Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhood Policy: The Case of Armenia and an Assessment of Internal Dynamics

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 223 - 247, 22.10.2019

Fulya Akgül Durakçay , Özge Bozkaya

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.486612

Öz

The European Union (EU) has evolved as an international democracy promoter actor since the 1990s as the security agenda of the international relations have changed with the end of the Cold War. The EU approaches its democracy promotion within the basis of its security strategy through the transfer of the EU norms, values and standards to neighbouring states in the European Neighbourhood Policy. The EU by admitting that the process of democratisation is intertwined with domestic contexts is dependent on third countries’ desires, wills and competences for the success of its democracy promotion policies. This study analyses the EU’s comprehension of democracy and democracy promotion policies within the context of the Neighbourhood Policy and the case of Armenia. The EU’s institutional relations with Armenia are analyzed historically on the basis of its democracy promotion and the extent that the EU adheres to the mechanisms of conditionality and socialization is evaluated. Armenia’s institutional structure, its traditional administration approach, impediments for the development of civil society and Russian political, economic, social and military dominance in Armenia are discussed as determining factors for the EU’s impact on Armenia’s democracy promotion process. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

The European Union, The European Neighbourhood Policy, Democracy Promotion, Armenia, Internal Dynamics

Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası’nda Demokrasi Teşviki: Ermenistan Örneği ve İç Dinamiklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi ile birlikte uluslararası ilişkilerin güvenlik gündeminin değişmesi ile Avrupa Birliği (AB) 1990’ların sonundan itibaren demokrasiyi teşvik eden uluslararası bir aktör olarak evrilmiştir. AB, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası’nda demokrasi teşvikini; Birlik normlarının, değerlerinin ve standartlarının komşu ülkelere aktarılması yoluyla güvenlik stratejisi temelinde ele almaktadır. AB’nin demokratikleşme süreçlerinin ülke içi dinamikler ile iç içe olduğunu kabul ettiği demokrasi teşviki politikalarının başarısı, üçüncü ülkelerin istek, irade ve yetkinliklerine bağımlı kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, AB’nin demokrasi anlayışı ve demokrasi teşviki politikası Komşuluk Politikası ve Ermenistan örneği üzerinden incelenmektedir. AB’nin Ermenistan ile kurumsal ilişkileri demokrasi teşviki bağlamında tarihsel olarak incelenmekte ve AB’nin koşulluluk ve sosyalleşme mekânizmalarına ne ölçüde başvurduğu analiz edilmektedir. Ermenistan’ın kurumsal yapısı, geleneksel yönetim anlayışı, sivil toplumun gelişmesinin önündeki engeller ve ülkedeki siyasi, iktisadi, sosyal ve askeri Rusya nüfuzu Ermenistan’da demokrasi teşviki sürecindeki AB etkisini belirleyici unsurlar olarak ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Demokrasi Teşviki, Ermenistan, İç Dinamikler

