Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Global competence scale: An adaptation to measure pre-service English teachers’ global competences

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 813 - 838, 23.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1260245

Öz

Global competence is a comprehensive term referring to the interconnectedness of various constructs ranging from knowledge to values required to communicate, cooperate, and work towards the well-being of not only the local but also the global community. Teacher education has an important role in preparing teachers equipped with global competences. Therefore, having tools which can validly and reliably measure if and to what extent pre-service teachers are globally competent is a requisite. Hence, this study aimed at adapting and validating the Global Competence scale developed by Liu et al. (2020) to Turkish to measure pre-service English language teachers’ global competences and to obtain evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the scale to measure global competences in teaching and teacher education. The data collected from pre-service English language teachers (N=351) studying at various universities in Türkiye was divided into two equal halves. The first part of it was used to perform exploratory factor analysis which revealed an eight-factor 29-item structure. The second half which was used for confirmatory factor analysis yielded a good fit of a 25-item, eight-factor structure scale. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (α= .88) and McDonald’s Omega (ω = .89) which indicated good internal consistency in the CFA dataset revealed excellent internal consistency (α= .90, ω = .91) in another independent dataset. Thus, the study revealed that the Global Competence scale has a good level of psychometric properties and reliability to measure pre-service English language teachers’ global competences in the Turkish context.

Etik Beyan

Trabzon University, 2022-6/2.19

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK (Project No 1919B012109865)

