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KADDAFİ SONRASI LİBYA'NIN GÜVENLİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 32 - 44, 30.06.2018

Öz



Kaddafi
sonrası Libya politik istikrarsızlık, ekonomik çöküş ve iç savaşla
şekillenmiştir. Birbirine rakip Şafak Operasyonu ve Onur Operasyonu, 2011
sonrası hiçbir grubun tek başına otorite sağlayamaması üzerine birbiriyle savaşmaktadır.
Bu hükümetlerin hiçbiri devlet olma gerekliliklerini yerine getirememekte ve
Libya’nın nüfusunda memnuniyetsizliğe yol açmaktadır. Cihadist gruplar, bu
memnuniyetsizlik ve Libya’nın parçalanmış yapısından yararlanmışlardır.
Libya’nın geçirgen sınırları cihadist grupların yabancı cihadistleri Libya’da
kullanmasının önünü açmıştır. En güçlü ve en tehditkâr cihadist terörist grup
IŞİD, Irak ve Suriye’den sonra Libya’da da bir merkez kurmuştur. Libya’dan,
Kuzey Afrika’daki diğer ülkeleri ve Avrupa’yı tehdit etmektedir. Aralık 2016’da
Sirte’deki üssünden kovulmasına rağmen, IŞİD’in militanları yakalanamamış veya
öldürülememiştir. Yeniden güçlenip Sirte’yi alana kadar, ülkenin ortasındaki
çölde saklanarak düşük bir profil göstermektedir. Terörizm tehdidinin yanında
Libya’nın sınırları üzerindeki kontrol kaybı Libya’yı, Sahra-altı Afrika,
Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’dan gelen göçmenler için transit bir göç merkezi
yapmıştır. Bu durum Suriye’den gelen göçlerle sarsılan Avrupa için bir tehdit
arz etmektedir. Terörizm ve göçmen tehditlerine karşı, Avrupa Birliği Libya’da
istikrarı sağlamak ve göçlerin önünü kesmek için politik, ekonomik ve sosyal
önlemler almaktadır. Fakat Libya’da politik istikrarsızlığı bitirecek, tüm
tarafları içerecek bir hükümet kurma deneyimi başarılı olamamıştır; bu yüzden
istikrarsızlık ve iç savaş devam etmektedir. Daha da önemli olarak, IŞİD’in
Libya’daki varlığı Libya’daki güvenlik durumunu kötüleştirmektedir.