Kaynakça

• ABEBE, A. K., BISARYA, S., BÖCKENFÖRDE, M., BULMER, W. E., DALY, T. G., HUBBARD, E., MEYER-RESENDE, M., NGENGE, Y. (2017). Annual review of constitution-building process: 2016. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Sweden.
• Armenpress. (17.01.2012). EU and OSCE to support democratic election in Armenia. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2018, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/675691/
• ASKER, A. (2010). Ermenistan’da anayasal dönüşüm süreci ve Anayasa’nın temel özellikleri. Ermeni Araştırmaları Dergisi, (36), 191-218.
• ASKER, A. (2017). The advanced stage of Russia-Armenia military cooperation: the joint military force. Review of Armenian Studies, (35), 59-91.
• AVERY, G. (2015). EU Expansion and Wider Europe. The European Union: how does it work (ss. 163-186). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• BABAYAN, N. (2016). A global trend EU-style: Democracy promotion in ‘fragile’ and conflict-affected South Caucasus. Global Policy, Cilt 7 (2), 217-226. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12305
• BALKIR, C. & SOYALTIN, D. (2018). Avrupalılaşma: tarih, kavram, kuram ve Türkiye uygulaması, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• BARACANI, E. (2010). US and EU Strategies for Promoting Democracy. The foreign policy of the European Union: assessing Europe’s role in the world (ss. 306-324). Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
• BÖRZEL, T.A. & LEBANIDZE, B. (2017). ‘The transformative power of Europe’ beyond enlargement: the EU’s performance in promoting democracy in its neighbourhood. East European Politics, Cilt 33 (1), 17-35. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2017.1280473
• BRAITHWAITE, M., EBERHARDT E. & JOHNSON, T. (1998). The European Union’s Phare and Tacis Democracy Programme – compendium of ad-hoc projects 1993-1997, Brown & Milavec Publication Services.
• Caucasus Research Center. (2015). Datasets: Main Friend of the Country. Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2018, http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2015am/MAINFRN/
• Caucasus Research Center. (2015). Datasets: Trust-NGOs. Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2018, http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2015am/TRUNGOS/
• CAROTHERS, T. (2009, Ocak). Democracy assistance: political vs. developmental?. Journal of Democracy, Cilt 20 (1), 5-19.
• CHECKEL, J.T. (2005). International institutions and socialization in Europe: introduction and framework. International Organization, Cilt 59 (4), 801-826. doi: 10.1017/S0020818305050289
• CHITALADZE, A. & GRIGORYAN, T. Understanding Europeanization in Georgia and Armenia -discourses, perceptions and the impact on bilateral relations, Analytical Bulletin (8), 29-54.
• Commission of the European Communities. (23.05.1995). Communication from the Commission on the inclusion of respect for democratic principles and human rights in agreements between the Community and third countries. Erişim tarihi: 26.09.2018, http://aei.pitt.edu/4097/1/4097.pdf
• Commission of the European Communities. (11.03.2003). Wider Europe – neighbourhood: a new framework for relations with our Eastern and Southern neighbours. Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2018, http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf
• Commission of the European Communities. (12.05.2004). European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper. Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/2004_ communication_from_the_commission_-_european_neighbourhood_policy_-_strategy_paper.pdf
• Commission of the European Communities. (03.12.2008). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council – Eastern Partnership. Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0823&from=EN
• Council of the European Union. (15.04.2002). 2421st Council meeting – general affairs. Erişim tarihi: 13.10.2018, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/70160.pdf
• Council of the European Union. (05.03.2008). Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the EU on the situation after the presidential election in Armenia on 1st March 2008, Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2018), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/cfsp/99186.pdf
• Council of the European Union. (07.05.2009). Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit. Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2018, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31797/2009_eap_declaration.pdf
• Council of the European Union. (17.11.2009). Council conclusions on democracy support in the EU’s external relations. Erişim tarihi: 03.10.2018. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/111250.pdf
• DANDASHLY, A. (2018). EU democracy promotion and the dominance of the security-stability nexus. Mediterranean Politics, Cilt 23 (1), 62-82. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2017.1358900
• DEMİRAĞ, Y. (2004-2005). EU policy towards South Caucasus and Turkey. Perceptions, Winter, 91-105.
