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مُقاربةُ التيارِ اللِيبرالي العَربي للأحكامِ الدينية: مصر أنموذجاً

Yıl 2024, , 287 - 313, 25.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518590

Öz

مطلع القرن العشرين، بدأت عدة تيارات فكرية سياسية تظهر للسطح في المحيط الإسلامي، لا سيّما في مصر التي كانت من أكثر دول المنطقة بحثاً عن هوية فكرية تأخذ بها بناء دولة مستقلة. وفي ضوء ذلك، كان الفكر الليبرالي أحد أهم التيارات الفكرية التي ظهرت في تلك الحقبة. يُجادل المُفكرون الليبراليونٍ بأن حرية الاعتقاد مكفولة، وقد رسموا خطابهم حيال الدين من خلال إلباسه الغلاف العلماني ليكون له قدسيّته لكن دونِ توجيه مُعتقدات المواطنين أو أفكارهم بالإجبار، كما دعوا إلى رفع "وصاية الدولة" أو "وصاية رجال الدين" عن الدين ليكون الاجتهاد متاحاً لكل مصلحٍ يمتلك المؤهلات والقدرات العلمية، فضلاً عن تأكيدهم على ضرورة تأسيس حكم مدني تحرري. وتقديراً لأهمية الدور السياسي والتاريخي لهذا التيار، ترمي الورقة إلى سبر أغوار منهج الخطاب الديني للتيار الليبرالي العربي متخذةً من الفرع المصري للتيار أنموذجاً يُعمم على نظرة التيار الليبرالي العربي بعمومه إزاء الدين لما كانت عليه مصر من منارةٍ لإشاعة الأفكار في عموم الوطن العربي. وفي هذا الإطار، تتناول الورقة نظرة التيار الليبرالي حيال الدين من ثلاثة جوانب: الجانب الأول ويتمثل في نظرة تاريخية لنشوء التيار الليبرالي في العالم ومن ثم في مصر، والثاني الخطاب الديني لدى التيار الليبرالي في مصر منذ ظهوره وحتى يومنا هذا على أن يتم استقراء رؤية التيار الليبرالي عبر تتبع آراء أبرز المفكرين الليبراليين في مصر، أما الجانب الثالث فيتجسد في النظرة الاستشرافية لمستقبل التيار الليبرالي في مصر.