Kaynakça

  • ABDERRAHMANE, A. (2015). "Libya, the Fezzan, egoism and the danger of self-interest", https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/abdelkader-abderrahmane/libya-fezzan-egoism-and-danger-of-self-interest, (07.02.2018).
  • AL JAZEERA (2016). "ISIL advances in Libya’s Misrata", http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/clone.of.isil-advances-libya-misrata-1605061835501.html (09.02.2018).
  • ANDERSON, J. L. (2015). "The Unravelling", http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/23/unravelling, (03.02.2018).
  • BARR, N., & GREENBERG, D. (2016). "Libya’s Political Turmoil Allows Islamic State to Thrive", https://jamestown.org/program/libyas-political-turmoil-allows-islamic-state-to-thrive/ (03.02.2018).
  • BLANCHARD, C. M. (2016). Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C.
  • BUERA, A. A. (2015). "Libya’s Arab Spring Revolution against a 42-Year Dictatorship", (Ed.) SADIKI, L. Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring, Routledge New York.
  • DARAGAHI, B. (2013). "Libya’s oil production hostage to political unrest", https://www.ft.com/content/d60a85e2-4dde-11e3-8fa5-00144feabdc0, (03.02.2018).
  • EL-GAMATY, G. (2016). "How serious is the ISIL threat in Libya?" http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/isil-threat-libya-160222081244640.html, (05.02.2018).
  • ENGEL, A. (2015). "The Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya", http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-expansion-in-libya, (10.02.2018).
  • EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION (2018). "EU-Libya relations", https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/19163/EU-Libya relations, (12.02.2018).
  • FOX, K., & D’AGOSTINO, L. (2017). "Italy to deploy naval ships to Libya as migration crisis grows", https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/europe/italy-to-send-military-ships-to-libya/index.html, (12.02.2018).
  • GARTENSTEIN-ROSS, D., & BARR, N. (2015). Dignity and Dawn: Libya’s Escalating Civil War. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Hague.
  • GERMOND, B. (2010). "Venus has learned geopolitics: the European Union’s frontier and transatlantic relations", (Eds.) GERMOND, B., Hanhimaki, J. M. & SOUTOU, G.-H.The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security (pp. 206–218). New York: Routledge.
  • GERMOND, B. (2015). The Maritime Dimension of European Security Seapower and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • IVANOV, I. (2003). "International Security in the Age of Globalization", http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_627, (03.02.2018).
  • KAPUWA, B.P. (2012). "Globalization of Security.. A focus on Rival Powers in Africa", Journal of Globalization Studies, 3(1), 55–66.
  • KAUSCH, K. (2015). Tunisia’s Libya problem, FRIDE, Madrid.
  • LACHER, W. (2012). "The Libyan Revolution and the Rise of Local Power Centres", Mediterranean Politics, 167–170.
  • NEWMAN, E. (2009). "Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World", Contemporary Security Policy, 30(3), 421–443.
  • PEARSON, J. (2016). "Where did all of Libya’s ISIL militants go?", http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/where-did-all-of-libyas-isil-militants-go (09.02.2018).
  • PLAW, A., & PILCH, A. (2018). "Can Airstrikes Alone Tackle Islamic State in Libya?" https://jamestown.org/program/can-airstrikes-alone-tackle-islamic-state-libya/ (09.02.2018).
  • SCHNITT, J. (2015). ISIS in Libya -Exploitation and Governance of Areas of Limited Statehood, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzliya.
  • SHKOLNIK, M. (2012). Libya’s Fragmentation: Tribal Conflict, Islamism, and the Quest for Power, United Nations Association in Canada, Ottawa.
  • SMITH, B. (2014). Libya: deepening conflict, House of Commons Library, London.
  • STRATFOR (2016). "A Tortuous Path to Peace in Libya". (2016), https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/tortuous-path-peace-libya, (09.02.2018).
  • THE ECONOMIST (2017). "Down but not out How Islamic State clings on in Libya", "https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21722630-jihadists-have-retreated-desert-where-they-are-potent-threat-how, (13.02.2018).
  • THE GUARDIAN (2016), "Libyan unity government moves to take power, asserting sole authority to rule", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/13/libyan-unity-government-moves-to-take-power-as-sole-ruling-authority (10.02.2018).
  • THE JAPAN TIMES (2016)."Libya unity government looks to assert authority in Tripoli", http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/01/world/libya-unity-government-looks-assert-authority-tripoli/#.VwuthvmLTIU (10.02.2018).
  • THE NATIONAL (2017). "At least 4 dead in suicide bombing in Libya’s third city, Misrata", https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/at-least-4-dead-in-suicide-bombing-in-libya-s-third-city-misrata-1.664065, (07.02.2018).
  • THE NEW YORK TIMES (2005). "Fighting Terrorism at Gleneagles", http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/opinion/fighting-terrorism-at-gleneagles.html, (15.02.2018).
  • THE UNITED NATIONS (2015). "At UN, Libya warns of ISIL’s increasing influence, calls for unanimity to end region’s crises". (2015), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52083#.VwqfavmLTIU, (05.02.2018).
  • THE WORLD BULLETIN (2016). “800,000 migrants in Libya seeking to come to Europe", http://www.worldbulletin.net/world/170829/800000-migrants-in-libya-seeking-to-come-to-europe, (07.02.2018).
  • THE WORLD BULLETIN (2016). "France fears ISIL crossing Mediterranean with refugees", (2016). http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/168969/france-fears-isil-crossing-mediterranean-with-refugees, (08.02.2018).
  • TOALDO, M. (2015). Libya’s Migrant-Smuggling Highway: Lesson For Europe, European Council on Foreign Relations, London.
  • VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, N. (2012). Border Politics The Limits of Sovereign Power, CPI Group Ltd, Croydon.
  • WEHREY, F. (2014). "Ending Libya’s Civil War: Reconciling Politics, Rebuilding Security", http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/09/24/ending-libya-s-civil-war-reconciling-politics-rebuilding-security-pub-56741, (13.02.2018).
  • ZELIN, A. Y. (2015). "The Islamic State’s model", https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/, (12.02.2018).
  • ZELIN, A. Y. (2016). The Islamic State’s Territorial Methodology, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington D.C.

