İş Güvencesizliğinin Etkileri: Temel Yaklaşımlar ve Olumsuz Etkileri Düzenleyici Faktörler Üzerine Bir Derleme

Öz

Mevcut işin gelecekteki devamlılığı ile ilgili duyulan endişe olarak tanımlanan iş güvencesizliği, günümüz çalışma hayatındaki en önemli stres kaynaklarından biridir. Araştırma bulguları işin devamlılığına dair duyulan endişenin çalışanların genel iyilik hali, psikolojik ve fiziksel sağlığı ve iş yaşamı üzerindeki olumsuz etkisine işaret etmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında iş güvencesizliği algısının çalışanlar üzerindeki etkisinin ötesine geçilerek, söz konusu etkiyi düzenleyen faktörlere odaklanılmış ve bu konudaki çalışmalar sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda geçmiş çalışmalar taranmış, ilgili temel kuramlar, modeller ve yaklaşımlar özetlenmiş, demografik ve bireysel özelliklerin, iş ve örgüt ile ilgili etmenlerin ve kültürel değerlerin iş güvencesizliğinin çalışanlar üzerindeki etkilerini düzenleme (moderatör) rolleri irdelenmiştir. Derlenen çalışmalar bir tablo içinde sunulmuş, bulguların doğurguları yorumlanmış ve gelecek araştırmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş güvencesizliği algısı,çalışan iyilik hali,düzenleyici değişken,tampon etkisi

The Effects of Job Insecurity: A Review on Fundamental Approaches and Moderators of Negative Effects

Öz

Job insecurity which is widely defined as an overall concern about the continued existence of the job in the future is one of the major stressors in the work life. Past research has documented a number of detrimental effects of perceived job insecurity on employees’ well-being, psychological and physical health as weel as the organizational outcomes. Above and beyond the investigation of the effect of job insecurity on employees and organizations, current study focuses on the factors moderating the effects of job insecurity and aimed to review the recent studies. For this aim, after briefly summarizing some of the well-known theories, models, and approaches in this area, the moderating effects of demographic characteristics, personal, organizational and job-related factors, and cultural values in the relationship between job insecurity and well-being were reviewed and presented in a table. The implications of the findings were discussed and an agenda for the future research was provided.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Job insecurity,employee well-being,moderator variables

Kaynakça

1. Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18.
2. Ashford, S. J., Lee, C. & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 4(4), 803–829.
3. Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328.
4. Barling, J. & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Job insecurity and health: The moderating role of workplace control. Stress Medicine, 12, 253–259.
5. Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G. & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 229-253.
6. Berntson, E. & Marklund, S. (2007). The relationship between perceived employability and subsequent health. Work & Stress, 21(3), 279–292.
7. Borg, I. & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13(2), 13-26.
8. Cheng, G. H. & Chan, D. K. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 272–303.

