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DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 503 - 514, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985

Öz

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a measurement instrument designed to evaluate school administrators’ digital leadership competencies, thereby contributing to the sustainable management of digital transformation within educational institutions. The study population consists of teachers working in public schools affiliated with the Provincial Directorates of National Education in Kırşehir and Aksaray. A simple random sampling method was employed in sample selection. During the pilot implementation, data were collected from 235 teachers; after outlier analysis, the responses of 225 participants were retained for evaluation. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on the pilot data, and the structure of the scale was determined based on the factor loadings of the items. In the main implementation phase, data were collected from 330 teachers; after the removal of outliers, responses from 289 participants were analyzed. At this stage, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out, revealing that the scale is unidimensional, consisting of 22 items, and structured as a five-point Likert type. The findings indicate that the developed School Administrators’ Digital Leadership Skills Scale (SADLSS) is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring teachers’ perceptions of school administrators’ digital leadership skills.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Munsamy, M., N. Dhanpat, and E.N. Barkhuizen, "The development and validation of a digital leadership competency scale". Acta Commercii.Vol. 23, Issue 1, 2023.
  • 2. Baglama, B., et al., "Analysis of Digital Leadership in School Management and Accessibility of Animation-Designed Game-Based Learning for Sustainability of Education for Children with Special Needs". Sustainability.Vol. 14, Issue 13, 2022.
  • 3. Navaridas-Nalda, F., et al., "The strategic influence of school principal leadership in the digital transformation of schools". Computers in Human Behavior.Vol. 112, 2020.
  • 4. Hu, J., "Principals Digital Leadership: Connotation Structure, Development Status, and Improvement Path". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media.Vol. 12, Issue 1, Pages 16-23, 2023.
  • 5. Aydın, M.N., “Sağlık Çalışanlarının teknostres düzeyinin algılanan verimlilikleri üzerine etkisi”, Master's thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • 6. Bramhane, A. Digital Education and Digital Divide: Concept, Issues and Challenges. in Responsibilities of All the Actors in the Field of Higher Education in Context with NEP 2020 Conference, Indian Institute of Education, Pune. 2024.
  • 7. Durak, G., S. Çankaya, and S. İzmirli, "COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Türkiye’deki Üniversitelerin Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemlerinin İncelenmesi". Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi.Vol. 14, Issue 1, Pages 787-809, 2020.
  • 8. Klein, M., "Leadership Characteristics in the Era of Digital Transformation". Business & Management Studies: An International Journal.Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 883-902, 2020.
  • 9. Retnowati, C.N. and B. Santosa, "Digital leadership, culture & employee capabilities: Sustainable organizational performance in education-a case study". Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development.Vol. 1, Issue 6, Pages 257-265, 2023.
  • 10. Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi, "The knowledge-creating company". Harvard business review. Vol. 85. 162, 2007
  • 11. Anderson, R.E. and S. Dexter, "School Technology Leadership: An Empirical Investigation of Prevalence and Effect". Educational Administration Quarterly.Vol. 41, Issue 1, Pages 49-82, 2005. 12. Bass, B.M. and R.E. Riggio, "Transformational leadership". Psychology press, 2006
  • 13. Sheninger, E., "Digital Leadership: Changing Paradigms for Changing Times", Corwin Press, 2014
  • 14. Zeike, S., et al., "Digital Leadership Skills and Associations with Psychological Well-Being". Int J Environ Res Public Health.Vol. 16, Issue 14, 2019.
  • 15. Acebuche, A., "Digital leadership towards effective school management: A systematic review". Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal.Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 1-1, 2023.
  • 16. Zahra, N.S. and H. Wirawan, "Empowering Digital Transformation: Developing and Validating a Digital Leadership Scale Through Rasch Model Analysis". Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives.Vol. 23, Issue 3, Pages 261-271, 2024.
  • 17. Crompton, H., "ISTE standards for educators: a guide for teachers and other professionals". ASCD, 2017
  • 18. Elmalı, F. and F. Dündar, "Eğitimde Teknoloji Entegrasyonu: Öğretmenler ve Okul Yöneticileri", in Eğitimde Güncel Araştırmalar - V, 2023
  • 19. Tanucan, J.C.M., C.V. Negrido, and G.N. Malaga, "Digital Leadership of School Heads and Job Satisfaction of Teachers in the Philippines during the Pandemic". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 21, Issue 10, Pages 1-18, 2022.
