Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Quantitative Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Rice and Validation Study

Yıl 2020, , 336 - 346, 21.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.688743

Öz

In this study, wheat and rice were evaluated for the presence of Ocratoxin A (OTA). Wheat samples were obtained from Mersin and rice samples were obtained from farmers in Edirne and Çanakkale. OTA was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. OTA was detected in 3 of the wheat samples (15%). The concentration ranged from <LOQ - 6.39 µg kg-1, with two of the positive samples exceeding the maximum limit of 5 µg kg-1 for OTA, which is predicted to be harmful to human consumption. OTA was detected in 2 (10%) of rice samples. The concentration ranged from <LOQ to 5.44 µg kg-1, one of the positive samples exceeding the maximum limit of 5 µg kg-1 for OTA, which is predicted to be harmful to direct human consumption. Generally, the results are below the Turkish Food Codex (TGK) and European Union (EU) Maximum Residual Limits (MRL).

Kaynakça

  • AOAC. (2008). Official Method 2000.03. 2005 Ochratest and Ochratest WB Instruction Manual, 2008.
  • Abdelhamid, A. M. (1990). Occurrence of some mycotoxins (Aflatoxin. ochratoxin A. Citrinin. zearalenone and vomitoxin) in various Egyptian feeds. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 40, 647-664.
  • Abdel-Hafez, S. I. I., Moubasher Shoreit, A. H., & Ismail, M. A. (1990). Fungal flora associated with combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts from Egypt. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 30, 467-479.
  • Aydin, A., Aksu, H., & Gunsen, U. (2011). Mycotoxin levels and incidence of mould in Turkish rice. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178, 271-280.
  • Badr, A. N., Antonio, F. L., Hassan, A. A., & Taha, H. (2017). Ochratoxin a occurrence on Egyptian wheat during seasons (2009-2014). Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 10, 178-185.
  • Buyukunal, S. K., Kahraman, T., & Ciftcioglu, G. R. (2010). Occurrence of AF. AFB1. OTA in rice commercialized in eastern Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19, 907-912.
  • Chauhan, R., Singh, J., Sachdev, T., Basu, T., & Malhotra, B. D. (2016). Recent advances in mycotoxins detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 81, 532-545.
  • De Koe, W. J., & Juodeikiene, G. (2012). Mycotoxin contamination of wheat, flour and bread. In S. P. Cauvain (Ed.), Breadmaking (pp. 614-618. Woodhead Publishing. EC. (2006). Commission regulation (EU) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L364, 5-24.
  • EC. (2012). Commission Regulation (EU) No 594/2012 of 5 July 2012 amending Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 as regards the maximum levels of the contaminants ochratoxin A. non dioxin-like PCBs and melamine in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L176, 43-45.
  • EFSA. (2004). Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in food chain on a request from the commission related to ochratoxin A (OTA) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal, 101,1-36.
  • El Khoury, A., & Atoui, A. (2010). Ochratoxin A: General overview and actual molecular status. Toxins, 2, 461-493.
  • El-Sayed, A. M. A. A., Soher, E. A., & Sahab, A. F. (2003). Occurrence of certain mycotoxins in corn and corn-based products and thermostability of fumonisin B1 during processing, Food/Nahrung, 47, 222-225.
  • FAO/INFOODS. (2012) FAO/INFOODS Guidelines for Converting Units, Denominators and Expressions, version 1.0. FAO, Rome.
  • Gareis, M. (2003). Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU member states. Report of Experts Participating in SCOOP Task 3.2. 10-Part A: Trichothecene, 13-235.
  • Gonzãlez, L., Juan, C., Soriano, J. M., Moltó, J. C., & Mañes, J. (2006). Occurrence and daily intake of ochratoxin A of organic and non-organic rice and rice products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 223-227.
  • IARC. (1993). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food İtems and Constituents. Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins. Vol. 56, International Agency of Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon.
  • Juan, C., Zinedine, A., Idrissi, L., & Mañes, J. (2008). Ochratoxin A in rice on the Moroccan retail market. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 126, 83-85.
  • Kara, G. N., Ozbey, F., & Kabak, B. (2015). Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cereal flours commercialised in Turkey. Food Control, 54, 275-281.
  • Levasseur-Garcia, C. (2018). Updated overview of infrared spectroscopy methods for detecting mycotoxins on cereals (corn. wheat and barley). Toxins, 10, 38.
  • Lund, F., & Frisvad, J. C. (2003). Penicillium verrucosum in wheat and barley indicates presence of ochratoxin A. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 1117-1123.
  • Magan, N., Hope, R., Cairns, V., & Aldred, D. (2003). Post-harvest fungal ecology: impact of fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation in stored grain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 723-730.
  • Park, J. W., Choi, S. Y., Hwang, H. J., & Kim, Y. B. (2005). Fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins in Korean polished rice destined for human. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 103, 305-314.
  • Ruscito, A., Mckenzie, S., Goundreau, D. N., & DeRosa, M. C. (2016). Current status and future prospects for aptamer-based mycotoxin detection. Journal of AOAC International, 99, 1-13.
  • Saccon, F. A. M., Parcey, D., Paliwal, J., & Sherif, S. S. (2017). Assessment of Fusarium and deoxynivalenol using optical methods. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 10, 34-50.
  • TGK. (2011). Gıdalardaki Mikotoksin Limitlerinin Resmi Kontrolü İçin Numune Alma, Numune Hazırlama ve Analiz Metodu Kriterleri Tebliği, Tebliğ No: 2011/32.
  • TÜİK. (2017). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. http:/tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/bitkiselapp/bitkisel.zul. Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2017.
  • Xu, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., & Li, P. (2016). Mycotoxin determination in foods using advanced sensors based on antibodies or aptamers, Toxins, 8, 1-16.