Proje Numarası

1919B012109865

Kaynakça

  • Acar Güvendir, M., & Özer Özkan, Y. (2022). Item removal strategies conducted in exploratory factor analysis: A comparative study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(1), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.827950
  • Alavi, M., Visentin, D.C., Thapa, D.K., Hunt, G.E., Watson, R., & Cleary, M. (2020). Chi-square for model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(9), 2209-2211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14399
  • Altan, M.Z. (2017). Globalization, English language teaching and Turkey. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(4), 764 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2238
  • Andrews, K., & Aydin, H. (2020). Pre-service teachers' perceptions of global citizenship education in the social studies curriculum. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(4), 84-113. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/218549/article_218549.pdf
  • Baily, S., & Holmarsdottir, H.B. (2019). Fostering teacher’s global competencies: Bridging utopian expectations for internationalization through exchange. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 5, 226 244. https://doi.org/10.30564/jiep.v4i1and2.3501
  • Başarır, F. (2017). Examining the perceptions of English instructors regarding the incorporation of global citizenship education into ELT. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(4), 409-425. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2127
  • Bektaş-Çetinkaya, Y., & Çelik, S. (2013). Perceptions of Turkish EFL teacher candidates on their level of intercultural competence. In H. Arslan, & G. Rata (Eds.), Multicultural education: From theory to practice, (pp. 345-362). Cambridge Scholars Press.
  • Birdman, J., Çelik, H., Pandarova, I., Barron, A., Benitt, N., & Schmidt, T. (forthcoming). Connecting sustainability and culture: Building competencies through virtual exchange. In W. Leal, J. Newman, A. Lange Salvia, & L. Viera Trevisan (Eds.), World sustainability series, North American and European perspectives on sustainability in higher education. Springer.
  • Block, D., & Cameron, D. (Eds.). (2002). Globalization and language teaching. Routledge.
  • Boateng, G.O., Neilands, T.B., Frongillo, E.A., Melgar-Quinonez, H.R., & Young, S.L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  • Boix Mansilla, V., & Jackson, A. (2011). Educating for global competence: Preparing our youth to engage the world. Council of Chief State School Officers.
  • Brantley Todd, K. (2017). Global competence survey development [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky]. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=edsc_etds
  • Braskmap, L.A., Braskamp, D.C., & Engberg, M.E. (2014). Global perspective inventory (GPI): Its purpose, construction, potential uses, and psychometric characteristics. Global Perspective Institute Inc.
  • Brennan, S., & Holliday, E. (2019). Preparing globally competent teachers to address P-12 students’ needs: One university’s story. Global Education Review, 6(3), 49-64.
  • Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. [Key terms and use in scale development]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-4483.
  • Byram, M. (2009). Intercultural competence in foreign languages: The intercultural speaker and the pedagogy of foreign language education. In D.K. Deardorff (Ed.), The Sage handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 321-332). Sage.
  • Byram, M., Holmes, P., & Savvides, N. (2013). Intercultural communicative competence in foreign language education: Questions of theory, practice and research. The Language Learning Journal, 41(3), 251-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2013.836343
  • Chen, Y., & Lin, R. P. (2021). Integrating global competence into elementary school pre-service teacher education of English language in Taiwan. In A. Y. Wang (Ed.), Competency-based teacher education for English as a foreign language (pp. 156-167) Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003212805
  • Costa, V., & Sarmento, R. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis. A case study. arXiv:1905.05598. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.05598
  • Costello, A.B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10, Article 7 https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Cui, Q. (2013). Global-mindedness and intercultural competence: A quantitative study of pre-service teachers (Order No. 3589495) [Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/global-mindedness-intercultural-competence/docview/1430505082/se
  • Cushner, K., & Mahon, J. (2016). Overseas student teaching: Affecting personal, professional, and global competencies in an age of globalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315302006001004
  • Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı [Use of confirmatory factor analysis in validity and reliability studies]. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 196-205.
  • Daud, K.A.M., Khidzir, N.Z., İsmail, A.R., & Abdullah, F.A. (2018). Validity and reliability of instrument to measure social media skills among small and medium entrepreneurs at Pengkalan Datu River. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 7(3), 1026-1037.
  • Deardorff, D.K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002
  • Deardorff, D.K. (2011). Assessing intercultural competence. New Directions for Institutional Research, 149, 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.381
  • Diveki, R. (2022). Global competence development in EFL teacher training – An interview study on the global content in EFL teacher trainers’ courses in Hungary. Journal of Adult Learning, Knowledge and Innovation, 5(2), 49 59. https://doi.org/10.1556/2059.2022.00058
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
  • Duffy, L.N., Stone, G.A., Townsend, J., & Cathay, J. (2022). Rethinking curriculum internationalization: Virtual exchange as a means to attaining global competencies, developing critical thinking, and experiencing transformative learning. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 37(1 2), 11 25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1937156X.2020.1760749
  • Feißt, M., Hennigs, A., Heil, J., Moosbrugger, H., Kelava, A., Stolpner, I., Kieser, M., & Rauch, G. (2019). Refining scores based on patient reported outcomes – statistical and medical perspectives. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(167), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0806-9
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.
  • Fischer, D., King, J., Rieckmann, M., Barth, M., Büssing, A., Hemmer, I., & Lindau-Bank, D. (2022). Teacher education for sustainable development. A review of an emerging research field. Journal of Teacher Education, 73(5), 509 524. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871221105784
  • Fisher, C., Hitchcock, L.I., Neyer, A., Moak, S.C., Moore, S., & Marsalis, S. (2022). Contextualizing the impact of faculty-led short-term study abroad on students’ global competence: Characteristics of effective programs. Journal of Global Awareness, 3(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.24073/jga/3/01/03
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step. A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
  • Gnutzmann, C., & Intemann, F. (Eds.). (2005). The globalization of English and the English language classroom. Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Hambleton, R.K., & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Socail Indicators Research, 45, 153-171.