  • 20. Agustina, R., et al., "Influence of the Principal’s Digital Leadership on the Reflective Practices of Vocational Teachers Mediated by Trust, Self Efficacy, and Work Engagement". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 19, Issue 11, Pages 24-40, 2020.
  • 21. Kirinić, V., N.Ž. Hrustek, and R. Mekovec, E-Schools Project-Framework for Digital Competencies of School Principals: Competencies in the Area of Digital Technologies in Learning and Teaching, in 2023 International Conference on Information Management (ICIM). 2023. Pages 83-87.
  • 22. Peker, A., “Digital Leadership Competencies of School Principals and The Reflection of These Competencies in The Educational Environment”, Master's thesis, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 2022.
  • 23. Öztirak, M., "Çevik Liderlİk ile Örgütsel Çeviklik Arasindaki İlişkide Örgütsel Öğrenmenin Düzenleyici Rolü". 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi. 2023.
  • 24. Dela Rosa, M.A., "Digital Leadership and Teachers’ Performance: Basis for a Proposed Training Program". International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research.Vol. 3, Issue 12, Pages 2669-2685, 2022.
  • 25. Sunu, I.G.K.A., "The Impact of Digital Leadership on Teachers’ Acceptance and Use of Digital Technologies". Mimbar Ilmu.Vol. 27, Issue 2, Pages 311-320, 2022.
  • 26. Tarawneh, B.K.A., "The Effectiveness of the Practice of Digital Leadership and Information Technology among Public School Principals in the Southern Mazar District from Their Point of View". Journal of Education and Practice.Vol. 13, Issue 20, Pages 93-101, 2022.
  • 27. Borah, P.S., S. Iqbal, and S. Akhtar, "Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities". Technology in Society.Vol. 68, Issue, 2022.
  • 28. Büyükbeşe, T., et al., "A study on digital leadership scale (DLS) development". Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.Vol. 19, Issue 2, Pages 740-760, 2022.
  • 29. Abbu, H., et al., "Measuring the Human Dimensions of Digital Leadership for Successful Digital Transformation". Research-Technology Management.Vol. 65, Issue 3, Pages 39-49, 2022.
  • 30. Wang, T., X. Lin, and F. Sheng, "Digital leadership and exploratory innovation: From the dual perspectives of strategic orientation and organizational culture". Front Psychol.Vol. 13, Pages 902693, 2022.
  • 31. Bilginoğlu, E. and U. Yozgat, "The Validity and Reliability of the Measure for Digital Leadership: Turkish Form", in Multidimensional and Strategic Outlook in Digital Business Transformation. Pages 53-67, 2023
  • 32. Claassen, K., et al., "How to evaluate digital leadership: a cross-sectional study". J Occup Med Toxicol.Vol. 16, Issue 1, Pages 44, 2021.
  • 33. Oktaysoy, O., E. Topcuoglu, and E. Kaygin, "A study on digital leadership scale adaptation". International Journal of Organizational Leadership.Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pages 407, 2022.
  • 34. Büyüköztürk, Ş., "Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (28. Baskı)". PegemA Yayıncılık. 001-214, 2023
  • 35. Tabachnick, B.G., L.S. Fidell, and J.B. Ullman, "Using multivariate statistics". Vol. 5: pearson Boston, MA, 2007 36. Erkuş, A., "Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme". Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları. 2012.
