:105665.
• Kurita N, Horie S, Yamazaki S, et al. Low testosterone levels, depressive symptoms, and falls in older men: a cross-sectional study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2014;15(1):30-35.
• Kumsar Ş, Kumsar NA, Sağlam HS, Köse O, Budak S, Adsan Ö. Testosterone levels and sexual function disorders in depressive female patients: effects of antidepressant treatment. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2014;11(2):529-535.
• Jonasson Z. Meta-analysis of sex differences in rodent models of learning and memory: A review of behavioral and biological data. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2005;28(8):811-825.
• Postma A, Meyer G, Tuiten A, van Honk J, Kessels RP, Thijssen J. Effects of testosterone administration on selective aspects of object-location memory in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25(6):563-575.
• Shors TJ, Miesegaes G. Testosterone in utero and at birth dictates how stressful experience will affect learning in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002;99(21):13955-13960.
• Hines M. Early androgen influences on human neural and behavioural development. Early Human Development. 2008;84(12):805-807.