• DUCHENE, F. (1973). The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence. A nation writ large? Foreign policy problems before the European Community (ss. 1-21). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
• EFEGİL, E. (2008). Avrupa Birliği’nin Orta Asya politikasının analizi: proje bazlı yaklaşımdan stratejik işbirliği anlayışına geçiş. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 16, 65-82.
• ERDENİR, B. (2012, Aralık) Türkiye'nin siyasi reform sürecinde Avrupa Birliği’nin demokratik koşulluluğu. TODAIE Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 45 (4), 95-117.
• Eurasian Economic Union Official Website. About the Union. Erişim tarihi: 09.04.2019, http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en#about
• European Commission. (06.12.2002). A wider Europe- a proximity policy as the key to stability – Romano Prodi speech. Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2018, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-02-619_en.htm
• European Commission. (08.03.2011a). Joint communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – a partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean. Erişim tarihi: 26.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/com_2011_200_en.pdf
• European Commission. (25.05.2011b). Joint communication by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy and the European Commission - A new response to a changing neighbourhood: a review of European Neighbourhood Policy. Erişim tarihi: 26.09.2018, https://library.euneighbours.eu/content/new-response-changing-neighbourhood-review-european-neighbourhood-policy
• European Commission. (20.02.2013). Joint Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Stefan Füle on elections in Armenia. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2018, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-125_en.htm
• European Commission. (2014a). European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 2007-2013 – overview of activities and results. Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/overview_of_enpi_results_2007-2013_en_0.pdf
• European Commission. (27.03.2014b). Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Armenia progress in 2013 and recommendations for action. Erişim tarihi: 07.11.2018, https://library.euneighbours.eu/content/armenia-enp-progress-report-2013
• European Commission. (18.11.2015). Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the
• Regions – review of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Erişim tarihi: 27.09.2018, http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/documents/2015/151118_joint-communication_review-of-the-enp_en.pdf
• European Commission. (25.09.2017). Joint proposal for a Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part. Erişim tarihi: 12.11.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=JOIN:2017:37:FIN
• European Council in Copenhagen. (21-22.06.1993). Conclusions of the Presidency. Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2018, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21225/72921.pdf
• European External Action Service. (2006). EU/Armenia Action Plan, Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/armenia_enp_ap_final_en.pdf
• European External Action Service. (11.05.2016). Armenia and the EU. Erişim tarihi: 07.11.2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/armenia_en/896/Armenia%20and%20the%20EU
• European External Action Service. (06.2016). Shared vision, common action: a stronger Europe - a global strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. Erişim tarihi: 04.10.2018, http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf
• European External Action Service. (19.06.2018). Fact sheet on EU-Armenia relations. Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/health/4080/fact-sheet-eu-armenia-relations_en
• European External Action Service. Facts and figures about EU-Armenia Relations. Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2019, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eap_summit_factsheet_armenia_eng.pdf
• European External Action Service Strategic Planning. (12.12.2003). European Security Strategy - a secure Europe in a better world. Erişim tarihi: 18.09.2018, https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/european-security-strategy-secure-europe-better-world
• European Parliament. (2017). The European Neighbourhood Policy. Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/fiches_techniques/2013/ 060504/04A_FT(2013)060504_EN.pdf
• European Union. (20.06.2011). Remarks by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the press conference after the Foreign Affairs Council. Erişim tarihi: 21.09.2018, http:// www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/122934.pdf
• European Union. (08.05.2012). Statement by High Representative Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Stefan Füle on the Parliamentary elections in Armenia on 6 May 2012, Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2018), https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs /pressdata/EN/foraff/130097.pdf
