MULTINATIONAL AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS OF 3D DESIGN AND PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Öz

Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, it has been observed that some equipment, such as the protective face shields used by healthcare professionals and those working in unsafe conditions, are not sufficient and difficult to obtain in many countries. 3D printing technology had a crucial role in providing solutions to many medical problems worldwide during this period. This technology has mainly helped overcome the lack of those medical and personal protective equipment. Trainees who participated before in the ‘3D Modeling and Printer Usage Trainings’ by TİKA in 12 countries, started the process of producing shields using the 3D printer, supplies and equipment provided by the TİKA Presidency in their countries. In this framework, and in order to meet the needs of these 12 countries within the shortest time, a functional face shield with less printing time was prepared for printing using slicing software, and a G.Code files were sent to the relevant countries. In addition, printers, spare parts and consumables were sent to 9 countries. In 12 countries including Uganda, Libya, Kyrgyzstan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 7 thousand face protection visors were produced in a period of 2 months. The design features, printing time and tools required for assembly were evaluated. The proposed designs were produced using 3D printing technology, and this was practically decisive in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. These face shields were delivered to the related countries' hospitals and similar institutions affiliated to the Ministry of Health to be given to healthcare workers who struggle with COVID-19, and contributed to their fight against the virus. As a result of that, a lot of attention was paid and the institutions and individuals who produced the equipment were thanked by the official authorities of the relevant countries and reported by the local media.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3D Printing
• COVID-19
• Face Shield
• TIKA
• Design and Fabrication

COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE 3D TASARIM VE BASKI TEKNOLOJİLERİ İLE ACİL VE YENİLİKÇİ ÇÖZÜMLERİN ÇOKULUSLU UYGULAMALARI

Öz

Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle gerek sağlık personeli gerekse diğer kritik görevlerde çalışanların kullandığı koruyucu yüz siperliği gibi bazı ekipmanın bir çok ülkede yeterli olmadığı ve temininde de güçlükler yaşandığı gözlemlenmiştir. 3B baskı teknolojisi bu dönemde dünya çapında birçok tıbbi soruna çözüm sunan kritik bir role sahip olmuştur. Bu teknoloji temel olarak tıbbi malzeme ve kişisel koruyucu ekipman eksikliğinin üstesinden gelmeye yardımcı olmuştur. TİKA tarafından daha önce 12 ülkede 3B Modelleme ve Yazıcı Kullanımı Eğitimlerine katılan kursiyerlerin, ülkelerinde TİKA Başkanlığınınca temin edilen 3B yazıcı, sarf malzeme ve ekipmandan yararlanarak siperlik üretmeleri süreci başlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede bu 12 ülkelerdeki ihtiyacı en kısa sürede karşılamak için baskı süresi kısa ve işlevsel bir yüz siperi tasarlanarak dilimleme yazılımlarında da baskıya hazır hale getirilerek ilgili ülkere G.Code dosyaları gönderildi. Ayrıca bazı ülkelere yazıcı ve yedek parçaları, 9 ülkeye de sarf malzemeleri gönderilmiştir. Uganda, Libya, Kırgızistan, Bosna Hersek ve Kolombiya’nın da aralarında bulunduğu 12 ülkede 2 aylık gibi bir sürede toplamda 7 bin adet yüz koruma siperlikleri üretilmiştir. Tasarım özellikleri, baskı süresi ve montaj için gerekli aletler değerlendirilerek belirlenmiştir. Ortaya çıkan tasarımlar 3B baskı teknolojisi kullanılarak üretildi ve bu yöntemin rolü, dünyanın farklı ülkelerindeki Covid-19 pandemisini önleme yönetiminde pratik olarak belirleyiciydi. Üretilen bu siperlikler ilgili ülkelerin başta Covid-19 ile mücadele eden sağlık çalışanlarına verilmek üzere sağlık bakanlığına bağlı hastahane ve benzeri kurumlara teslim edililerek virüsle mücadelelerine katkı sağlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde siperliklere çok ilgi gösterilmiş ve üretimi yapan kurum ve şahıslara ilgili ülkelerin resmi makamlarınca teşekkür edilmiş ve yerel medya organlarınca haberleştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3B Baskı
• ; COVID-19
• Yüz Siperi
• TİKA
• Tasarım ve İmalat