Kaynakça

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  • ʻAwaḍ, Luwīs. Tārīkh al-Fikr al-Miṣrī al-ḥadīth min al-ḥamlah al-Faransīyah ilá ʻaṣr Ismāʻīl. Kahire: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1. Basım, y.y. 2016.
  • Al-Ahrām. "Raḥīl Muʻallim Jalīl". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. http://www.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2004/4/15/Opin12.htm.
  • Al-ʻArab. "al-Librālīyūn fī Miṣr : muḥāwalāt astnhāḍ tayyār anhkh al-tafakkuk wālʻshwāʼyh". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 5 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. https://alarab.co.uk/الليبراليون-في-مصر-محاولات-استنهاض-تيار-أنهكه-التفكك-والعشوائية.
  • Al-Awān. "al-iḥtiqān al-ṭāʼifī fī Miṣr: alʼqṣāʼ al-dīnī fī muwājahat al-muwāṭanah/ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. https://2u.pw/QhcSZ82.
  • Al-Bawwābah nywz. "Ḥizb al-Wafd 100 ʻām min al-ʻamal al-siyāsī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 1 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://www.albawabhnews.com/2624884.
  • Al-Fatlāwī, Kawthar Rashīd ʻUbayd. "Ḥizb al-Wafd al-Miṣrī wa-dawruhu fī al-siyāsah al-Miṣrīyah ḥattá Thawrat 33 Yūliyū (Tammūz) 1952". Majallat Jāmiʻat Bābil, 15/4, (2008), 120.
  • Al-Ḥiwār al-Mutamaddin. "Rifāʻah Rāfiʻ al-Ṭahṭāwī, Rāʼid min Rūwād ʻaṣr al- Nahḍah wa-al-fikr al-lībrālī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 29 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. http://www.m.ahewar.org/s.asp?aid=163131&r=0.
  • Al-Ḥayat. "Saʻīd al-Najjār ʻallāmat lībrālīyah fī al-ʻālam al-ʻArabī". Tārīkh al- wuṣūl 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. http://www.alhayat.com/article/1204905.
  • Al-Hayʼah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Istiʻlāmāt. "ʻAlī Mubārak". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 29 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. https://sis.gov.eg/Story/93163?lang=ar.
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  • Al-Kharāshī, Sulaymān ibn Ṣāliḥ. Ḥaqīqat al-lībrālīyah wa-mawqif al-Islām minhā. Cidde: Markaz al-taʼṣīl lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth. 2. Basım, y.y. 2008.
  • Al-Markaz al-ʻArabī li-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt. al-ʻIqd al-ijtimāʻī – Jean Jacques Roussau, David Hume, Johne Locke. Doha: al-Markaz al- ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, 1. Basım, y.y. 2019.
  • Al-Miṣrī al-yawm. "Galal Amīn.. Maʻlūmāt ʻan al-mufakkir wa-al-ʻālam al-iqtiṣādī al-kabīr". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 1 Ayyār/Māyū 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HSOLMt1ll8.
  • Al-Mawqiʻ al-shakhṣī li-Ḥāzim al-Biblāwī. "wa-mādhā ʻan Dustūr 1923?". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 30 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. https://cutt.us/LuaqI.
  • Al-Mūsawī, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Muḥammad Jawād. Al-lībrālīyah wa-al-azamāt. Amman: Dār al-Yāzūrī al-ʻIlmīyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1. Basım, y.y. 2016.
  • Al-Musfir, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ. "al-lībrālīyah bayna al-ʻUrūbah wa-al-tabaʻīyah (Miṣr namūdhajan)". Majallat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 24/3 (2008), 355.
  • Al-Quds al-ʻArabī. "Jalāl Amīn fī" Miḥnat al-Dīn wa-al-dunyā fī Miṣr ": izdiwājīyat al-ṭabaqah al-Wusṭá al-Miṣrīyah wathīqah al-ṣilah btzyyf al-madanīyah". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 01 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://cutt.us/uDmpW .
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  • CNN Arabic. "ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī fī maqāl ʻan al-Dīmuqrāṭīyah fī Miṣr .." ʻan awhām arbaʻat .. ". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2015/01/31/opinion-hamzawi-pillars-illusion.
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  • Gologly. "ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī.. al-sīrah al-dhātīyah". 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://gololy.com/cv/عمرو-حمزاوي.
  • Ḥammād, Muḥammad. qiṣṣat al-Dustūr al-Miṣrī. Kahire: Maktabat Jazīrat al-Ward, 1. Basım, y.y. 2011.
  • Heykel, Muhammed Huseyn. Mudhakkirāt fī al-siyāsah al-Miṣrīyah – al-juzʼ al-Awwal. Kahire: Maktabat al-Maʻārif, 1. Basım, y.y. 1993.
  • Jabbūr, Jūrj. al-ʻUrūbah wa-al-Islām fī al-dasātīr al-ʻArabīyah. Trablus: Dār Jarrūs. 1. Basım, y.y. 1995.
  • Laylah, ʻAlī. al-mujtamaʻ al-madanī al-ʻArabī: Qaḍāyā al-muwāṭanah wa-ḥuqūq al-insān. Kahire: Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣrīyah, 1. Basım, y.y. 2013.
  • Locke, John. al-Ḥukūmah al-madanīyah. Bayrut: Al-Lajnah al-Dawlīyah li-tarjamat al-Rawāʼiʻ, 1. Basım, y.y. 1994.
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The Arab Liberal Current’s Approach to Religious Rulings: Egypt as a Model

Yıl 2024, , 287 - 313, 25.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518590