  • Hayes, A.F., & Coutts, J.J. (2020). Use Omega rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for estimating reliability. But … Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • He, Y., Lundgren, K., & Pynes, P. (2017). Impact of short-term study abroad program: Inservice teachers’ development of intercultural competence and pedagogical beliefs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.04.012
  • Hanvey, R.G. (1982). An attainable global perspective. Theory into practice, 21(3), 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405848209543001
  • Hett, E.J. (1993). The development of an instrument to measure global-mindedness [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of San Diego. https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/584
  • Hilliker, S.M., & Loranc, B. (2022). Development of 21st century skills through virtual exchange. Teaching and Teacher Education, Article 103646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103646
  • Hongtao, J.I.N.G. (2013). Global awareness: foreign language teachers' beliefs and practices. Intercultural Communication Studies, 22(1), 95-116.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hunter, W.D. (2004). Knowledge, skills, attitudes, and experiences necessary to become globally competent [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Lehigh University.
  • Hunter, B., White, G.P., & Godbey, G.C. (2006). What does it mean to be globally competent? Journal of Studies in International education, 10(3), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306286930
  • İşisağ, K.U. (2010). The acceptance and recognition of cultural diversity in foreign language teaching. Akademik Bakış, 4(7), 251-260.
  • Kaiser, H.F. (1970). A second generation little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-41. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/BF02291817
  • Karaca Akarsu, C., & Özdemir, M. (2021). Küresel yetkinlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlama çalışması [Turkish adaptation study of the global competence scale]. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi (International Journal of Society Researches), 18(42), 5544-5576 https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.861584
  • Kennedy, D.P. (2005). Scale adaptation and ethnography. Field Methods, 17(4), 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05280060
  • Kerkhoff, S.N., & Cloud, M.E. (2020). Equipping teachers with globally competent practices: A mixed methods study on integrating global competence and teacher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 103, Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101629
  • Kim, Y.Y. (2007). Ideology, identity, and intercultural communication: An analysis of differing academic conceptions of cultural identity. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701737181
  • Kirkwood, T.F. (2001). Our global age requires global education: Clarifying definitional ambiguities. The Social Studies, 92(1), 10 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377990109603969
  • Knutson, E. (2006). Cross-cultural awareness for second/foreign language learners. Focus on the Classroom, 62(4), 591-610. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.62.4.591
  • Kurt, M., Olitsky, N., & Geis, P. (2013). Assessing global awareness over short-term study abroad sequence: A factor analysis. Frontiers: The interdisciplinary journal of study abroad, 23(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v23i1.327
  • Lenkaitis, C.A., & Loranc, B. (2019). Facilitating global citizenship development in lingua franca virtual exchanges. Language Teaching Research, 25(5), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819877371
  • Li, J., & Xu, J. (2016). Investigating causality between global experience and global competency for undergraduates in contemporary China's higher education: A transformative learning theory perspective. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n3p155
  • Li, Y. (2013). Cultivating student global competence: A pilot experimental study. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 11(1), 125 143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2012.00371.x
  • Li, Y., Wen, Z., Hau, K.T., Yuan, K.H., & Peng, Y. (2020). Effects of cross-loadings on determining the number of factors to retain. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(6), 841 863. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1745075
  • Lima, C.O., & Brown, S.W. (2007). Global citizenship and new literacies providing new ways for social inclusion. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 11, 13 20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-85572007000100002
  • Lin, C.C., & Kapur, K. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ perception toward global learning experiences: implications for teacher intercultural competency development. Journal of Narrative and Language Studies, 9(17), 257-270.
  • Liu, Y., Yin, Y., & Wu, R. (2020). Measuring graduate students’ global competence: Instrument development and an empirical study with a Chinese sample. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100915
  • MacCallum, R.C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L.B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490
  • Meng, Q., Zhu, C., & Cao, C. (2017). The role of intergroup contact and acculturation strategies in developing Chinese international students’ global competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46(3), 210 226. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2017.1308423
  • Merryfield, M.M. (2008). Scaffolding social studies for global awareness. Social Education, 72(7), 363-366.
  • Morais, D.B., & Ogden, A.C. (2011). Initial development and validation of the global citizenship scale. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 445- 466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310375308
  • Ministry of National Education. (MoNE). (2017). Müfredatta yenileme ve değişiklik çalışmalarımız üzerine. MoNE.
  • Ndubuisi, A., Marzi, E., Mohammed, D., Edun, O., Asare, P., & Slotta, J. (2022). Developing global competence in global virtual team projects: A qualitative exploration of Engineering students’ experiences. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221091623
  • Myers, J.P., & Rivero, K. (2019). Preparing globally competent preservice teachers: The development of content knowledge, disciplinary skills, and instructional design. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 214 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.008
  • OECD. (2018). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world: The OECD PISA global competence framework. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/Global-competency-for-an-inclusive-world.pdf
  • OECD, & Asia Society. (2018). Teaching for global competence in a rapidly changing world. OECD. Available at https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/teaching-for-global-competence-in-a-rapidly-changing-world-edu.pdf
  • Oguro, S., & Harbon, L. (2022). Enchancing pre-service teachers’ global competencies through interdisciplinary study abroad. In M.D. Ramirez-Verduo, & B. Otcu-Grillman (Eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches toward enchancing teacher education (pp. 20-32). IGI Global.
  • Olson, C.L., & Kroeger, K.R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5(2), 116 137. https://doi.org/10.1177/102831530152003
  • Orçan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