Kaynakça

1. 1. Li, X.; Wang, W.; Zhao, X.; Zai, J.; Zhao, Q.; Li, Y.; Chaillon, A. Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019-nCoV. J. Med. Virol. 92, 501–511, 2020.
2. 2. WHO. Rational Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Coronavirus Disease ( Covid-19): Interim Guidance, 27 february 2020;World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.
3. 3. American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices. Available online: https://safetyequipment.org/product/ansiisea-z87-1-2015/ (accessed on 3 July 2020).
4. 4. Roberge, R.J. Face shields for infection control: A review. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13, 235–242, 2016.
5. 5. Wesemann, C.; Pieralli, S.; Fretwurst, T.; Nold, J.; Nelson, K.; Schmelzeisen, R.; Hellwig, E.; Spies, B.C. 3-D Printed Protective Equipment during COVID-19 Pandemic. Materials 13, 97, 2020.
6. 6. D'Urso PS, Atkinson RL, Lanigan MW, Earwaker WJ, Bruce IJ, Holmes A, Barker TM, Effeney DJ, Thompson RG. Stereolithographic (SL) biomodelling in craniofacial surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 51:522–30. 1998.
7. 7. Petersen EE, Pearce JJT. Emergence of home manufacturing in the developed world: return on investment for opensource 3-D printers. Technologies. 5(1), 7, 2017.
8. 8. Maia Chagas A. Haves and have nots must find a better way: the case for open scientific hardware. PLoS Biol.16 (9), 2018.

9. 9. Niezen G, Eslambolchilar P, Thimbleby H. Open-source hardware for medical devices. BMJ Innov. 2(2):78-83, 2016.
10. 10. Ventola CL. Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. P T. 39(10):704-711, 2014.
11. 11. Jones R, Haufe P, Sells E, et al. RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper. Robotica. 29(1):177-191, 2011.
12. 12. Livingston E, Desai A, Berkwits M. Sourcing personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 3(23):19-12, 2020.
13. 13. UEA launch project to 3D print ventilator parts and masks (accessed June 23, 2020), https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/ventilators; 2020.
14. 14. FAQs on shortages of Surgical masks and gowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. FDA, USA https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-p rotective-equipment-infection-control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns (accessed 25-06-2020).
15. 15. S. Fox, Third Wave Do-It-Yourself (DIY): potential for prosumption, innovation, and entrepreneurship by local populations in regions without industrial manufacturing infrastructure, Technol. Soc. 39, 18–30, 2014.
16. 16. L. Corsini, C.B. Aranda-Jan, J. Moultrie, using digital fabrication tools to provide humanitarian and development aid in low-resource settings, Technol. Soc. 58 -101, (11) 7, 2019.
17. 17. E. Larra~neta, J. Dominguez-Robles, D.A. Lamprou, Additive Manufacturing Can Assist in the Fight against COVID-19 and Other Pandemics and Impact on the Global Supply Chain. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2020.0106.
18. 18. W. Clifton, A. Damon, A.K. Martin, Considerations and Cautions for three-dimensional-printed personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 crisis. 3D printing and Additive manufacturing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2020.0101.
19. 19. Tino, R., Moore, R., Antoline, S. et al. COVID-19 and the role of 3D printing in medicine. 3D Print Med 6, 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41205-020-00064-7.
20. 20. Erickson, M. M., Richardson, E. S., Hernandez, N. M., Bobbert, D. W., 2nd, Gall, K., & Fearis, P.. Helmet Modification to PPE With 3D Printing During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Duke University Medical Center: A Novel Technique. The Journal of arthroplasty, 35(7S), 23–27, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.035
21. 21. Manero, A., Smith, P., Koontz, A., Dombrowski, M., Sparkman, J., Courbin, D., & Chi, A. Leveraging 3D Printing Capacity in Times of Crisis: Recommendations for COVID-19 Distributed Manufacturing for Medical Equipment Rapid Response. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134634.
22. 22. Sunpreet Singh, Chander Prakash, Seeram Ramakrishna, Three-dimensional printing in the fight against novel virus COVID-19: Technology helping society during an infectious disease pandemic, Technology in Society, Volume 62, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101305.
23. 23. Jaime Viera-Artiles, Jaime J. Valdiande, 3D-printable headlight face shield adapter. Personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 era, American Journal of Otolaryngology, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102576.