Öz

During the early twentieth century, there was a significant pursuit of intellectual identity within the Islamic world, with a particular focus on Egypt, as it sought to establish itself as an independent state. In the present context, liberal thinking can be seen as a significant intellectual trend that has surfaced within the region. Throughout Egypt's history, intellectuals inclined towards liberalism have consistently called for safeguards to ensure the freedom to hold and express diverse religious beliefs. Furthermore, they called for the lifting of the "state guardianship" or the "clerical guardianship" over religion so that anyone with an academic qualification and the ability to carry out ijtihad would be able to do so. Taking into account the importance of this movement in terms of politics and history, this paper attempts to examine the depths of the approach to religious discourse that has developed within the Arab liberal movement. By using the Egyptian branch of the Arab liberal movement as a model, we can see a generalizing effect on the view of the Arab liberal movement as a whole when it comes to religion because Egypt is a beacon of ideas spreading across the Arab continent. In this context, Egyptian intellectuals of liberal persuasion adopt a secular framework while discussing matters pertaining to religion. While acknowledging the sacred nature of religion, these sources argue that religion does not operate as a mechanism for imposing the views or ideologies of individuals. This study examines the perspective of the liberal movement on religion, focusing on three distinct aspects. One of the primary focuses is a historical examination of the factors that contributed to the rise and dissemination of the liberal movement within the context of Egypt. The utilisation of religious discourse has been employed since the inception of the liberal movement in Egypt, influenced by the perspectives of notable liberal intellectuals in the country. The future of the liberal movement in Egypt is a topic of significant interest and importance.

