Kadınların İş Yaşamındaki Konumunun Hofstede’nin Kültür Boyutları Açısından İncelenmesi

Yıl 2019, , 43 - 53, 19.04.2019

Sanem Küçükkömürler , Fulya Kırımer-aydınlı

https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.454009

Cited By: 1

Öz

İşgücü alanında
yaşanan cinsiyet eşitsizliğini birçok toplumda gözlemlemek mümkün olmakla
birlikte cinsiyet eşitsizliği oranları toplumdan topluma farkılılık
göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kültürel boyutlardaki çeşitlilikler ile
kadınların işgücündeki yerine dair toplumsal yaklaşımları incelemektir. Bu
amaçla farklı ülkelere ait açık veri setlerinden alınan değerler
birleştirilmiştir. Kültürel etkiler için Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları ve
kadının iş yaşamındaki konumu için Dünya Değerleri Veri Setinden alınan ilgili
maddeler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada hiyerarşik regresyon analizi uygulanmış,
gayri safi milli hasıla ve ekonomiye katılım kontrol değişkenleri olarak
analize dahil edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, (1) kadınların eşlerinden daha fazla
para kazanması bireycilik düzeyinin yüksek olduğu toplumlarda sorun olarak
görülmemektedir, (2) kadınların iş sahibi olmaları belirsizlikten kaçınan
toplumlarda bağımsızlık göstergesi olarak algılanmaktadır ve (3) belirsizlikten
kaçınan toplumlar iş kısıtlılığı durumunda işi erkeğin hak edeceği görüşünü
desteklememektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği, Hofstede Kültür Boyutları, İş Yaşamında Kadın, Belirsizlikten Kaçınma Boyutu, Bireycilik Boyutu

Investigating the Status of Women in the Workforce from the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

Öz

It is probable to notice gender inequality in
the workforce among most of the societies but inequality rates vary from
society to society. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the
diversities among cultural dimensions and social attitudes toward the status of
women in the workforce. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and items indicating the
status of women in the workforce (World Values Survey) are combined from different
country-based open-source datasets. Hierarchical regression analyses are
conducted by controlling gross national product and economic participation. The
findings showed that  (1) making more
money than husbands is not regarded as a problem by the societies with higher
levels of individualism (2) having a job is perceived as a way of independency
of women and (3) the notion that men should have more right to get a job if
jobs are scarce is not supported by the societies with higher levels of
uncertainty avoidance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gender Inequality, Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede, Woman in Workforce, Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension, Individualism Dimension

Kaynakça

• Aycan, Z. (2004). Key success factors for women in management in Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(3), 453-477.
• Calvo, D. (2013). What is the problem of Gender? Mainstreaming Gender in Migration and Development Policies in the European Union. Ineko: Gothenburg, Sweden.
• Carrasco, A., Francoeur, C., Réal, I., Laffarga, J. & Ruiz-Barbadillo, E. (2012). Cultural differences and board gender diversity. Comptabilités et innovation, May 2012, Grenoble, France.
• Coleman, J. M. & Hong, Y. Y. (2008). Beyond nature and nurture: The influence of lay gender theories on self-stereotyping. Self and Identity, 7(1), 34-53.
• Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S. & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social forces, 80(2), 655-681.
• Cox, P. L., Friedman, B. A. & Tribunella, T. (2011). Relationships among cultural dimensions, national gross domestic product, and environmental sustainability. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12(6), 46-56.
• Crawford, M. (2012). Transformations: Women, gender, & psychology. New York: MaGraw-Hill.
• Ebbeler, C., Grau, I. & Banse, R. (2017). Cultural and individual factors determine physical aggression between married partners: Evidence from 34 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(7), 1098-1118.
• Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S. & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The gender inequality index. Human Development Research Paper, 46, 1-41.
• Gouveia, V. V. & Ros, M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz’s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: Their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables. Psicothema, 12, 25–33.
• Gupta, N. (2017). Gender inequality in the work environment: a study of private research organizations in India. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(3), 255-276.
• Haggard, D. L. & Haggard, K. S. (2018). The impact of law, religion, and culture on the ease of starting a business. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 21(4), 242-257.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values (2nd ed.). California: Sage Publication Inc.
• Hofstede, G. (2016, Haziran). The Hofstede Centre. Erişim adresi: http://geert-hofstede.com/thehofstedecentre.html
• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Hofstede, G. & McCare, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 1, 52-88.
• Holmes, S. & Flood, M. G. (2013). Genders at Work: Exploring the Role of Workplace Equality in Preventing Men’s Violence against Women. White Ribbon Foundation: Sydney.
• Kabene, S., Baadel, S., Jiwani, Z. & Lobbo, V. (2017). Women in Political Positions and Countries' Level of Happiness. Journal of International Women's Studies, 18(4), 209-217.
• Küskü, F., Özbilgin, M. & Özkale, L. (2007). Against the tide: Gendered prejudice and disadvantage in engineering. Gender, Work & Organization, 14(2), 109-129.
• Merten, J. (2005). Culture, gender and the recognition of the basic emotions. Psychologia, 48(4), 306-316.
• OECD, 2012. Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship: Final Report to The MCM 2012. Erişim adresi: http://www.oecd.org/employment/50423364.pdf
• Önder, N. (2013). Türkiye'de Kadın İşgücünün Görünümü. Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1(1), 35-61.
• Papamarcos, S. D. & Watson, G. W. (2006). Culture’s consequences for economic development: An empirical examination of culture, freedom, and market performance. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 2(1), 32-41.
• Pettit, B. & Hook, J.L. (2009). Gendered Tradeoffs: Women, Family, and Workplace Inequality in Twenty-One Countries. Russell Sage Foundation: New York.
• Sinclair, S., Hardin, C. D. & Lowery, B. S. (2006). Self-stereotyping in the context of multiple social identities. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90 (4), 529.
• Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M. & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 4-28.
• Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychoogy, 69, 797–811.
• Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
• The Glass-Ceiling Index (2018). The Glass-ceiling Index: The progress has been slow but steady. The Economist. Erişim adresi: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/02/15/the-glass-ceiling-index
• White, K. & Özkanlı, Ö. (2010). A comparative study of perceptions of gender and leadership in Australian and Turkish universities. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(1), 3-16.
• World Bank Report (2012). Information and Communications for Development: Maximizing Mobile. Erişim adresi: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/extinformationandcommunicationandtechno logies/Resources/IC4D-2012-Report.pdf
• World Development Report (2012). Gender Equality and Development. Erişim adresi: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf
• World Economic Forum (2014). Global Gender Gap Index. Erişim adresi: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_CompleteReport_2014.pdf
• World Economic Forum (2015). Global Gender Gap Index. Erişim adresi: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR2015/cover.pdf
• World Values Survey Association (2016, Haziran). World Values Survey official data file, v.20140429. Madrid: ASEP/JDS. Erişim adresi: from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.com
• Yüce-Selvi, Ü., & Karanfil, D. (2016). Intimate partner violence against women: Effects of power distance, individualism and economy. International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1).