  • Osborne, J.W., & Castello, A.B. (2004). Sample size and subject to item ratio in principal components analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/ktzq-jq66
  • Ozkul, P. (2019). Assessing study abroad relationship with perceived global competence levels of undergraduate business students [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9595&context=etd
  • Oxfam. (2015). Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools. Oxfam Education and Youth. Online. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620105/edu-global-citizenship-schools-guide-091115-en.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y
  • Oxfam. (2006). Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/teachers/globciti/wholeschool/getstarted.htm
  • Özkan, A., & Mutdoğan, S. (2018). Erasmus programı’nın tasarım öğrencilerinin yaşam ve eğitimlerine katkısı [Contribution of Erasmus Programme for Design Students’ Life and Education]. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 8(2), 153-165. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tojdac/issue/36245/408257
  • Park, H.S., Durkee, C., & Slobuski, T. (2016). Global mindedness and global citizenship education. Oxford University Press.
  • Parmigiani, D., Jones, S.L., Kunnari, I., & Nicchia, E. (2022a). Global competence and teacher education programmes. A European perspective. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.2022996
  • Parmigiani, D., Jones, S.L., Silvaggio, C., Nicchia, E., Ambrosini, A., Pario, M., Pedevilla, A., & Sardi, I. (2022b). Assessing global competence within teacher education programmes. How to design and create a set of rubrics with a modified delphi method. SAGE Open, 12(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221128794
  • Parmigiani, D., Nir, A.B., Ferguson-Patrick, K., Baruch, A.F., Heddy, E., Impedovo, M.A., Ingersoll, M., Jones, M., Kimhi, Y., Lourenço, M., Macqueen, S., Pennazio, V., Sokal, L., Timkova, R., Westa, S., & Wikan, G. (2023). Assessing the development of global competence in teacher education programmes: Internal consistency and reliability of a set of rubrics. Higher Education Pedagogies, 8(1), Article 2216190. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2023.2216190
  • Pehlivan Yılmaz, A. (2023). Determination of global competence levels of pre-service social studies teachers. e-International Journal of Educational Research, 14(3), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1233534
  • Piacentini, M. (2017). Developing an international assessment of global competence. Childhood Education, 93(6), 507-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2017.1398564
  • Polat, S., & Ogay Barka, T. (2014). Preservice teachers’ intercultural competence: A comparative study of teachers in Switzerland and Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 54, 19-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2014.54.2
  • Reimers, F. (2009). Global competency is imperative for global success. Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(21), A29. Chronicle.
  • Rieckmann, M., & Barth, M. (2022). Educators’ competence frameworks in education for sustaibale development. In P. Vare, N. Lausselet, & M. Rieckmann (Eds.), Competences in education for sustaible development. Critical perspectives (pp. 19-26). Springer.
  • Rieckmann, M. (2023, August 31). Education for sustainable development in teacher education and schools – Transformative and disruptive education [Conference presentation]. Summer School Teaching for Sustainable Development, Marburg, Germany.
  • Ryan, W.S., & Blascovich, J. (2015). Measures of attitudes towards sexual orientation: Heterosexism, homophobia, and internalized stigma. In G.J. Boyle, D.H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 719-751). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00025-5
  • Sarıçoban, A., & Oz, H. (2014). Research into pre-service English teachers’ intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in Turkish Context. Anthropologist, 18(2), 523-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891570
  • Sinagatullin, I.M. (2019). Developing preservice elementary teachers’ global competence. International Journal of Educational Reform, 28(1), 48 62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056787918824193
  • Şahin, İ.F., & Çermik, F. (2014). Küresel vatandaşlık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation of global citizenship scale: Reliability and validity]. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 19(31), 207 218. https://doi.org/10.17295/dcd.30443
  • Schenker, T. (2019). Fostering global competence through short-term study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 31(2), 139 157. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v31i2.459
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shams, A., & George, C. (2006). Global competency: An interdisciplinary approach. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(4), 249-257.
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
  • Sokal, L., & Parmigiani, D. (2022). Global competence in Canadian teacher candidates. Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 939232. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.939232
  • Sousa, V.D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268 274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
  • Taber, K.S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Taherdoost, H., Sahibuddin, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis: Concepts and theory. In J. Balicki (Ed.), Advances in applied and pure Mathematics (pp. 375-382). HAL Science Ouverte. Online https://hal.science/hal-02557344
  • Taysi, E., & Orçan, F. (2020). Kendinden tiksinme ölçeğinin psikmetrik niteliğinin tespit edilmesi [Testing psychometric properties of the self-disgust scale]. SDÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 50, 167-176.
  • Tichnor-Wagner, A., Parkhouse, H., Glazier, J., & Cain, J.M. (2019). Becoming a globally competent teacher. Hawker Brownlow Education.
  • United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations.
  • van de Vijver, F., & Tanzer, N.K. (2004). Bias and equilavance in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(2), 119 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004
  • van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (2009). Methodological issues and researching intercultural competence. In D.K. Deardorff (Ed.), The Sage handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 404-419). Sage Publications.
  • Wu, X., & Li, J. (2023). Becoming competent global educators: Pre-service teachers’ global engagment and critical examination of human capital discourse in glocalized contexts. International Journal of Educational Research, 119, Article 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102181
  • Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modelling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 409-428. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
  • Yaccob, N.S., Yunus, M., & Hashim, H. (2022). Globally competent teachers. English as a second language teachers’ perceptions on global competence in English lessons. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925160
  • Zhao, Y. (2010). Preparing globally competent teachers: A new imperative for teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(5), 422 431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487110375802
  • Zheldibayeva, R. (2023). The adaptation and validation of the global competence scale among educational psychology students. International Journal of Education and Practice, 11(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.18488/61.v11i1.3253

