KORE’DE PRESBİTERYEN MİSYONUN DOĞUŞU VE TARİHSEL ARKA PLANI

Öz

Makale, Presbiteryen Kilisesinin Kore’ye girişini ve erken dönem misyonerlik faaliyetlerini birincil arşiv belgeleri temelinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamı, Presbiteryenliğin tarihsel ve teolojik arka planının ele alınmasının ardından, 1884-1910 yılları arasında Kore’de yürütülen ilk misyon faaliyetlerine odaklanmaktadır. Metin içerisinde “Güney Kore” yerine tarihsel bağlama uygun olarak “Kore” isimlendirmesinin tercih edilmesinin nedeni, incelenen dönemde tek bir Kore siyasi varlığının bulunması ve misyon faaliyetlerinin herhangi bir bölgesel ayrım gözetmeksizin tüm yarımadayı hedeflemesidir. Yöntem olarak nitel tarihsel analiz benimsenmiş; misyoner raporları, resmi yazışmalar, saha gözlemleri ve kişisel mektuplar gibi birincil arşiv kaynakları karşılaştırmalı biçimde ve sistematik olarak ele alınmıştır. Arşiv temelli veriler ışığında Presbiteryen misyonunun özellikle eğitim ve sağlık alanlarında yürüttüğü faaliyetler betimlenmekte ve yerel toplumla kurulan ilişkilerin mahiyeti incelenmektedir. Araştırma, erken dönem misyon uygulamalarının Kore toplumuyla etkileşim biçimlerini tarihsel veriler ışığında değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Birincil kaynakların sistematik biçimde tasnif edilerek kullanılması yoluyla Presbiteryen misyonunun Kore tarihindeki konumuna dair somut ve denetlenebilir bir çerçeve sunulması amaçlanmaktadır. Yapılan çalışma, söz konusu dönemdeki misyonerlik stratejilerinin kurumsal gelişim aşamalarını ve sosyal yapı üzerindeki yansımalarını mevcut kayıtlar üzerinden takip etmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır. Ele alınan belgeler, Protestanlığın yarımadadaki kurumsallaşma sürecine dair veriler sunmaktadır. Ortaya konulan veriler, ilgili dönemin tarihsel gerçekliğiyle sınırlı kalarak birincil kaynaklar üzerinden aktarılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güney Kore
• Hıristiyanlık
• Presbiteryen
• Misyonerlik
• Nevius Metodu

THE EMERGENCE OF THE PRESBYTERIAN MISSION IN KOREA AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Öz

The article aims to examine the introduction of the Presbyterian Church into Korea and its early missionary activities based on primary archival documents. The scope of the study, following the discussion of the historical and theological background of Presbyterianism, focuses on the initial mission activities conducted in Korea between 1884 and 1910. The reason for preferring the designation “Korea” instead of “South Korea” in accordance with the historical context is that a single Korean political entity existed during the period under study and the mission activities targeted the entire peninsula without any regional distinction. As a methodology, qualitative historical analysis has been adopted; primary archival sources such as missionary reports, official correspondences, field observations, and personal letters have been addressed comparatively and systematically. In the light of archive-based data, the activities carried out by the Presbyterian mission especially in the fields of education and healthcare are described, and the nature of the relationships established with the local society is examined. The research aims to evaluate the interaction patterns of early mission practices with Korean society through historical data. Through the systematic classification and use of primary sources, it is aimed to provide a concrete and verifiable framework regarding the position of the Presbyterian mission in Korean history. The study conducted makes it possible to trace the institutional development stages and reflections on the social structure of the missionary strategies of the period through existing records. The documents addressed provide data regarding the institutionalization process of Protestantism on the peninsula. The data presented are conveyed through primary sources, remaining limited to the historical reality of the relevant period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• South Korea
• Christianity
• Presbyterian
• Missionary
• Nevius Method

Kaynakça

1. AHN, K.-S. (2011). The Identity of the Korean Church and Its Relationship with the Poor. Korea Presbyterian Journal of Theology, (42), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.15757/kpjt.2011..42.007
2. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. (2016, Kasım 28). [Post]. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Board-of-Commissioners-for-Foreign-Missions
3. BAKER, D. (2002). Hananim, Hanunim, Hanullim, and Hanollim: The Construction of Terminology for Korean Monotheism. The Review of Korean Studies, 5(1), 105-131.
4. BECKER, S. O., & WON, C. (2024). Conquering Korea for Jesus: Protestant Missionaries, Local Churches, and Literacy in Colonial Korea. Labour Economics, 91, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102618
5. Board of Foreign Missions. (1888). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming, Korea Letters, 1888-1891, Volume 3 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112470236/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=b39074b4&pg=1
6. Board of Foreign Missions. (1891). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming, Korea Reports, 1891-1900, Volume 11 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112472189/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=7a6cc0a0&pg=6
7. Board of Foreign Missions. (1898). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming, Korea Letters, 1898-1899, Volume 7 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112476029/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=037492e0&pg=2
8. Board of Foreign Missions. (1900). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming, Korea Letters, 1900, Volume 9 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112480232/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=639e8d01&pg=2

