Bilim İletişiminde Gazeteler: Bilim ve Teknoloji Haberleri Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi

Öz

Bilim iletişimi, bilimin toplumla çeşitli yollarla bağlantısı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yazılı basın ve medya araçları bilim iletişimini güçlendirmede katkı sunabilir. Araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de yayınlanan günlük basılı gazetelerdeki bilim ve teknoloji haberlerine ne kadar ve nasıl yer verildiğinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada incelenmek üzere 28.08.2019-21.09.2019 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de yayınlanan üç gazete (Hürriyet, Sabah ve Posta) seçilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen gazetelerin, Türkiye’de ve Dünya’da geçen olaylara konu olmuş bilim ve teknoloji haberlerine hangi sıklıkla yer verdikleri, en sık hangi tür bilim haberlerine yer verdikleri, sosyo-bilimsel içeriklerin ne şekilde sunulduğu incelenmiştir. Araştırmada içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır ve tespit edilen haberler kategoriler halinde sunulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, gazetelerde bilim ve teknoloji haberlerine çok az yer verildiği genellikle son sayfalarda küçük sütunlarda sunulduğu görülmüştür. Teknoloji haberleri ise nispeten iç sayfalarda daha (bilim haberlerine göre) büyük bölümlerinde yer verildiği görülmüştür. Gazetelerin bilimsel içerikleri ve sosyo bilimsel konuların topluma sunulmasında önemli bir araç olduğu ancak yapılan tasvirlerin belirli kalıplarda olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilim İletişimi
• Gazeteler
• Medya
• Sosyo-bilimsel Konular
• İçerik Analizi

Newspapers in Science Communication: A Content Analysis on Science and Technology News

Öz

Science communication describes the connection between science and society in various ways. Written media and media tools contribute to strengthening science communication. The aim of this research was to examine the science and technology news in daily newspapers published in Turkey. Three newspapers in Turkey (Hürriyet, Sabah, and Posta), and their publications between August 28th and September 21st, 2019, were selected in this study. Some reviews have been made into how often these newspapers include science and technology events occurring in Turkey and around the world, what type of scientific news there is, and in what way the socio-scientific contents are presented in newspapers. The content analysis method was used in the study and the news items were presented in categories. As a result of the research, it was observed that science and technology news is given little space in these newspapers and is generally presented in the small columns on the last pages. It was seen that newspapers are an important tool in presenting scientific content and socio-scientific issues to society, but these depictions made are in certain patterns.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Science Communication
• Newspapers
• Content Analysis
• Media
• Socio-scientific Issues

Kaynakça

1. AIKENHEAD, G. (2006). Science education for everyday life: Evidence-based practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
2. AYDIN, F., & KARAÇAM, S. (2015). Using of newspapers’ news on development of pre-service teachers’ views on the nature of technology, Journal of Educational Sciences, 41, 1-17.
3. AYHAN, B., BALOĞLU, A., & LİVBERBER, T. (2018). Bilim ve teknoloji haberlerinin dijital medyada sunumu. 7. Uluslararası Çin'den Adriyatik'e Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Bakü.
4. BABAİİ, E., ATAİ, M. R., & SAİDİ, M. (2017). Are scientists objective? An investigation of appraisal resources in English popular science articles. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 5(1), 1-19.
5. BECERİKLİ, S. (2013). Kuşaklararası iletişim farklılığı: Bilim teknoloji ve yenilik haberleri üzerinden bir odak grup çalışması. Selçuk İletişim, 8(1), 5-18.
6. BROSSARD, D., & SCHEUFELE, D. A. (2013). Science, new media, and the public. Science, 339(6115), 40-41.
7. BUBELA, T., NİSBET, M. C., BORCHELT, R., BRUNGER, F., CRİTCHLEY, C., EİNSİEDEL, E., ... & CAULFİELD, T. (2009). Science communication reconsidered. Nature biotechnology, 27(6), 514-518.
8. BRUİN, W. B., & BOSTROM, A. (2013). Assessing what to address in science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(Supplement 3), 14062-14068.

9. BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş., ÇAKMAK, E. K., AKGÜN, Ö. E., KARADENIZ, Ş., & DEMIREL, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
10. DAWSON, V., & VENVILLE, G. J. (2009). High‐school students’ informal reasoning and argumentation about biotechnology: An indicator of scientific literacy?. International Journal of Science Education, 31(11), 1421-1445.
11. DEBOER, G. E. (2000). Scientific literacy: Another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37, 582–601.
12. DURSUN, O. (2018). Bilim gazeteciliğinde popülaritenin ve pozitif bilimlerin hegemonyası. İletişim, 29, 83-114.
13. EKBORG, M., IDELAND, M., & MALMBERG, C. (2009). Science for life–a conceptual framework for construction and analysis of socio-scientific cases. Nordic Studies in Science Education, 5(1), 35-46.
14. ELLIOT, P. (2006). Reviewing newspaper articles as a technique for enhancing the scientific literacy of student‐teachers. International Journal of Science Education, 28(11), 1245-1265.
15. ELMALI, Ş. (2021). Sosyobilimsel konuların medyada yer alma düzeyi:“Bilim ve Teknik” dergisi. Uluslararası Alan Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(1), 98-111.
16. ERDOĞAN, İ. (2007). Türkiye’de gazetecilik ve bilim iletişimi yapısal özellikler sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri [Structural features of journalism and science communication problems and solutions in Turkey]. Gazi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi: Ankara.
17. FELT, U., & DAVIES, S. R. (2020). Exploring science communication: A science and technology studies approach. SAGE.
18. GIRGIN, A. (1998). Haber Yazma Teknikleri (Haberci Adayının El Kitabı)[News Writing Techniques (Journalist Candidate's Handbook)]. İnkilap Yayınevi.
19. GLESNE, C. (2016). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson.
20. JARMAN, R., & MCCLUNE, B. (2007). Developing scientific literacy: Using news media in the classroom: Using news media in the classroom. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
21. JENSEN, B. B., & SCHNACK, K. (1997). The action competence approach in environmental education. Environmental education research, 3(2), 163-178.
22. JUCAN, M. S., & JUCAN, C. N. (2014). The power of science communication. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 149, 461-466.
23. KAHAN, D. M. (2014). Defining Science Journalism. WFSJ Final Detailed Report. 1st Kavli Symposium on the Future of Science Journalism on 17th-19th February 2014. Published on April 10, 2014 by D. Chalaud, Exec. Director, WFSJ, and J. Cohen, Director of Communications & Public Outreach.
24. KAVAK, N., TUFAN, Y., & DEMIRELLI, H. (2006). Science and technology literacy and informal science education: Potential role of newspapers. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty, 26(3), 17-28.
25. KILIÇ, O., & ÖVÜR, A. (2019). Türkiye’de dijital gazeteciliğe geçiş: Habertürk gazetesi örneği. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 3(2), 119-126.
26. KOLOĞLU, O. (1997). Halka doğru bilim. İstanbul: Türk Bilim Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları.
27. MACNAMARA, J. R. (2005). Media content analysis: Its uses, benefits and best practice methodology. Asia Pacific public relations journal, 6(1), 1-34.
28. MALONEY, J., & SIMON, S. (2006). Mapping children’s discussions of evidence in science to assess collaboration and argumentation. International Journal of Science Education, 28(15), 1817-1841.
29. MANNING, M. (2001). Teaching reading and writing using newspapers in class. Teaching Pre K 8, 32(2), 93-95.
30. MAXWELL, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard educational review, 62(3), 279-301.
31. MILES, M. & HUBERMAN, M. A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand oaks. CA: Sage Publications.
32. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION (2005) [MoNE], Science Education Curriculum. Ankara, Turkey.
33. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION (2008) [MoNE], Science Education Curriculum. Ankara, Turkey.
34. NELKIN, D. (1994). Bilim Nasıl Satılır. Çev. M. Çiftkaya, İstanbul: Şule Yayınları.
35. NORRIS, S. P., PHILLIPS, L. M., & KORPAN, C. A. (2003). University students' interpretation of media reports of science and its relationship to background knowledge, interest, and reading difficulty. Public Understanding of Science, 12(2), 123-145.
36. NUNN, C. Z. (1979). Readership and coverage of science and technology in newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 59, 27-30.
37. ÖZKAN, Ö. (2018). İnternet haber medyasında bilim haberlerinin sunumu: Mars gezegeni örneği. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (UKSAD), 4(1), 283-303.
38. ÖZTEKİN, H. & ŞAHİN, M. (2020). Medyanın bilimle imtihanı: Türkiye'de gazetelerde yer alan bilim haberleri üzerine bir inceleme. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (33), 178-197.
39. ÖZTÜRK, N., & ERABDAN, H. (2018). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının gazetelerde yer alan sosyo-bilimsel konulara yönelik farkındalıklarının incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(4), 319-336.
40. PATTON, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261-283.
41. PELLECHIA, M. G. (1997). Trends in science coverage: A content analysis of three us newspapers. Public Understanding of Science, 6, 49 – 68.
42. PERETTI-WATEL, P., LARSON, H. J., WARD, J. K., SCHULZ, W. S., &VERGER, P. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Clarifying a theoreticalframework for an ambiguous notion.PLoS Curr,7, ecurrents.outbreaks.6844c80ff9f5b273f34c91f71b7fc28
43. RATCLIFFE, M., & GRACE, M. (2003). Science education for citizenship: Teaching socio-scientific issues. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
44. NOWOTNY, H., SCOTT, P. B., & GIBBONS, M. T. (2013). Re-thinking science: Knowledge and the public in an age of uncertainty. John Wiley & Sons.
45. SADLER, T. D., & FOWLER, S. R. (2006). A threshold model of content knowledge transfer for socioscientific argumentation. Science Education, 90(6), 986-1004.
46. SALZMANN A, GURIBYE F, GYNNILD A. (2021). Adopting a mojo mindset: Training newspaper reporters in mobile journalism. Journalism. doi:10.1177/1464884921996284
47. SARAY, G. (2018). Science journalism in Turkey: Analysis of nuclear energy news reporting of the press between 1945 and 2016, (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Gazi University, Ankara.
48. SEVGI, Y., & ŞAHIN, F. (2017). The effects of discussion the socio-scientific subject in the newspaper based on argumentation 7th grades students’ critical thinking. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 156-170.
49. SEYHAN, S. & TEMIZTÜRK H. (2014). Gazetelerde kültür, sanat ve edebiyat sayfaları/yazıları üzerine. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume, 9(3), 1277-1288.
50. SHIBLEY, I. A. (2003). Using newspapers to examine the nature of science. Science & Education, 12(7), 691-702.
51. UTMA, S. (2017). Scientific literacy: Science communication and reading the mediated science news right. The Journal of International Social Research, 50(10). 788-799.
52. VOGLER, D. & SCHÄFER, M. S. (2020). Growing influence of university PR on science news coverage? A longitudinal automated content analysis of university media releases and newspaper coverage in Switzerland, 2003–2017. International Journal of Communication, 14, 22.
53. ZEIDLER, D. L., SADLER, T. D., SIMMONS, M. L., & HOWES, E. V. (2005). Beyond STS: A research‐based framework for socioscientific issues education. Science education, 89(3), 357-377.