  • 37. Byrne, B.M., "Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming". routledge, 2013
  • 38. Pallant, J., "SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS". Routledge, 2020
  • 39. Kalaycı, Ş., "SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri". Vol. 5: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ankara, Turkey, 2017
  • 40. Çelik, H.E. and V. Yılmaz, "LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Temel kavramlar-uygulamalar-programlama". Anı Yayıncılık, 2016
  • 41. Seçer, İ., "SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma". Pages 1-218, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2013

DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 503 - 514, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985

Öz

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a measurement instrument designed to evaluate school administrators’ digital leadership competencies, thereby contributing to the sustainable management of digital transformation within educational institutions. The study population consists of teachers working in public schools affiliated with the Provincial Directorates of National Education in Kırşehir and Aksaray. A simple random sampling method was employed in sample selection. During the pilot implementation, data were collected from 235 teachers; after outlier analysis, the responses of 225 participants were retained for evaluation. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on the pilot data, and the structure of the scale was determined based on the factor loadings of the items. In the main implementation phase, data were collected from 330 teachers; after the removal of outliers, responses from 289 participants were analyzed. At this stage, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out, revealing that the scale is unidimensional, consisting of 22 items, and structured as a five-point Likert type. The findings indicate that the developed School Administrators’ Digital Leadership Skills Scale (SADLSS) is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring teachers’ perceptions of school administrators’ digital leadership skills.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Munsamy, M., N. Dhanpat, and E.N. Barkhuizen, "The development and validation of a digital leadership competency scale". Acta Commercii.Vol. 23, Issue 1, 2023.
  • 2. Baglama, B., et al., "Analysis of Digital Leadership in School Management and Accessibility of Animation-Designed Game-Based Learning for Sustainability of Education for Children with Special Needs". Sustainability.Vol. 14, Issue 13, 2022.
  • 3. Navaridas-Nalda, F., et al., "The strategic influence of school principal leadership in the digital transformation of schools". Computers in Human Behavior.Vol. 112, 2020.
  • 4. Hu, J., "Principals Digital Leadership: Connotation Structure, Development Status, and Improvement Path". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media.Vol. 12, Issue 1, Pages 16-23, 2023.
  • 5. Aydın, M.N., “Sağlık Çalışanlarının teknostres düzeyinin algılanan verimlilikleri üzerine etkisi”, Master's thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • 6. Bramhane, A. Digital Education and Digital Divide: Concept, Issues and Challenges. in Responsibilities of All the Actors in the Field of Higher Education in Context with NEP 2020 Conference, Indian Institute of Education, Pune. 2024.
  • 7. Durak, G., S. Çankaya, and S. İzmirli, "COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Türkiye’deki Üniversitelerin Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemlerinin İncelenmesi". Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi.Vol. 14, Issue 1, Pages 787-809, 2020.
  • 8. Klein, M., "Leadership Characteristics in the Era of Digital Transformation". Business & Management Studies: An International Journal.Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 883-902, 2020.
  • 9. Retnowati, C.N. and B. Santosa, "Digital leadership, culture & employee capabilities: Sustainable organizational performance in education-a case study". Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development.Vol. 1, Issue 6, Pages 257-265, 2023.
  • 10. Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi, "The knowledge-creating company". Harvard business review. Vol. 85. 162, 2007
  • 11. Anderson, R.E. and S. Dexter, "School Technology Leadership: An Empirical Investigation of Prevalence and Effect". Educational Administration Quarterly.Vol. 41, Issue 1, Pages 49-82, 2005. 12. Bass, B.M. and R.E. Riggio, "Transformational leadership". Psychology press, 2006
  • 13. Sheninger, E., "Digital Leadership: Changing Paradigms for Changing Times", Corwin Press, 2014
  • 14. Zeike, S., et al., "Digital Leadership Skills and Associations with Psychological Well-Being". Int J Environ Res Public Health.Vol. 16, Issue 14, 2019.
  • 15. Acebuche, A., "Digital leadership towards effective school management: A systematic review". Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal.Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 1-1, 2023.
  • 16. Zahra, N.S. and H. Wirawan, "Empowering Digital Transformation: Developing and Validating a Digital Leadership Scale Through Rasch Model Analysis". Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives.Vol. 23, Issue 3, Pages 261-271, 2024.
  • 17. Crompton, H., "ISTE standards for educators: a guide for teachers and other professionals". ASCD, 2017
  • 18. Elmalı, F. and F. Dündar, "Eğitimde Teknoloji Entegrasyonu: Öğretmenler ve Okul Yöneticileri", in Eğitimde Güncel Araştırmalar - V, 2023
  • 19. Tanucan, J.C.M., C.V. Negrido, and G.N. Malaga, "Digital Leadership of School Heads and Job Satisfaction of Teachers in the Philippines during the Pandemic". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 21, Issue 10, Pages 1-18, 2022.