• European Union. (2017). The European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI). Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2018, https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/policy/european-neighbourhood-instrument-eni
• EYLEMER, S. (2010). Avrupalılaşma sürecinde siyasi koşulluluk ve elitler: Türkiye örneği (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Avrupa Birliği Anabilim Dalı, İzmir.
• Freedom House. (2018). Freedom in the World 2017: Armenia Profile. Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/armenia
• FREIRE, M.R. & SIMAO, L. ‘From words to deeds’: European Union democracy promotion in Armenia. East European Politics, Cilt 29 (2), 175-189. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2013.780163
• GÜLTEKİN-PUNSMANN, B. & KRASSIMIR, Y. N. (2008). European Union approaches to fostering synergies of cooperation and integration around the Black Sea. South East European and Black Sea Studies, Cilt 8 (2), 109-128. doi: 10.1080/14683850802117500
• GRABBE, H. (2006). The EU’s transformative power: Europeanization through conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• HATİPOĞLU, E. (2004). Daha Geniş Avrupa: Avrupa Birliği (AB)’nin komşu ülkeler politikasının analizi. Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 12 (1-2), 221-233.
• HUFF, A. (05.2011). The role of EU defence policy in the Eastern neighbourhood. Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2018, https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/op91-The_role_of_EU_defence_policy_in_the_Eastern_neighbourhood_0.pdf
• HÜRSOY, S. & KUTLU, E. (2018). Yenilenen Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası perspektifinden Avrupa Birliği’nin Doğu komşularına yönelik yaklaşımı. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 9 (2), 169-189.
• KAHRAMAN, S. (2005, Kış). The European Neighbourhood Policy: the European Union’s new engagement towards wider Europe. Perceptions, 1-28.
• KELLEY, J. (2006). New wine in old wineskins: promoting political reforms through the new European Neighbourhood Policy. Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 44 (1), 29-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00613.x
• KOENIG, N. (22.03.2016). Taking the ENP beyond the conception-performance gap. Erişim tarihi: 20.09.2018, https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/enpstrategicorientation-koenig-jdib-mar16.pdf
• KOSTANYAN, H. (2015). Neither Integrated Nor Comprehensive in Substance: Armenia and Georgia. The substance of EU democracy promotion: concepts and cases (ss. 134-148). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
• KOSTANYAN, H. & VANDECASTEELE, B. (05.2013). The EuroNest Parliamentary Assembly: The European Parliament as a socializer of its counterparts in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood?. Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2018, https://www.ceps.eu/publications/euronest-parliamentary-assembly-european-parliament-socializer-its-counterparts-eu%E2%80%99s
• KUBICEK, P. J. (2003). International Norms, the European Union, and Democratization: Tentative Theory and Evidence. The European Union and democratization (ss. 1-29). London ve New York: Routledge.
• LAVENEX, S. & SCHIMMELFENNIG, F. (2011). EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood: from leverage to governance? Democratization, Cilt 18 (4), 885-909. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2011.584730
• LEONARD, M. (2005). Europe’s transformative power. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2018, https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/bulletin-article/2005/europes-transformative-power
• LEVITSKY, S. & WAY, L. (2005). International linkage and democratization. Journal of Democracy, Cilt 16 (3), 20-34. doi: 10.1353/jod.2005.0048
• MANNERS, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 40 (2), 235-258. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00353
• MARKAROV, A. (2016). Semi-Presidentalism in Armenia. Semi-Presidentalism in the Caucasus and Central Asia, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
• MARKAROV, A. (2018). Armenia’s foreign policy priorities: Are there any major changes following the spring 2018 political transformation?. Caucasus Analytical Digest, (104), 3-7.
• Official Journal of the European Communities. (29.07.1992). Treaty on European Union, Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11992M/TXT&from=EN
• Official Journal of the European Communities. (09.09.1999). Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part, Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eu-armenia_partnership_and_cooperation_agreement_en.pdf
• Official Journal of the European Union. (26.10.2012). Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource. html?uri=cellar:2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
• OLSEN, G.R. (2000). Promotion of democracy as a foreign policy instrument of ‘Europe’: limits to international idealism. Democratization, Cilt 7 (2), 142-167. doi: 10.1080/13510340008403663
• ÖZDAŞLI, E. (2016). Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği-Ermenistan ilişkileri. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 8 (1), 135-146.