ASSESSING SECURITY OF POST-GADDAFİ LIBYA

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 32 - 44, 30.06.2018

Öz



Post-Gaddafi
Libya is characterized by political instability, economic collapse, and civil
war. The rival governments Operation Dawn and Operation Dignity have been
fighting with each other as no single group effective succeeded in establishing
authority since 2011. None of these governments fulfill basic requirements of
being a government, leading to dissatisfaction among Libyan population.
Jihadist terrorist groups have taken advantage of this dissatisfaction emanated
from Libya’s fragmented situation. Libya’s porous borders enable these groups
to recruit foreign jihadists. ISIL the most powerful and threatening jihadist
terrorist group, establish a base in Libya after Syria and Iraq. From Libya, it
threatens North African countries and Europe. Although ISIL was driven out of
Sirte in December 2015, its militants were neither captured nor killed. ISIL
keeps low profile by hiding in desert in middle part of the country to regain
its strength to recapture Sirte again. In addition to terrorism threat, Libya’s
loss of control over borders made Libya a transit country. The migrants from
sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the North Africa migrate to Europe by
using Libya. This also threatens Europe whose stability had already been shaken
by migrants coming from Syria. To counter terrorism and migrant threat, the EU
tried to initiate political, economic, and social measures to provide stability
in Libya to reduce flow of migrants. The creation of unity government that is
supposed to bring political stability, however, failed so the instability and
civil war in Libya still continues. More importantly, ISIL presence worsens
security situation in Libya.