Kaynakça

  • Abū al-Saʻūd, ʻAṭīyāt. al-Ḥaṣād al-falsafī lil-qarn al-ʻishrīn. Kahire: Muʼassasat Hindāwī. 1. Basım, y.y. 2022.
  • Akhbārk. "ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī ... ʻan alwṣāʼyh wa-ilghāʼ Ḥaqq al-Muwāṭin fī al-Ikhtiyār". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 2 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://akhbarak.net/articles/1539370 3-عن-الوصائية-وإلغاء-حق-المواطن-فى-الاختيار?src=الشروق.
  • ʻAwaḍ, Luwīs. Tārīkh al-Fikr al-Miṣrī al-ḥadīth min al-ḥamlah al-Faransīyah ilá ʻaṣr Ismāʻīl. Kahire: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1. Basım, y.y. 2016.
  • Al-Ahrām. "Raḥīl Muʻallim Jalīl". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. http://www.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2004/4/15/Opin12.htm.
  • Al-ʻArab. "al-Librālīyūn fī Miṣr : muḥāwalāt astnhāḍ tayyār anhkh al-tafakkuk wālʻshwāʼyh". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 5 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. https://alarab.co.uk/الليبراليون-في-مصر-محاولات-استنهاض-تيار-أنهكه-التفكك-والعشوائية.
  • Al-Awān. "al-iḥtiqān al-ṭāʼifī fī Miṣr: alʼqṣāʼ al-dīnī fī muwājahat al-muwāṭanah/ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār / Māyū 2023. https://2u.pw/QhcSZ82.
  • Al-Bawwābah nywz. "Ḥizb al-Wafd 100 ʻām min al-ʻamal al-siyāsī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 1 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://www.albawabhnews.com/2624884.
  • Al-Fatlāwī, Kawthar Rashīd ʻUbayd. "Ḥizb al-Wafd al-Miṣrī wa-dawruhu fī al-siyāsah al-Miṣrīyah ḥattá Thawrat 33 Yūliyū (Tammūz) 1952". Majallat Jāmiʻat Bābil, 15/4, (2008), 120.
  • Al-Ḥiwār al-Mutamaddin. "Rifāʻah Rāfiʻ al-Ṭahṭāwī, Rāʼid min Rūwād ʻaṣr al- Nahḍah wa-al-fikr al-lībrālī". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 29 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. http://www.m.ahewar.org/s.asp?aid=163131&r=0.
  • Al-Ḥayat. "Saʻīd al-Najjār ʻallāmat lībrālīyah fī al-ʻālam al-ʻArabī". Tārīkh al- wuṣūl 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. http://www.alhayat.com/article/1204905.
  • Al-Hayʼah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Istiʻlāmāt. "ʻAlī Mubārak". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 29 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. https://sis.gov.eg/Story/93163?lang=ar.
  • Al-Jazeera Net. "ʻArḍ Kitāb" Miḥnat al-Dunyā wa-al-dīn fī Miṣr "li-Jalāl Amīn. Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/2013/11/23/محنة-الدنيا-والدين-في-مصر.
  • Al-Jifrī, al-Ḥabīb ʻAlī. "al-ḥurrīyah fī al-siyāq al-siyāsī – ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī–āmnt billāh". YouTube. Tārīkh al-Nashr 10 Āb / Aghusṭus 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ztWH5maLy4&t=283s.
  • Al-Kharāshī, Sulaymān ibn Ṣāliḥ. Ḥaqīqat al-lībrālīyah wa-mawqif al-Islām minhā. Cidde: Markaz al-taʼṣīl lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth. 2. Basım, y.y. 2008.
  • Al-Markaz al-ʻArabī li-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt. al-ʻIqd al-ijtimāʻī – Jean Jacques Roussau, David Hume, Johne Locke. Doha: al-Markaz al- ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, 1. Basım, y.y. 2019.
  • Al-Miṣrī al-yawm. "Galal Amīn.. Maʻlūmāt ʻan al-mufakkir wa-al-ʻālam al-iqtiṣādī al-kabīr". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 1 Ayyār/Māyū 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HSOLMt1ll8.
  • Al-Mawqiʻ al-shakhṣī li-Ḥāzim al-Biblāwī. "wa-mādhā ʻan Dustūr 1923?". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 30 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. https://cutt.us/LuaqI.
  • Al-Mūsawī, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Muḥammad Jawād. Al-lībrālīyah wa-al-azamāt. Amman: Dār al-Yāzūrī al-ʻIlmīyah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1. Basım, y.y. 2016.
  • Al-Musfir, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ. "al-lībrālīyah bayna al-ʻUrūbah wa-al-tabaʻīyah (Miṣr namūdhajan)". Majallat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 24/3 (2008), 355.
  • Al-Quds al-ʻArabī. "Jalāl Amīn fī" Miḥnat al-Dīn wa-al-dunyā fī Miṣr ": izdiwājīyat al-ṭabaqah al-Wusṭá al-Miṣrīyah wathīqah al-ṣilah btzyyf al-madanīyah". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 01 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://cutt.us/uDmpW .
  • BBC Arabic. "Majlis al-Shaʻb al-Miṣrī 2012.. al-tashkīl wa-al-mahāmm". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 5 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. http://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2012/01/120123 _egypt_palt_hani.
  • CNN Arabic. "ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī fī maqāl ʻan al-Dīmuqrāṭīyah fī Miṣr .." ʻan awhām arbaʻat .. ". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2015/01/31/opinion-hamzawi-pillars-illusion.
  • Civicegypt. “Aḥmad Luṭfī al-Sayyid wa-man ayn nabdaʼ?". Tārīkh al-wuṣūl 30 Nīsān/Abrīl 2023. http://www.civicegypt.org/?p=4344.
  • Gologly. "ʻAmr Ḥamzāwī.. al-sīrah al-dhātīyah". 02 Ayyār/Māyū 2023. https://gololy.com/cv/عمرو-حمزاوي.
  • Ḥammād, Muḥammad. qiṣṣat al-Dustūr al-Miṣrī. Kahire: Maktabat Jazīrat al-Ward, 1. Basım, y.y. 2011.
  • Heykel, Muhammed Huseyn. Mudhakkirāt fī al-siyāsah al-Miṣrīyah – al-juzʼ al-Awwal. Kahire: Maktabat al-Maʻārif, 1. Basım, y.y. 1993.
  • Jabbūr, Jūrj. al-ʻUrūbah wa-al-Islām fī al-dasātīr al-ʻArabīyah. Trablus: Dār Jarrūs. 1. Basım, y.y. 1995.
  • Laylah, ʻAlī. al-mujtamaʻ al-madanī al-ʻArabī: Qaḍāyā al-muwāṭanah wa-ḥuqūq al-insān. Kahire: Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣrīyah, 1. Basım, y.y. 2013.
  • Locke, John. al-Ḥukūmah al-madanīyah. Bayrut: Al-Lajnah al-Dawlīyah li-tarjamat al-Rawāʼiʻ, 1. Basım, y.y. 1994.
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Arap Liberal Akımının Dini Hükümlere Yaklaşımı: Model Olarak Mısır

