The Effect of Resonant Leadership Perception on Emotional Labor

Öz

This study, which emerged on the question “Do resonant leaders have an effect on the emotional labor of their employees?”, was grounded on Affective Events Theory and Social Exchange Theory in order to determine the effect of resonant leadership perceptions of employees on their emotional labor. In line with the aim of the study, the data obtained from 330 public employees with the questionnaire method were analyzed using SPSS 29 and AMOS 24. The findings support the positive and significant effects of resonant leadership on deep acting and naturally felt emotions, which are the dimensions of emotional labor. However, no significant effect was found on the surface acting dimension. This study, in which the findings are discussed within the scope of the aforementioned theories and previous literature, provides a basis for discussion for future studies. In addition, predictions are offered to practitioners with the results of the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resonant Leadership
• Emotional Labor
• Affective Events Theory
• Social Exchange Theory
• Public Employees

Resonant Liderlik Algısının Duygusal Emek Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

“Resonant liderlerin çalışanlarının duygusal emekleri üzerinde etkisi var mıdır?” araştırma sorusu üzerine ortaya çıkan bu çalışma, çalışanların resonant liderlik algılarının duygusal emekleri üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmek maksadıyla Duygusal Olaylar Kuramı ve Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı temelinde şekillendirilmiştir. Belirlenen amaç doğrultusunda 330 adet kamu çalışanından anket yöntemi vasıtasıyla toplanan veriler SPSS 29 ve AMOS 24 aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, resonant liderliğin duygusal emeğin boyutlarından derinden rol yapma ve doğal duygular üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkilerini desteklemektedir. Ancak yüzeysel rol yapma boyutu üzerinde anlamlı bir etki tespit edilememiştir. Sonuç olarak resonant liderliğin duygusal emek üzerindeki pozitif yönlü kısmi etkisi kanıtlanmıştır. Hipotez sonuçları Duygusal Olaylar Kuramı ve Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı’nın argümanlarıyla paralellik göstermiştir. Bulguların bahsi geçen kuramlar ve önceki literatür kapsamında tartışıldığı bu çalışma ile gelecekteki benzer araştırmalar için tartışma zemini oluşturulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte çalışma sonuçları ile uygulayıcılara öngörüler sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resonant Liderlik
• Duygusal Emek
• Duygusal Olaylar Kuramı
• Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı
• Kamu Çalışanları

Kaynakça

1. Aguirre-Urreta, M. I. & Hu, J. (2019). Detecting common method bias. The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems, 50 (2), 45-70. https://doi.org/10.1145/3330472.3330477
2. Akgündüz, Y. (2021). Örgütsel davranış teorileri. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
3. Akyüz, M. (2019). Bilgi çağında yeni bir liderlik: resonant (ahenk yaratan) liderlik. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 14 (20), 1819-1834. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.580701
4. Ali, R. & Kashif, M. (2020). The role of resonant leadership, workplace friendship and serving culture in predicting organizational commitment: The mediating role of compassion at work. Review of Business Management, 22 (4), 799-819. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4085
5. Arnold, K.A., Connelly, C.E., Walsh, M. M. & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2015). Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20 (4), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039045
6. Ashkanasy, N.M. & Humphrey, R.H. (2011). A multi-level view of leadership and emotion: leading with emotional labor. İçinde A., Bryman vd. (Eds.). The SAGE handbook of leadership (ss. 365-379). London: Sage.
7. Ashkanasy, N.M., & Tse, B. (2000). Transformational leadership as management of emotion: A conceptual review. İçinde N.M. Ashkanasy, C.E. Härtel & W.J. Zerbe (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice (ss. 221-235). Quorum Books/Greenwood Publishing Group.
8. Ashton-James, C.E. & Ashkanasy, N.M. (2008). Affective events theory: a strategic perspective. İçinde W.J., Zerbe vd. (Eds.). Emotions, ethics and decision-making (ss. 1-34). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1746-9791(08)04001-7