Global competence scale: An adaptation to measure pre-service English teachers’ global competences

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 813 - 838, 23.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1260245

Öz

Global competence is a comprehensive term referring to the interconnectedness of various constructs ranging from knowledge to values required to communicate, cooperate, and work towards the well-being of not only the local but also the global community. Teacher education has an important role in preparing teachers equipped with global competences. Therefore, having tools which can validly and reliably measure if and to what extent pre-service teachers are globally competent is a requisite. Hence, this study aimed at adapting and validating the Global Competence scale developed by Liu et al. (2020) to Turkish to measure pre-service English language teachers’ global competences and to obtain evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the scale to measure global competences in teaching and teacher education. The data collected from pre-service English language teachers (N=351) studying at various universities in Türkiye was divided into two equal halves. The first part of it was used to perform exploratory factor analysis which revealed an eight-factor 29-item structure. The second half which was used for confirmatory factor analysis yielded a good fit of a 25-item, eight-factor structure scale. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (α= .88) and McDonald’s Omega (ω = .89) which indicated good internal consistency in the CFA dataset revealed excellent internal consistency (α= .90, ω = .91) in another independent dataset. Thus, the study revealed that the Global Competence scale has a good level of psychometric properties and reliability to measure pre-service English language teachers’ global competences in the Turkish context.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012109865