9. Cheng, T., Mauno, S. & Lee, C. (2014a). Do job control, support, and optimism help job insecure employees? A three-wave study of buffering effects on job satisfaction, vigor and work-family enrichment. Soc Indic Res, 118, 1269–1291.
10. Cheng, T., Mauno, S. & Lee, C. (2014b). The buffering effect of coping strategies in the relationship between job insecurity and employee well-being. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 35(1), 71–94.
11. Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J. & O’Driscoll, M. (2001). Organizational stress. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
12. De Goede, M. & Maassen, G. (1988). Beleving van niet-werken: Een onderzoek onder werklozen, arbeidsongeschikten en hun partner. Culemborg/Amsterdam: University of Utrecht.
13. Dekker, S. W. A. & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal Study. Australian Psychologist, 30(1), 57–63.
14. Demerouti, E. & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The Job Demands–Resources model: Challenges for future research. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37, 1–9.
15. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.
16. De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literatüre and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155–177.
17. De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1–6.
18. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
19. Dursun, B. & Bayram, N., (2013). İş güvencesizliği algısının çalışanların kaygı düzeyleri üzerine etkisi: Bir uygulama. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 15(3), 20-27.
20. Edwards, J. R. (1988). The determinants and consequences of coping with stress. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Causes, Coping, and Consequences of Stress at Work, 277–286. New York: Wiley.
21. Fatimah, O., Noraishah, D., Nasir, R. & Khairuddin, R. (2012). Employment security as moderator on the effect of job security on worker’s job satisfaction and well being. Asian Social Science, 8(9), 50–56.
22. Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. A. & Smith, G. D. (1998). An uncertain future: The health effects of threats to employment security in white-collar men and women. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1030–1036.
23. Gomez, C. (2003). The relationship between acculturation, individualism/collectivism, and job attribute preferences for Hispanic MBAs. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1089–1104.
24. Greenhalgh, L. & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448.
25. Greenhalgh, L. & Rosenblatt, Z. (2010). Evolution of research on job insecurity. International Studies of Management and Organization, 40(1), 6–19.
26. Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B. & van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage.
27. Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M. & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the job-demand-control(-support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24, 1–35.
28. Hellgren, J. & Chirumbolo, A., (2003). Can union support reduce the negative effects of job insecurity on well-being? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), 271–289.
29. Hellgren, J. & Sverke, M. (2003). Does job insecurity lead to impaired well-being or vice versa? Estimation of cross-lagged effects using latent variable modeling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 215–236.
30. Hellgren, J., Sverke, M. & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 179–195.
31. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300.
32. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.
33. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
34. Hui, C. H. (1990). Work attitudes, leadership styles, and managerial behaviors in different cultures. In R.W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (186–208). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
35. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., & Welbourne, T. M. (1999). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 107–122.
36. Karacaoğlu, K. (2015). Çalışanların iş güvencesizliğinin işten ayrılma niyetleri üzerindeki etkisi: Alanya bölgesindeki beş yıldızlı otellerde bir araştırma. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 13-21.
37. Karasek, R.A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job desiş güvencesizliğin. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.
38. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
39. Lim, V. K. G. (1996). Job insecurity and its outcomes: Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support. Human Relations, 49(2), 171–194.
40. Mak, A. S. & Mueller, J. (2000). Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain. Work & Stress, 14(4), 312–328.
41. Mantler, J., Matejicek, A., Matheson, K. & Anisman, H. (2005). Coping with employment uncertainty: A comparison of employed and unemployed workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(3), 200–209.
42. Mauno, S., Ruokolainen, M., & Kinnunen, U. (2013). Does aging make employees more resilient to job stress? Age as a moderator in the job stressor–well-being relationship in three Finnish occupational samples. Aging & Mental Health, 17(4), 411–422.
43. McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710–721.
44. McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z. & Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 53–76.
45. Naswall, K., Sverke, M. & Hellgren, J. (2005). The moderating role of personality characteristics on the relationship between job insecurity and strain. Work & Stress, 19(1), 37–49.
46. Osipow, S. H. & Spokane, A. R. (1987). Manual for the Occupational Stress Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
47. Oyserman, D., Coon, H.M. & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72.
48. Öztürk, E. B., Karagonlar, G. & Emirza, S. (2016). Relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion: Moderating effects of prevention focus and affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Stress Management. 24(3), 247-269.
49. Parkes, K. R. (1994). Personality and coping as moderators of work stress processes. Models, measures and methods. Work and Stress, 8, 110–129.
50. Paul, K. & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264–282.
51. Poyraz, K. & Kama, B. (2008). Algılanan iş güvencesinin, iş tatmini, örgütsel baglılık ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 143-164.
52. Probst, T. M. & Lawler, J. (2006). Cultural values as moderators of employee reactions to job insecurity: The role of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55(2), 234–254.
53. Richter, A., Naswall, K., Bernhard-Oettel, C. & Sverke, M. (2014). Job insecurity and well-being: The moderating role of job dependence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(6), 816–829.
54. Sandıkçı, E. (2009). İş güvencesizliğine karşı işçilerin kolektif tepkileri (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli.
55. Sassenberg, K. & Scholl, A. (2013). If I can do it my way . . . The influence of regulatory focus on job-related values and job attraction. Journal of Economic Psychology, 38, 58–70.
56. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V. & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of burnout and engagement: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.
57. Schreurs, B., Van Emmerik, H., Notelaers, G. & De Witte, H. (2010). Job insecurity and employee health: The buffering potential of job control and job self-efficacy. Work & Stress, 24(1), 56–72.
58. Schwartz, S. H. & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 268–290.
59. Selenko, E. & Batinic, B. (2012). Job insecurity and the benefits of work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 725–736.
60. Shin, D. & Johnson, D. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5(1), 475–492.
61. Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911 –1939.
62. Silla, I., De Cuyper, N., Gracia, F. J., Peiro, J. M. & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability. Journal Happiness Study, 10, 739–751.
63. Stiglbauer, B. & Batinic, B. (2015). Proactive coping with job insecurity: Is it always beneficial to well-being? Work & Stress, 29(3), 264–285.
64. Stiglbauer, B., Selenko, E., Batinic, B. & Jodlbauer, S. (2012). On the link between job insecurity and turnover intentions: Moderated mediation by work involvement and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(3), 354–364.
65. Sümer, N., Solak, N. & Harma, M. (2013). İşsiz yaşam: İşsizliğin ve iş güvencesizliğinin birey ve aile üzerindeki etkileri. [Unemployed life: Consequences of unemployment and job insecurity on individual and family]. Istanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
66. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J. & Naswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242–264.
67. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
68. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2018, Şubat). İşgücü istatistikleri, Ekim 2017. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=27691
69. Van den Tooren, M. & de Jong, J. (2014). Job demands-resources and employee health and well-being: The moderating role of contract type. Career Development International, 19(1), 101–122.
70. Wanberg, C. R. (2012). The individual experience of unemployment. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 369–396.
71. Wang, H., Lu, C. & Lu, L. (2014). Do people with traditional values suffer more from job insecurity? The moderating effects of traditionality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 23(1), 107–117.
72. Watson, D. & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465–490.