9. Basch, J., & Fisher, C.D. (1998). Affective events-emotions matrix: a classification of work events and associated emotions. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cynthia-Fisher-3/ Erişim Tarihi: 5.10.2024.
10. Basım, H.N. & Beğenirbaş, M. (2012). Çalışma yaşamında duygusal emek: bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Journal of Management and Economics, 19 (1), 77-90.
11. Boyatzis, R. & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
12. Boyatzis, R. & McKee, A. (2006). Inspiring others through resonant leadership. Business Strategy Review, 17, 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0955-6419.2006.00394.x
13. Brief, A.P. & Weiss, H.M. (2002). Organizational behavior: affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 279-307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156
14. Cheng, P., Liu, Z. & Zhou, L. (2023). Transformational leadership and emotional labor: the mediation effects of psychological empowerment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (2), 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021030
15. Cook, K.S., Cheshire, C., Rice, E.R. & Nakagawa, S. (2013). Social exchange theory. İçinde J., DeLamater & A., Ward (Eds.). Handbook of Social Psychology (ss. 61-88). Dordrecht: Springer.
16. Cropanzano, R., Dasborough, M.T. & Weiss, H.M. (2017). Affective events and the development of leader-member exchange. The Academy of Management Review, 42 (2), 233-258. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0384
17. Curun, F. (2021). Sosyal mübadele kuramları. İçinde M.B., Bulut (Eds.). Sosyal Psikoloji Kuramları - I (ss. 75-90). İstanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık.
18. Diefendorff, J.M., Croyle, M.H. & Gosserand, R.H. (2005). The dimensionality antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001
19. Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E.S. & Çinko, M. (2022). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
20. Estabrooks, C.A., Squires, J.E., Cummings, G.G., Birdsell, J.M. & Norton, P.G. (2009). Development and assessment of the alberta context tool. BMC Health Services Research, 9 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-234
21. Fredrickson, B.L. & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13 (2), 172-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431
22. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
23. Gaan, N. & Shin, Y. (2024). Multilevel analysis of resonant leadership and subordinate’s work performance during COVID-19: a study of the Indian software industry. Current Psychology, 43, 12045-12060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02746-3
24. Gabriel, A.S., Diefendorff, J.M. & Grandey, A.A. (2023). The acceleration of emotional labor research: navigating the past and steering toward the future. Personnel Psychology, 76 (2), 511-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12576
25. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. & McKee, A. (2001). Primal leadership: the hidden driver of great performance. Harvard Business Review, 79 (11), 42-53.
26. Gürer, A. & Çiftçi, G. (2019). Paternalist liderlik algısının duygusal emek üzerine etkisi: bir alan araştırması, 23. Milletlerarası Türk Kooperatifçilik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı 26-28 Eylül, Kiev, Ukrayna, ss. 292-310.
27. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA.
28. Hassan, M. & Qureshi, A. (2019). Resonant leadership at workplace: how emotional intelligence impacts employees’ attitudes-a cross-sectional study. Pakistan Business Review, 21 (2), 237-251.
29. Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. Huang, S. & Yin, H. (2024). The relationships between paternalistic leadership, teachers’ emotional labor, engagement, and turnover intention: a multilevel SEM analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 143, 104552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104552
31. Humphrey, N.M. (2023). Emotional labor and employee outcomes: a meta-analysis. Public Administration, 101 (2), 422-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12818422
32. İslamoğlu, A.H. & Alnıaçık, Ü. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Beta Basım Yayın.
33. Kalaycı, Ş. (2005). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayınevi.
34. Kim, J.H. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 7 (6), 558-569. https://doi.org/10.4097%2Fkja.19087
35. Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: a full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11 (4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
36. Lawler, E.J. & Thye, S.R. (1999). Bringing emotions into social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 217-244. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.217
37. Lu, J., Zhang, Z. & Jia, M. (2019). Does servant leadership affect employees’ emotional labor? A social informationprocessing perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 159 (2), 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3816-3
38. Manstead, A.S.R. & Parkinson, B. (2018). Duygu kuramları. İçinde Sosyal psikolojide kuram ve açıklama (ss. 84-107). Çev. Ç. Çoker. Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
39. Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
40. Merriam - Webster Dictionaries, “Emotion” Erişim adresi: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emotion Erişim Tarihi: 1.8.2024.
41. Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
42. Miller, A.K. (2021). Emotional intelligence and resonant leadership: investigating school principals’ preparation and professional development in response to COVID-19 and other challenges (Doctoral Dissertation). Portland State University.
43. Morris, J.A. & Feldman, D.C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
44. Newman, M.A., Guy, M.E. & Mastracci, S.H. (2009). Beyond cognition: affective leadership and emotional labor. Public Administration Review, 69 (1), 6-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27697822
45. Park, H.-S., Moon, K-K. & Ha, T.-S. (2024). The impact of firefighters’ emotional labor on job performance: the moderating effects of transactional and transformational leadership. Fire, 7 (8), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080291
46. Pirola-Merlo, A., Härtel, C E.J., Mann, L. & Hirst, G. (2002). How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00144-3
47. Schumacker, R.E. & Lomax, R.G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New York: Taylor and Francis.
48. Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
49. SGK Veri Uygulaması (2024). Erişim adresi: www.veri.sgk.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 1.8.2024.
50. Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C. & Härter, M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy-preference-index (API). Health Expectations, 13 (3), 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00584.x
51. Sürücü, L. & Yıkılmaz, İ. (2021). Resonant liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16 (62), 739-753. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.830127
52. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2018). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Pearson.
53. Tan, C. (2024). Beyond emotional intelligence: a re-conceptualisation of resonant leadership. Philosophy of Management, 23 (4), 421-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-024-00315-1
54. Tanyolaç, C. & Şenyuva, Z. (2019). Duygusal olaylar kuramı. İçinde S., Yürür (Eds.). Örgütsel davranış kuramları (ss. 313-340). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
55. Teo, T., Tsai, L.T. & Yang, C.C. (2023). Applying SEM in educational research. İçinde M.S., Khine (Eds.). Application of structural equation modeling in educational research and practice (ss. 3-21). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
56. Ullman, J.B. (2018). Structural equation modelling. İçinde B.G., Tabachnick & L.S., Fidell (Eds.). Using multivariate statistics (ss. 528-612). New York: Pearson.
57. Wang, Z. & Xie, Y. (2020). Authentic leadership and employees’ emotional labour in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32 (2), 797-814. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2018-0952
58. Weiss, H.M. & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: a theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
59. Weiss, H.M. (2002). Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work. İçinde R.G., Lord vd. (Eds.). Emotions in the workplace: understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (ss. 20-63). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
60. Yang, C. & Chen, A. (2021). Emotional labor: a comprehensive literature review. Human Systems Management, 40 (4) 479-501. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-200937
61. Yin, H., Huang, S. & Chen, G. (2019). The relationships between teachers’ emotional labor and their burnout and satisfaction: a meta-analytic review. Educational Research Review, 28, 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100283