Kaynakça

  • Acar Güvendir, M., & Özer Özkan, Y. (2022). Item removal strategies conducted in exploratory factor analysis: A comparative study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(1), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.827950
  • Alavi, M., Visentin, D.C., Thapa, D.K., Hunt, G.E., Watson, R., & Cleary, M. (2020). Chi-square for model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(9), 2209-2211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14399
  • Altan, M.Z. (2017). Globalization, English language teaching and Turkey. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(4), 764 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2238
  • Andrews, K., & Aydin, H. (2020). Pre-service teachers' perceptions of global citizenship education in the social studies curriculum. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(4), 84-113. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/218549/article_218549.pdf
  • Baily, S., & Holmarsdottir, H.B. (2019). Fostering teacher’s global competencies: Bridging utopian expectations for internationalization through exchange. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 5, 226 244. https://doi.org/10.30564/jiep.v4i1and2.3501
  • Başarır, F. (2017). Examining the perceptions of English instructors regarding the incorporation of global citizenship education into ELT. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(4), 409-425. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2127
  • Bektaş-Çetinkaya, Y., & Çelik, S. (2013). Perceptions of Turkish EFL teacher candidates on their level of intercultural competence. In H. Arslan, & G. Rata (Eds.), Multicultural education: From theory to practice, (pp. 345-362). Cambridge Scholars Press.
  • Birdman, J., Çelik, H., Pandarova, I., Barron, A., Benitt, N., & Schmidt, T. (forthcoming). Connecting sustainability and culture: Building competencies through virtual exchange. In W. Leal, J. Newman, A. Lange Salvia, & L. Viera Trevisan (Eds.), World sustainability series, North American and European perspectives on sustainability in higher education. Springer.
  • Block, D., & Cameron, D. (Eds.). (2002). Globalization and language teaching. Routledge.
  • Boateng, G.O., Neilands, T.B., Frongillo, E.A., Melgar-Quinonez, H.R., & Young, S.L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  • Boix Mansilla, V., & Jackson, A. (2011). Educating for global competence: Preparing our youth to engage the world. Council of Chief State School Officers.
  • Brantley Todd, K. (2017). Global competence survey development [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky]. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=edsc_etds
  • Braskmap, L.A., Braskamp, D.C., & Engberg, M.E. (2014). Global perspective inventory (GPI): Its purpose, construction, potential uses, and psychometric characteristics. Global Perspective Institute Inc.
  • Brennan, S., & Holliday, E. (2019). Preparing globally competent teachers to address P-12 students’ needs: One university’s story. Global Education Review, 6(3), 49-64.
  • Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. [Key terms and use in scale development]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-4483.
  • Byram, M. (2009). Intercultural competence in foreign languages: The intercultural speaker and the pedagogy of foreign language education. In D.K. Deardorff (Ed.), The Sage handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 321-332). Sage.
  • Byram, M., Holmes, P., & Savvides, N. (2013). Intercultural communicative competence in foreign language education: Questions of theory, practice and research. The Language Learning Journal, 41(3), 251-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2013.836343
  • Chen, Y., & Lin, R. P. (2021). Integrating global competence into elementary school pre-service teacher education of English language in Taiwan. In A. Y. Wang (Ed.), Competency-based teacher education for English as a foreign language (pp. 156-167) Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003212805
  • Costa, V., & Sarmento, R. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis. A case study. arXiv:1905.05598. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1905.05598
  • Costello, A.B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10, Article 7 https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Cui, Q. (2013). Global-mindedness and intercultural competence: A quantitative study of pre-service teachers (Order No. 3589495) [Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/global-mindedness-intercultural-competence/docview/1430505082/se
  • Cushner, K., & Mahon, J. (2016). Overseas student teaching: Affecting personal, professional, and global competencies in an age of globalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315302006001004
  • Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı [Use of confirmatory factor analysis in validity and reliability studies]. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 196-205.
  • Daud, K.A.M., Khidzir, N.Z., İsmail, A.R., & Abdullah, F.A. (2018). Validity and reliability of instrument to measure social media skills among small and medium entrepreneurs at Pengkalan Datu River. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 7(3), 1026-1037.
  • Deardorff, D.K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002
  • Deardorff, D.K. (2011). Assessing intercultural competence. New Directions for Institutional Research, 149, 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.381
  • Diveki, R. (2022). Global competence development in EFL teacher training – An interview study on the global content in EFL teacher trainers’ courses in Hungary. Journal of Adult Learning, Knowledge and Innovation, 5(2), 49 59. https://doi.org/10.1556/2059.2022.00058
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
  • Duffy, L.N., Stone, G.A., Townsend, J., & Cathay, J. (2022). Rethinking curriculum internationalization: Virtual exchange as a means to attaining global competencies, developing critical thinking, and experiencing transformative learning. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 37(1 2), 11 25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1937156X.2020.1760749
  • Feißt, M., Hennigs, A., Heil, J., Moosbrugger, H., Kelava, A., Stolpner, I., Kieser, M., & Rauch, G. (2019). Refining scores based on patient reported outcomes – statistical and medical perspectives. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(167), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0806-9
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE.
  • Fischer, D., King, J., Rieckmann, M., Barth, M., Büssing, A., Hemmer, I., & Lindau-Bank, D. (2022). Teacher education for sustainable development. A review of an emerging research field. Journal of Teacher Education, 73(5), 509 524. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871221105784
  • Fisher, C., Hitchcock, L.I., Neyer, A., Moak, S.C., Moore, S., & Marsalis, S. (2022). Contextualizing the impact of faculty-led short-term study abroad on students’ global competence: Characteristics of effective programs. Journal of Global Awareness, 3(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.24073/jga/3/01/03
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step. A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
  • Gnutzmann, C., & Intemann, F. (Eds.). (2005). The globalization of English and the English language classroom. Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Hambleton, R.K., & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Socail Indicators Research, 45, 153-171.
  • Hayes, A.F., & Coutts, J.J. (2020). Use Omega rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for estimating reliability. But … Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • He, Y., Lundgren, K., & Pynes, P. (2017). Impact of short-term study abroad program: Inservice teachers’ development of intercultural competence and pedagogical beliefs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.04.012