  • 20. Agustina, R., et al., "Influence of the Principal’s Digital Leadership on the Reflective Practices of Vocational Teachers Mediated by Trust, Self Efficacy, and Work Engagement". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 19, Issue 11, Pages 24-40, 2020.
  • 21. Kirinić, V., N.Ž. Hrustek, and R. Mekovec, E-Schools Project-Framework for Digital Competencies of School Principals: Competencies in the Area of Digital Technologies in Learning and Teaching, in 2023 International Conference on Information Management (ICIM). 2023. Pages 83-87.
  • 22. Peker, A., “Digital Leadership Competencies of School Principals and The Reflection of These Competencies in The Educational Environment”, Master's thesis, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 2022.
  • 23. Öztirak, M., "Çevik Liderlİk ile Örgütsel Çeviklik Arasindaki İlişkide Örgütsel Öğrenmenin Düzenleyici Rolü". 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi. 2023.
  • 24. Dela Rosa, M.A., "Digital Leadership and Teachers’ Performance: Basis for a Proposed Training Program". International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research.Vol. 3, Issue 12, Pages 2669-2685, 2022.
  • 25. Sunu, I.G.K.A., "The Impact of Digital Leadership on Teachers’ Acceptance and Use of Digital Technologies". Mimbar Ilmu.Vol. 27, Issue 2, Pages 311-320, 2022.
  • 26. Tarawneh, B.K.A., "The Effectiveness of the Practice of Digital Leadership and Information Technology among Public School Principals in the Southern Mazar District from Their Point of View". Journal of Education and Practice.Vol. 13, Issue 20, Pages 93-101, 2022.
  • 27. Borah, P.S., S. Iqbal, and S. Akhtar, "Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities". Technology in Society.Vol. 68, Issue, 2022.
  • 28. Büyükbeşe, T., et al., "A study on digital leadership scale (DLS) development". Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.Vol. 19, Issue 2, Pages 740-760, 2022.
  • 29. Abbu, H., et al., "Measuring the Human Dimensions of Digital Leadership for Successful Digital Transformation". Research-Technology Management.Vol. 65, Issue 3, Pages 39-49, 2022.
  • 30. Wang, T., X. Lin, and F. Sheng, "Digital leadership and exploratory innovation: From the dual perspectives of strategic orientation and organizational culture". Front Psychol.Vol. 13, Pages 902693, 2022.
  • 31. Bilginoğlu, E. and U. Yozgat, "The Validity and Reliability of the Measure for Digital Leadership: Turkish Form", in Multidimensional and Strategic Outlook in Digital Business Transformation. Pages 53-67, 2023
  • 32. Claassen, K., et al., "How to evaluate digital leadership: a cross-sectional study". J Occup Med Toxicol.Vol. 16, Issue 1, Pages 44, 2021.
  • 33. Oktaysoy, O., E. Topcuoglu, and E. Kaygin, "A study on digital leadership scale adaptation". International Journal of Organizational Leadership.Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pages 407, 2022.
  • 34. Büyüköztürk, Ş., "Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (28. Baskı)". PegemA Yayıncılık. 001-214, 2023
  • 35. Tabachnick, B.G., L.S. Fidell, and J.B. Ullman, "Using multivariate statistics". Vol. 5: pearson Boston, MA, 2007 36. Erkuş, A., "Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme". Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları. 2012.
  • 37. Byrne, B.M., "Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming". routledge, 2013
  • 38. Pallant, J., "SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS". Routledge, 2020
  • 39. Kalaycı, Ş., "SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri". Vol. 5: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ankara, Turkey, 2017
  • 40. Çelik, H.E. and V. Yılmaz, "LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Temel kavramlar-uygulamalar-programlama". Anı Yayıncılık, 2016
  • 41. Seçer, İ., "SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma". Pages 1-218, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2013

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 503 - 514, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Munsamy, M., N. Dhanpat, and E.N. Barkhuizen, "The development and validation of a digital leadership competency scale". Acta Commercii.Vol. 23, Issue 1, 2023.