• ÖZKURT, F.Z. (2017). European Union democracy promotion via conditionality in regional context. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4 (2), 1-21. doi: 10.17336/igusbd.324178
• PATURYAN, Y. J. & Gevorgyan, V. (2014). Armenian civil society after twenty years of transition: Still post-communist?, American University of Armenia, Turpanjian Center for Policy Analysis, Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2018, http://tcpa.aua.am/files/2012/07/Armenian_Civil_Society_after_Twenty_Years_of_Transition_Manuscript_November_2014-fin.pdf
• PRIDHAM, G. (1999). The European Union, Democratic Conditionality and Transnational Party Linkages – The case of Eastern Europe. Democracy without borders – transnationalization and conditionality in new democracies (ss. 59-75), Londra: Routledge.
• RISSE, T. & SIKKINK, K. (1999). The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices. The power of human rights: international norms and domestic change (ss. 1-38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• SASSE, G. (2013). Linkages and the Promotion of Democracy: the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood, Democratization, Cilt 20 (4), 553-591.
• SASSE, G. (2008). The European Neighbourhood Policy: conditionality revisited for the EU’s Eastern neighbours. Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt 60 (2), 295-316. doi: 10.1080/09668130701820150
• SCHIMMELFENNIG, F. (2005, Güz). Strategic calculation and international socialization: membership incentives, party constellations, and sustained compliance in Central and Eastern Europe”, International Organization, Cilt 59 (4), 827-860. doi: 10.1017/S002081830505
• SCHIMMELFENNIG, F., ENGERT, S. & KNOBEL, H. (2003). Costs, commitment and compliance: the impact of EU democratic conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 41 (3), 495-518.
• SCHIMMELFENNIG, F. & SEDELMEIER, U. (2002). Theorizing EU enlargement: research focus, hypotheses, and the state of research. Journal of European Public Policy, Cilt 9 (4), 500-528. doi: 10.1080/13501760210152411
• SCHIMMELFENNIG, F. & SEDELMEIER, U. (2004). Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, Cilt 11 (4), 669-687. doi: 10.1080/1350176042000248089
• SEDELMEIER, U. (2011). Europeanisation in new member and candidate states. Living Reviews in European Governance, Cilt 6 (1), 1-52.
• SIMAO, L. (2012). The problematic role of EU democracy promotion in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Cilt 45 (1-2), 193-200, doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.03.001
• SILANDER, D. & Nilsson, M. (2014). Protecting and Promoting Europe: The ENP and the Security-Democracy Nexus in Partner States, Journal of Applied Security Research, Cilt 9 (4), 460-477.
• SMITH, K. (2005). The outsiders: the European Neighbourhood Policy. International Affairs, Cilt 81 (4), 757-773.
• SMITH, N.R. (2011). Europeanization through socialization? the EU’s interaction with civil society organizations in Armenia. Demokratizatsiya, 385-402.
• SMITH, N.R. (2012). The EU’s two-track promotion of democracy in its Eastern neighbourhood: examining the case of Armenia, Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies, Cilt 10, (1), 19-43. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2011.584734
• SOLONENKO, I. (2009). External democracy promotion in Ukraine: the role of the European Union. Democratization, Cilt 16 (4), 709-791. doi: 10.1080/13510340903083851
• ŞAHBAZOV, R. (2015). Yeni küresel sistemde Avrupa Birliği ve Güney Kafkasya: genişleme ve Komşuluk Politikası ekseninde. Ankara: EkoAvrasya Yayınları.
• TARTES, A. (2015). The limited influence of the European Union in Armenia and Azerbaijan: A domestic explanation. College of Europe Department of EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies, EU Diplomacy Paper, (9), 1-39.
• TOLSTRUP, J. (2014). Russia vs. the EU: the competition for influence in post-Soviet states. Colorado ve Londra: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• ÜNAL ERİŞ, Ö. (2012). European Neighbourhood Policy as a tool for stabilizing Europe’s neighbourhood. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Cilt 12 (2), 243-260. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2012.686012
• VEEBEL, V. (2009). European Union’s positive conditionality model in pre-accession process. TRAMES, Cilt 13 (3), 207-231.
• Vieria, A., & Vasilyan, S. (2018). Armenia and Belarus: caught between the EU’s and Russia’s conditionalities?. European Politics and Society, Cilt 19 (4), 471-489. doi: 10.1080/23745118.2018.1455337
• YAZGAN, H. (2012). Bir kavramsal çerçeve olarak ‘Avrupalılaşma’: kapsam, gereklilik ve sınırlar. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 123-140.
• YAZGAN, H. (2015). Genişleme Süreci, Avrupa ve Komşuları. Avrupa ve Avrupa Birliği: teori, güncel iç gelişmeler ve dış ilişkiler (ss. 245-269). Ankara: Savaş Yayınevi.
• ZAMFIR, I. (03.2018). Democracy support in EU external policy. Erişim tarihi: 02.10.2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/614717/ EPRS_BRI(2018)614717_EN.pdf