Yıl 2024, , 287 - 313, 25.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518590

Öz

Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında birçok İslam ülkesinde olduğu gibi bölge ülkelerinden olan Mısır’da da bağımsız bir devlet kurma yolunda entelektüel kimlik arayışı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun sonucunda ise Mısır'da çeşitli siyasi entelektüel eğilimler görülmeye başlamıştır. Söz konusu olan bu eğilimlerden Liberal düşünce, bu dönemde ortaya çıkan en önemli fikir akımlarından biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yerleşik İslam kültürünün hâkim olduğu diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi Mısır’da da liberal düşüncenin en çok meşgul olduğu alan hiç şüphesiz din alanı olmuştur. Bu minvalde liberal düşünürler, dine ilişkin söylemlerini, dinin kutsallığını koruyacak şekilde “vatandaşların inanç ve fikirleri üzerinde baskı kurulmadan inanç özgürlüğünün güvence altına alınması” şeklinde tanımlayarak inanç özgürlüğünü seküler bir kılığa büründürmeye gayret etmişlerdir. Ayrıca içtihat konusunun devlet ve din adamlarının tekelinden kurtarılarak reformist ve entelektüel bir kimliğe sahip olan herkes için açık olması için çaba sarf etmişlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra özgürlükçü ve sivil bir yönetimin kurulması gerekliliğine vurgu yapmışlardır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Arap liberal akımın dini söylem yaklaşımının derinliklerini ortaya çıkarmaya amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmamızda modern Arap düşüncesinde yeni fikirlerin beşiği ve diğer Arap ülkelerine yayılması noktasında büyük bir öneme sahip olan Mısır özelinde liberal akım ve dine bakış açısı ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamız bu bağlamda liberal düşünce akımının dine bakış açısını üç bölümde ele almaktadır. Birinci bölümde liberal akımın öncelikle dünyada ve ardından Mısır'da ortaya çıkışıyla ilgili tarihsel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise Mısır’da liberalizmin ortaya çıkışından itibaren sahip olduğu dini söylem ile öne çıkan liberal düşünürlerin görüşleri çerçevesinde akımının vizyonu açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak üçüncü bölüm ise elde ettiğimiz veriler ışığında liberalizmin Mısır’daki geleceğine ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Arapça
Konular Arap Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Jalal Ts Selmi 0000-0003-1788-8969

Mehmet Rakipoğlu 0000-0002-6287-6943

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Selmi, Jalal Ts - Rakipoğlu, Mehmet. “مُقاربةُ التيارِ اللِيبرالي العَربي للأحكامِ الدينية: مصر أنموذجاً”. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 10/1 (Ocak 2024), 287-313. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10518590.

A Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2017'den bu yana TR DİZİN ULAKBİM tarafından taranmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca, Citefactor, Rootindex, DRJI index, ResearchBib, Sobiad İndex, Scientific Indexing Services, İdealonline ve Eurasian Scientific Journal Index  gibi ulusal ve uluslararası indexler tarafından da taranmaktadır. İsam ve Base Bielefeld Academic Search tarafından taranmaktadır.


             

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