  • 2. Baglama, B., et al., "Analysis of Digital Leadership in School Management and Accessibility of Animation-Designed Game-Based Learning for Sustainability of Education for Children with Special Needs". Sustainability.Vol. 14, Issue 13, 2022.
  • 3. Navaridas-Nalda, F., et al., "The strategic influence of school principal leadership in the digital transformation of schools". Computers in Human Behavior.Vol. 112, 2020.
  • 4. Hu, J., "Principals Digital Leadership: Connotation Structure, Development Status, and Improvement Path". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media.Vol. 12, Issue 1, Pages 16-23, 2023.
  • 5. Aydın, M.N., “Sağlık Çalışanlarının teknostres düzeyinin algılanan verimlilikleri üzerine etkisi”, Master's thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • 6. Bramhane, A. Digital Education and Digital Divide: Concept, Issues and Challenges. in Responsibilities of All the Actors in the Field of Higher Education in Context with NEP 2020 Conference, Indian Institute of Education, Pune. 2024.
  • 7. Durak, G., S. Çankaya, and S. İzmirli, "COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Türkiye’deki Üniversitelerin Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemlerinin İncelenmesi". Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi.Vol. 14, Issue 1, Pages 787-809, 2020.
  • 8. Klein, M., "Leadership Characteristics in the Era of Digital Transformation". Business & Management Studies: An International Journal.Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 883-902, 2020.
  • 9. Retnowati, C.N. and B. Santosa, "Digital leadership, culture & employee capabilities: Sustainable organizational performance in education-a case study". Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development.Vol. 1, Issue 6, Pages 257-265, 2023.
  • 10. Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi, "The knowledge-creating company". Harvard business review. Vol. 85. 162, 2007
  • 11. Anderson, R.E. and S. Dexter, "School Technology Leadership: An Empirical Investigation of Prevalence and Effect". Educational Administration Quarterly.Vol. 41, Issue 1, Pages 49-82, 2005. 12. Bass, B.M. and R.E. Riggio, "Transformational leadership". Psychology press, 2006
  • 13. Sheninger, E., "Digital Leadership: Changing Paradigms for Changing Times", Corwin Press, 2014
  • 14. Zeike, S., et al., "Digital Leadership Skills and Associations with Psychological Well-Being". Int J Environ Res Public Health.Vol. 16, Issue 14, 2019.
  • 15. Acebuche, A., "Digital leadership towards effective school management: A systematic review". Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal.Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 1-1, 2023.
  • 16. Zahra, N.S. and H. Wirawan, "Empowering Digital Transformation: Developing and Validating a Digital Leadership Scale Through Rasch Model Analysis". Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives.Vol. 23, Issue 3, Pages 261-271, 2024.
  • 17. Crompton, H., "ISTE standards for educators: a guide for teachers and other professionals". ASCD, 2017
  • 18. Elmalı, F. and F. Dündar, "Eğitimde Teknoloji Entegrasyonu: Öğretmenler ve Okul Yöneticileri", in Eğitimde Güncel Araştırmalar - V, 2023
  • 19. Tanucan, J.C.M., C.V. Negrido, and G.N. Malaga, "Digital Leadership of School Heads and Job Satisfaction of Teachers in the Philippines during the Pandemic". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 21, Issue 10, Pages 1-18, 2022.
  • 20. Agustina, R., et al., "Influence of the Principal’s Digital Leadership on the Reflective Practices of Vocational Teachers Mediated by Trust, Self Efficacy, and Work Engagement". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.Vol. 19, Issue 11, Pages 24-40, 2020.
  • 21. Kirinić, V., N.Ž. Hrustek, and R. Mekovec, E-Schools Project-Framework for Digital Competencies of School Principals: Competencies in the Area of Digital Technologies in Learning and Teaching, in 2023 International Conference on Information Management (ICIM). 2023. Pages 83-87.
  • 22. Peker, A., “Digital Leadership Competencies of School Principals and The Reflection of These Competencies in The Educational Environment”, Master's thesis, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 2022.