Kaynakça

  • ABDERRAHMANE, A. (2015). "Libya, the Fezzan, egoism and the danger of self-interest", https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/abdelkader-abderrahmane/libya-fezzan-egoism-and-danger-of-self-interest, (07.02.2018).
  • AL JAZEERA (2016). "ISIL advances in Libya’s Misrata", http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/clone.of.isil-advances-libya-misrata-1605061835501.html (09.02.2018).
  • ANDERSON, J. L. (2015). "The Unravelling", http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/23/unravelling, (03.02.2018).
  • BARR, N., & GREENBERG, D. (2016). "Libya’s Political Turmoil Allows Islamic State to Thrive", https://jamestown.org/program/libyas-political-turmoil-allows-islamic-state-to-thrive/ (03.02.2018).
  • BLANCHARD, C. M. (2016). Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C.
  • BUERA, A. A. (2015). "Libya’s Arab Spring Revolution against a 42-Year Dictatorship", (Ed.) SADIKI, L. Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring, Routledge New York.
  • DARAGAHI, B. (2013). "Libya’s oil production hostage to political unrest", https://www.ft.com/content/d60a85e2-4dde-11e3-8fa5-00144feabdc0, (03.02.2018).
  • EL-GAMATY, G. (2016). "How serious is the ISIL threat in Libya?" http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/isil-threat-libya-160222081244640.html, (05.02.2018).
  • ENGEL, A. (2015). "The Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya", http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-expansion-in-libya, (10.02.2018).
  • EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION (2018). "EU-Libya relations", https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/19163/EU-Libya relations, (12.02.2018).
  • FOX, K., & D’AGOSTINO, L. (2017). "Italy to deploy naval ships to Libya as migration crisis grows", https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/europe/italy-to-send-military-ships-to-libya/index.html, (12.02.2018).
  • GARTENSTEIN-ROSS, D., & BARR, N. (2015). Dignity and Dawn: Libya’s Escalating Civil War. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Hague.
  • GERMOND, B. (2010). "Venus has learned geopolitics: the European Union’s frontier and transatlantic relations", (Eds.) GERMOND, B., Hanhimaki, J. M. & SOUTOU, G.-H.The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security (pp. 206–218). New York: Routledge.
  • GERMOND, B. (2015). The Maritime Dimension of European Security Seapower and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • IVANOV, I. (2003). "International Security in the Age of Globalization", http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_627, (03.02.2018).
  • KAPUWA, B.P. (2012). "Globalization of Security.. A focus on Rival Powers in Africa", Journal of Globalization Studies, 3(1), 55–66.
  • KAUSCH, K. (2015). Tunisia’s Libya problem, FRIDE, Madrid.
  • LACHER, W. (2012). "The Libyan Revolution and the Rise of Local Power Centres", Mediterranean Politics, 167–170.
  • NEWMAN, E. (2009). "Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World", Contemporary Security Policy, 30(3), 421–443.
  • PEARSON, J. (2016). "Where did all of Libya’s ISIL militants go?", http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/where-did-all-of-libyas-isil-militants-go (09.02.2018).
  • PLAW, A., & PILCH, A. (2018). "Can Airstrikes Alone Tackle Islamic State in Libya?" https://jamestown.org/program/can-airstrikes-alone-tackle-islamic-state-libya/ (09.02.2018).
  • SCHNITT, J. (2015). ISIS in Libya -Exploitation and Governance of Areas of Limited Statehood, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzliya.
  • SHKOLNIK, M. (2012). Libya’s Fragmentation: Tribal Conflict, Islamism, and the Quest for Power, United Nations Association in Canada, Ottawa.
  • SMITH, B. (2014). Libya: deepening conflict, House of Commons Library, London.
  • STRATFOR (2016). "A Tortuous Path to Peace in Libya". (2016), https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/tortuous-path-peace-libya, (09.02.2018).
  • THE ECONOMIST (2017). "Down but not out How Islamic State clings on in Libya", "https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21722630-jihadists-have-retreated-desert-where-they-are-potent-threat-how, (13.02.2018).
  • THE GUARDIAN (2016), "Libyan unity government moves to take power, asserting sole authority to rule", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/13/libyan-unity-government-moves-to-take-power-as-sole-ruling-authority (10.02.2018).
  • THE JAPAN TIMES (2016)."Libya unity government looks to assert authority in Tripoli", http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/01/world/libya-unity-government-looks-assert-authority-tripoli/#.VwuthvmLTIU (10.02.2018).
  • THE NATIONAL (2017). "At least 4 dead in suicide bombing in Libya’s third city, Misrata", https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/at-least-4-dead-in-suicide-bombing-in-libya-s-third-city-misrata-1.664065, (07.02.2018).
  • THE NEW YORK TIMES (2005). "Fighting Terrorism at Gleneagles", http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/08/opinion/fighting-terrorism-at-gleneagles.html, (15.02.2018).
  • THE UNITED NATIONS (2015). "At UN, Libya warns of ISIL’s increasing influence, calls for unanimity to end region’s crises". (2015), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52083#.VwqfavmLTIU, (05.02.2018).
  • THE WORLD BULLETIN (2016). “800,000 migrants in Libya seeking to come to Europe", http://www.worldbulletin.net/world/170829/800000-migrants-in-libya-seeking-to-come-to-europe, (07.02.2018).
  • THE WORLD BULLETIN (2016). "France fears ISIL crossing Mediterranean with refugees", (2016). http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/168969/france-fears-isil-crossing-mediterranean-with-refugees, (08.02.2018).
  • TOALDO, M. (2015). Libya’s Migrant-Smuggling Highway: Lesson For Europe, European Council on Foreign Relations, London.
  • VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, N. (2012). Border Politics The Limits of Sovereign Power, CPI Group Ltd, Croydon.
  • WEHREY, F. (2014). "Ending Libya’s Civil War: Reconciling Politics, Rebuilding Security", http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/09/24/ending-libya-s-civil-war-reconciling-politics-rebuilding-security-pub-56741, (13.02.2018).
  • ZELIN, A. Y. (2015). "The Islamic State’s model", https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/, (12.02.2018).
  • ZELIN, A. Y. (2016). The Islamic State’s Territorial Methodology, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington D.C.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Tekir 0000-0003-3985-7442

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekir, G. (2018). KADDAFİ SONRASI LİBYA’NIN GÜVENLİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 32-44.

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