  • Hanvey, R.G. (1982). An attainable global perspective. Theory into practice, 21(3), 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405848209543001
  • Hett, E.J. (1993). The development of an instrument to measure global-mindedness [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of San Diego. https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/584
  • Hilliker, S.M., & Loranc, B. (2022). Development of 21st century skills through virtual exchange. Teaching and Teacher Education, Article 103646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103646
  • Hongtao, J.I.N.G. (2013). Global awareness: foreign language teachers' beliefs and practices. Intercultural Communication Studies, 22(1), 95-116.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hunter, W.D. (2004). Knowledge, skills, attitudes, and experiences necessary to become globally competent [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Lehigh University.
  • Hunter, B., White, G.P., & Godbey, G.C. (2006). What does it mean to be globally competent? Journal of Studies in International education, 10(3), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306286930
  • İşisağ, K.U. (2010). The acceptance and recognition of cultural diversity in foreign language teaching. Akademik Bakış, 4(7), 251-260.
  • Kaiser, H.F. (1970). A second generation little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-41. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/BF02291817
  • Karaca Akarsu, C., & Özdemir, M. (2021). Küresel yetkinlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlama çalışması [Turkish adaptation study of the global competence scale]. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi (International Journal of Society Researches), 18(42), 5544-5576 https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.861584
  • Kennedy, D.P. (2005). Scale adaptation and ethnography. Field Methods, 17(4), 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05280060
  • Kerkhoff, S.N., & Cloud, M.E. (2020). Equipping teachers with globally competent practices: A mixed methods study on integrating global competence and teacher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 103, Article 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101629
  • Kim, Y.Y. (2007). Ideology, identity, and intercultural communication: An analysis of differing academic conceptions of cultural identity. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 36(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475750701737181
  • Kirkwood, T.F. (2001). Our global age requires global education: Clarifying definitional ambiguities. The Social Studies, 92(1), 10 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377990109603969
  • Knutson, E. (2006). Cross-cultural awareness for second/foreign language learners. Focus on the Classroom, 62(4), 591-610. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.62.4.591
  • Kurt, M., Olitsky, N., & Geis, P. (2013). Assessing global awareness over short-term study abroad sequence: A factor analysis. Frontiers: The interdisciplinary journal of study abroad, 23(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v23i1.327
  • Lenkaitis, C.A., & Loranc, B. (2019). Facilitating global citizenship development in lingua franca virtual exchanges. Language Teaching Research, 25(5), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819877371
  • Li, J., & Xu, J. (2016). Investigating causality between global experience and global competency for undergraduates in contemporary China's higher education: A transformative learning theory perspective. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n3p155
  • Li, Y. (2013). Cultivating student global competence: A pilot experimental study. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 11(1), 125 143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2012.00371.x
  • Li, Y., Wen, Z., Hau, K.T., Yuan, K.H., & Peng, Y. (2020). Effects of cross-loadings on determining the number of factors to retain. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(6), 841 863. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1745075
  • Lima, C.O., & Brown, S.W. (2007). Global citizenship and new literacies providing new ways for social inclusion. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 11, 13 20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-85572007000100002
  • Lin, C.C., & Kapur, K. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ perception toward global learning experiences: implications for teacher intercultural competency development. Journal of Narrative and Language Studies, 9(17), 257-270.
  • Liu, Y., Yin, Y., & Wu, R. (2020). Measuring graduate students’ global competence: Instrument development and an empirical study with a Chinese sample. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100915
  • MacCallum, R.C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L.B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490
  • Meng, Q., Zhu, C., & Cao, C. (2017). The role of intergroup contact and acculturation strategies in developing Chinese international students’ global competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46(3), 210 226. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2017.1308423
  • Merryfield, M.M. (2008). Scaffolding social studies for global awareness. Social Education, 72(7), 363-366.
  • Morais, D.B., & Ogden, A.C. (2011). Initial development and validation of the global citizenship scale. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 445- 466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310375308
  • Ministry of National Education. (MoNE). (2017). Müfredatta yenileme ve değişiklik çalışmalarımız üzerine. MoNE.
  • Ndubuisi, A., Marzi, E., Mohammed, D., Edun, O., Asare, P., & Slotta, J. (2022). Developing global competence in global virtual team projects: A qualitative exploration of Engineering students’ experiences. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221091623
  • Myers, J.P., & Rivero, K. (2019). Preparing globally competent preservice teachers: The development of content knowledge, disciplinary skills, and instructional design. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 214 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.10.008
  • OECD. (2018). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world: The OECD PISA global competence framework. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/Global-competency-for-an-inclusive-world.pdf
  • OECD, & Asia Society. (2018). Teaching for global competence in a rapidly changing world. OECD. Available at https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/teaching-for-global-competence-in-a-rapidly-changing-world-edu.pdf
  • Oguro, S., & Harbon, L. (2022). Enchancing pre-service teachers’ global competencies through interdisciplinary study abroad. In M.D. Ramirez-Verduo, & B. Otcu-Grillman (Eds.), Interdisciplinary approaches toward enchancing teacher education (pp. 20-32). IGI Global.
  • Olson, C.L., & Kroeger, K.R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5(2), 116 137. https://doi.org/10.1177/102831530152003
  • Orçan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 414-421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
  • Osborne, J.W., & Castello, A.B. (2004). Sample size and subject to item ratio in principal components analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/ktzq-jq66
  • Ozkul, P. (2019). Assessing study abroad relationship with perceived global competence levels of undergraduate business students [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9595&context=etd