  • 23. Öztirak, M., "Çevik Liderlİk ile Örgütsel Çeviklik Arasindaki İlişkide Örgütsel Öğrenmenin Düzenleyici Rolü". 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi. 2023.
  • 24. Dela Rosa, M.A., "Digital Leadership and Teachers’ Performance: Basis for a Proposed Training Program". International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research.Vol. 3, Issue 12, Pages 2669-2685, 2022.
  • 25. Sunu, I.G.K.A., "The Impact of Digital Leadership on Teachers’ Acceptance and Use of Digital Technologies". Mimbar Ilmu.Vol. 27, Issue 2, Pages 311-320, 2022.
  • 26. Tarawneh, B.K.A., "The Effectiveness of the Practice of Digital Leadership and Information Technology among Public School Principals in the Southern Mazar District from Their Point of View". Journal of Education and Practice.Vol. 13, Issue 20, Pages 93-101, 2022.
  • 27. Borah, P.S., S. Iqbal, and S. Akhtar, "Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities". Technology in Society.Vol. 68, Issue, 2022.
  • 28. Büyükbeşe, T., et al., "A study on digital leadership scale (DLS) development". Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.Vol. 19, Issue 2, Pages 740-760, 2022.
  • 29. Abbu, H., et al., "Measuring the Human Dimensions of Digital Leadership for Successful Digital Transformation". Research-Technology Management.Vol. 65, Issue 3, Pages 39-49, 2022.
  • 30. Wang, T., X. Lin, and F. Sheng, "Digital leadership and exploratory innovation: From the dual perspectives of strategic orientation and organizational culture". Front Psychol.Vol. 13, Pages 902693, 2022.
  • 31. Bilginoğlu, E. and U. Yozgat, "The Validity and Reliability of the Measure for Digital Leadership: Turkish Form", in Multidimensional and Strategic Outlook in Digital Business Transformation. Pages 53-67, 2023
  • 32. Claassen, K., et al., "How to evaluate digital leadership: a cross-sectional study". J Occup Med Toxicol.Vol. 16, Issue 1, Pages 44, 2021.
  • 33. Oktaysoy, O., E. Topcuoglu, and E. Kaygin, "A study on digital leadership scale adaptation". International Journal of Organizational Leadership.Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pages 407, 2022.
  • 34. Büyüköztürk, Ş., "Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (28. Baskı)". PegemA Yayıncılık. 001-214, 2023
  • 35. Tabachnick, B.G., L.S. Fidell, and J.B. Ullman, "Using multivariate statistics". Vol. 5: pearson Boston, MA, 2007 36. Erkuş, A., "Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme". Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları. 2012.
  • 37. Byrne, B.M., "Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming". routledge, 2013
  • 38. Pallant, J., "SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS". Routledge, 2020
  • 39. Kalaycı, Ş., "SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri". Vol. 5: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ankara, Turkey, 2017
  • 40. Çelik, H.E. and V. Yılmaz, "LISREL 9.1 ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: Temel kavramlar-uygulamalar-programlama". Anı Yayıncılık, 2016
  • 41. Seçer, İ., "SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma". Pages 1-218, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2013
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Onur Doğan 0000-0002-8109-4728

Tufan Aytaç 0000-0002-6103-3530

Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, O., & Aytaç, T. (2025). DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(3), 503-514. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985
AMA Doğan O, Aytaç T. DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. IJ3DPTDI. Aralık 2025;9(3):503-514. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985
Chicago Doğan, Onur, ve Tufan Aytaç. “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 503-14. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985.
EndNote Doğan O, Aytaç T (01 Aralık 2025) DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 3 503–514.
IEEE O. Doğan ve T. Aytaç, “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY”, IJ3DPTDI, c. 9, sy. 3, ss. 503–514, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985.
ISNAD Doğan, Onur - Aytaç, Tufan. “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/3 (Aralık2025), 503-514. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985.
JAMA Doğan O, Aytaç T. DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9:503–514.
MLA Doğan, Onur ve Tufan Aytaç. “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, c. 9, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 503-14, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1782985.
Vancouver Doğan O, Aytaç T. DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9(3):503-14.

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