9. Board of Foreign Missions. (1904). Korea, 1884-1911, Outgoing, Korea Reports, 1904-1910, Volume 244 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112489374/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=3116e16b&pg=2
10. Board of Foreign Missions. (1905). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming and Outgoing, Korea, 1905, Volume 235 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112485443/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=7ee7ae64&pg=2
11. Board of Foreign Missions. (1907). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming and Outgoing, Korea, 1907, Volume 237 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112486883/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=4f099368&pg=1
12. Board of Foreign Missions. (1910). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming and Outgoing, Korea, 1910, Volume 240 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112468921/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=be473737&pg=9
13. Board of Foreign Missions. (1911). Korea, 1884-1911, Outgoing, Korea, 1911, Volume 242 (Part 6) [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112488191/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=031c8ee6&pg=16
14. CHA, P. S. (2012). Unequal Partners, Contested Relations: Protestant Missionaries and Korean Christians, 1884-1907. The Journal of Korean Studies (1979-), 17(1), 5-37.
15. Christianity Today-About Us. (t.y.). [Post]. Christianity Today. Geliş tarihi 19 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://www.christianitytoday.com/about/
16. ERTEK, T. A., DEMİRCİ, K., & BEYDİLLİ, K. (1991). Avrupa. İçinde Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (C. 4, ss. 127-159). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayın Matbaacılık ve Ticaret.
17. HANDY, W. L. (2012). Correlating the Nevius Method with Church Planting Movements: Early Korean Revivals as a Case Study. Eleutheria: John W. Rawlings School of Divinity Academic Journal, 2(1), 3-23.
18. Helvetic Confession. (t.y.). [Post]. Britannica. Geliş tarihi 15 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://www.britannica.com/topic/Helvetic-Confession#ref271981
19. History and Mission. (t.y.). [Post]. Yeonse Daehakgyo-Yonsei University (연세대학교-Yonsei University). Geliş tarihi 19 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://git.yonsei.ac.kr/git/about/History.do
20. HWANG, J.-B. (2014). The Early Korean Protestant Churches’ Impact on Korea’s Democratisation: With Special Reference to the Korean Presbyterian Church. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 70(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2089
21. HWANG, Y. (2015). Study on the Translation of ‘神(かみ)’ in Early Japanese Protestantism in Relation to the ‘Term Question’ Debate in Early Chinese Protestantism (일본 초기 개신교의 신 용어 ‘神(かみ)’ 번역사에 대한 고찰 -중국 초기 개신교의 용어 논쟁과 관련하여-). Journal of Biblical Text Research, 36, 231-251. https://doi.org/10.28977/jbtr.2015.4.36.231
22. Incheon Protestant Pilgrimage Tour:The Legacy of Western Missionaries Who Arrived in Incheon Over 140 Years Ago. (2026, Şubat 2). [Post]. 인천관광 (Incheon Gwangwang). https://eng-itour.incheon.go.kr/cmn/board/BBSMSTR_000000000080/5094bbsDetail.do
23. JEON, S.-H. (2020). The Conceptual Meaning and Historical Character of ‘Open Port’ in 1876 (1876년 ‘개항’의 개념적 의미와 역사적 성격). Hangdo Busan, 39, 241-280. https://doi.org/10.19169/hd.2020.2.39.241
24. JUNG, J. (2015). Eondeoudeuui Saengae, Seongyohwaldong, Jeongsine Bichueo Bon Gidokgyodaehagui Hakpung (언더우드의 생애, 선교활동, 정신에 비추어 본 기독교대학의 학풍). Jangsinnondan (장신논단), 47(1), 233-258.
25. KİM, I. (1993). Horeiseu Allen (Horace N. Allen)-Seongyosayeonna? Oegyogwanieonna? (호레이스 알렌 (Horace N. Allen)-선교사였나? 외교관이었나?). Jangsin Nondan (장신논단), 9, 327-348.
26. KİM, S. (t.y.). Gapsinjeongbyeon (갑신정변 (甲申政變)) [Post]. Hangungminjongmunhwadaebaekgwasajeon-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). Geliş tarihi 15 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0000922
27. KİM, W. (t.y.). Jomijoyak (조미조약 (朝美條約)) [Post]. Hangungminjongmunhwadaebaekgwasajeon-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). Geliş tarihi 16 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0051767
28. LEE, D. (t.y.). Nebieoseu Seongyojeongchaek (네비어스 선교정책 (Nevius 宣敎政策)) [Post]. Hangungminjongmunhwadaebaekgwasajeon-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). Geliş tarihi 17 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0076564
29. MACCORMAC, E. R. (1965). The Development of Presbyterian Missionary Organizations: 1790-1870. Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985), 43(3), 149-173.