  • Oxfam. (2015). Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools. Oxfam Education and Youth. Online. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620105/edu-global-citizenship-schools-guide-091115-en.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y
  • Oxfam. (2006). Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/teachers/globciti/wholeschool/getstarted.htm
  • Özkan, A., & Mutdoğan, S. (2018). Erasmus programı’nın tasarım öğrencilerinin yaşam ve eğitimlerine katkısı [Contribution of Erasmus Programme for Design Students’ Life and Education]. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 8(2), 153-165. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tojdac/issue/36245/408257
  • Park, H.S., Durkee, C., & Slobuski, T. (2016). Global mindedness and global citizenship education. Oxford University Press.
  • Parmigiani, D., Jones, S.L., Kunnari, I., & Nicchia, E. (2022a). Global competence and teacher education programmes. A European perspective. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.2022996
  • Parmigiani, D., Jones, S.L., Silvaggio, C., Nicchia, E., Ambrosini, A., Pario, M., Pedevilla, A., & Sardi, I. (2022b). Assessing global competence within teacher education programmes. How to design and create a set of rubrics with a modified delphi method. SAGE Open, 12(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221128794
  • Parmigiani, D., Nir, A.B., Ferguson-Patrick, K., Baruch, A.F., Heddy, E., Impedovo, M.A., Ingersoll, M., Jones, M., Kimhi, Y., Lourenço, M., Macqueen, S., Pennazio, V., Sokal, L., Timkova, R., Westa, S., & Wikan, G. (2023). Assessing the development of global competence in teacher education programmes: Internal consistency and reliability of a set of rubrics. Higher Education Pedagogies, 8(1), Article 2216190. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2023.2216190
  • Pehlivan Yılmaz, A. (2023). Determination of global competence levels of pre-service social studies teachers. e-International Journal of Educational Research, 14(3), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1233534
  • Piacentini, M. (2017). Developing an international assessment of global competence. Childhood Education, 93(6), 507-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2017.1398564
  • Polat, S., & Ogay Barka, T. (2014). Preservice teachers’ intercultural competence: A comparative study of teachers in Switzerland and Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 54, 19-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2014.54.2
  • Reimers, F. (2009). Global competency is imperative for global success. Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(21), A29. Chronicle.
  • Rieckmann, M., & Barth, M. (2022). Educators’ competence frameworks in education for sustaibale development. In P. Vare, N. Lausselet, & M. Rieckmann (Eds.), Competences in education for sustaible development. Critical perspectives (pp. 19-26). Springer.
  • Rieckmann, M. (2023, August 31). Education for sustainable development in teacher education and schools – Transformative and disruptive education [Conference presentation]. Summer School Teaching for Sustainable Development, Marburg, Germany.
  • Ryan, W.S., & Blascovich, J. (2015). Measures of attitudes towards sexual orientation: Heterosexism, homophobia, and internalized stigma. In G.J. Boyle, D.H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 719-751). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00025-5
  • Sarıçoban, A., & Oz, H. (2014). Research into pre-service English teachers’ intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in Turkish Context. Anthropologist, 18(2), 523-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891570
  • Sinagatullin, I.M. (2019). Developing preservice elementary teachers’ global competence. International Journal of Educational Reform, 28(1), 48 62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056787918824193
  • Şahin, İ.F., & Çermik, F. (2014). Küresel vatandaşlık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation of global citizenship scale: Reliability and validity]. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 19(31), 207 218. https://doi.org/10.17295/dcd.30443
  • Schenker, T. (2019). Fostering global competence through short-term study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 31(2), 139 157. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v31i2.459
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shams, A., & George, C. (2006). Global competency: An interdisciplinary approach. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10(4), 249-257.
  • Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-9-1-2
  • Sokal, L., & Parmigiani, D. (2022). Global competence in Canadian teacher candidates. Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 939232. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.939232
  • Sousa, V.D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268 274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
  • Taber, K.S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Taherdoost, H., Sahibuddin, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis: Concepts and theory. In J. Balicki (Ed.), Advances in applied and pure Mathematics (pp. 375-382). HAL Science Ouverte. Online https://hal.science/hal-02557344
  • Taysi, E., & Orçan, F. (2020). Kendinden tiksinme ölçeğinin psikmetrik niteliğinin tespit edilmesi [Testing psychometric properties of the self-disgust scale]. SDÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 50, 167-176.
  • Tichnor-Wagner, A., Parkhouse, H., Glazier, J., & Cain, J.M. (2019). Becoming a globally competent teacher. Hawker Brownlow Education.
  • United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations.
  • van de Vijver, F., & Tanzer, N.K. (2004). Bias and equilavance in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(2), 119 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004
  • van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (2009). Methodological issues and researching intercultural competence. In D.K. Deardorff (Ed.), The Sage handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 404-419). Sage Publications.
  • Wu, X., & Li, J. (2023). Becoming competent global educators: Pre-service teachers’ global engagment and critical examination of human capital discourse in glocalized contexts. International Journal of Educational Research, 119, Article 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102181
  • Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modelling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 409-428. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
  • Yaccob, N.S., Yunus, M., & Hashim, H. (2022). Globally competent teachers. English as a second language teachers’ perceptions on global competence in English lessons. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925160
  • Zhao, Y. (2010). Preparing globally competent teachers: A new imperative for teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(5), 422 431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487110375802
  • Zheldibayeva, R. (2023). The adaptation and validation of the global competence scale among educational psychology students. International Journal of Education and Practice, 11(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.18488/61.v11i1.3253
Toplam 112 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsmail Emre Köş 0000-0003-4219-7748

Handan Çelik 0000-0001-8041-6062

Proje Numarası 1919B012109865
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Köş, İ. E., & Çelik, H. (2023). Global competence scale: An adaptation to measure pre-service English teachers’ global competences. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 10(4), 813-838. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1260245

23823             23825             23824