30. MATSUTANİ, M. (2012). Church Over Nation: Christian Missionaries and Korean Christians in Colonial Korea [Doktora Tezi]. Harvard University.
31. Member Church Feature: Presbyterian Church of Korea (PCK). (2018, Eylül 24). [Post]. Council for World Mission-CWM-A Partnership of Churches in Mission. https://www.cwmission.org/news/spotlights/member-church-feature-presbyterian-church-of-korea-pck/
32. New Target 2030. (t.y.). [Post]. Sadanbeopin Hanguk Segye Seongyo Hyeobuihoe-The Korea World Missions Association (사단법인 한국세계선교협의회-The Korea World Missions Association). Geliş tarihi 20 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://kwma.org/projects/
33. OBJANTORO, E. (2020). Augustine’s Theological Method And Contribution To The Christian Theology. International Journal of Indonesian Philosophy & Theology, 1(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.47043/ijipth.v1i1.2
34. OH, J. (t.y.). Joseon (조선 (朝鮮)) [Post]. Hangungminjongmunhwadaebaekgwasajeon-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). Geliş tarihi 14 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0051904
35. ÖZCAN, Ş. (2025). Japonya’da Evanjelizm. İçinde Ş. Özcan & H. Kutluk (Ed.), Japonya’da İslam ve Diğer Dinler (ss. 473-485). Pınar Yayınları.
36. ÖZER, A. (2025). Luther, Zwingli ve Calvin’de Mucize: Mikro-Tarihsel Bir Karşılaştırma. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi, 24(1), 341-362. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1616160
37. PARK, T. K. (2015). The Missionary Movement of the Korean Church: A Model for non-Western Mission. Korean Church, God’s Mission, Global Christianity, Regnum Edinburgh Centenary Series(26), 19-31.
38. PARLAK, A. (2022). Protestan Reformunun Meydana Gelmesinde Etkili Olan Toplumsal, Siyasi ve Ekonomik Faktörler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, (56), 7-49. https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.1115368
39. Presbyterian Historical Society,. (1887). Korea, 1884-1911, Incoming, Korea Letters, 1887, Volume 2 [El Yazması]. Presbyterian Historical Society (MS Evangelism in Korea: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1884-1911). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5112471858/GDSC?u=konya&sid=bookmark-GDSC&xid=60b5a2f1&pg=1
40. Presbyterian Historical Society,. (2015). A New Mission Field: The First Generation of Presbyterian Missionaries in Korea. The Journal of Presbyterian History (1997-), 93(1), 24-31.
41. Presbyterian Historical Society, Department of History. (1996). Board of Foreign Missions Correspondence and Reports, 1833-1911: Guide to the Scholarly Resources Microfilm Edition. Scholarly Resources, Inc.
42. PRİCE, J. (1901). Origin and Distinctive Characteristics of the United Presbyterian Church Of North America. Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society (1901-1930), 1(1), 87-110.
43. ROY, A. T. (1979). Overseas Mission Policies-Historical Overview. Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985), 57(3), 186-228.
44. Sadanbeopin Hanguk Segye Seongyo Hyeobuihoe-The Korea World Missions Association (사단법인 한국세계선교협의회-The Korea World Missions Association). (t.y.). [Post]. Sadanbeopin Hanguk Segye Seongyo Hyeobuihoe-The Korea World Missions Association (사단법인 한국세계선교협의회-The Korea World Missions Association). Geliş tarihi 20 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://kwma.org/
45. SMİTH, G. S. (with Kemeny, P. C.). (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Presbyterianism. Oxford University Press USA - OSO.
46. SON, S. (t.y.). Jangnogyo (장로교 (長老敎)) [Post]. Hangungminjongmunhwadaebaekgwasajeon-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전). Geliş tarihi 17 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0048416
47. The Scots Confession. (t.y.). [Post]. Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland-Reformed in Doctrine, Worship, and Practice. Geliş tarihi 15 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://www.fpchurch.org.uk/about-us/important-documents/the-scots-confession-1560/
48. WARREN, T. (2020, Mayıs 12). Connecting Korea’s Past and Present for the Future of Mission [Post]. PC(USA)-Presbyterian Church (USA). https://pcusa.org/news-storytelling/news/2020/5/12/connecting-koreas-past-and-present-future-mission
49. Westminster Confession. (t.y.). [Post]. Britannica. Geliş tarihi 15 Aralık 2025, gönderen https://www.britannica.com/topic/Westminster-Confession
50. YEO, I.-S. (2015). Severance Hospital: Bringing Modern Medicine to Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 56(3), 593. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2015.56.3.593