Buğday ve Çeltikte Okratoksin A’nın Kantitatif Olarak Tespiti ve Validasyon Çalışması

Yıl 2020, , 336 - 346, 21.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.688743

Öz

Bu çalışmada, buğday ve çeltik Okratoksin A (OTA) varlığı yönünden değerlendirilmiştir. Buğday örnekleri Mersin, çeltik örnekleri ise Edirne ve Çanakkale illerindeki çiftçilerden temin edilmiştir. OTA yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Buğdayörneklerinin 3'ünde (%15) OTA tespit edilmiştir. Konsantrasyon, <ölçüm limiti (LOQ)-6.93µg kg-1 arasında değişmekte olup, pozitif numunelerin iki tanesi, doğrudan insan tüketimine zararlı olacağı tahmin edilen OTA için 5 µg kg-1 maksimum limiti geçmiştir. Çeltik örneklerinin 2’sinde (%10) OTA tespit edilmiştir. Konsantrasyon, <ölçüm limiti (LOQ)-6.93µg kg-1 arasında değişmekte olup, pozitif numunelerin iki tanesi, doğrudan insan tüketimine zararlı olacağı tahmin edilen OTA için 5 µg kg-1 maksimum limiti geçmiştir. Çeltik örneklerinin 2’sinde (%10) OTA tespit edilmiştir. Konsantrasyon, <LOQ-5.44µg kg-1 arasında değişmekte olup, pozitif numunelerin bir tanesi, doğrudan insan tüketimine zararlı olacağı tahmin edilen OTA için 5 µg kg-1 maksimum limiti aşmıştır. Genel olarak elde edilen sonuçlar, Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) ve Avrupa Birliği (AB) Maksimum Kalıntı Limitleri (MRL)’nin altında değerlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • AOAC. (2008). Official Method 2000.03. 2005 Ochratest and Ochratest WB Instruction Manual, 2008.
  • Abdelhamid, A. M. (1990). Occurrence of some mycotoxins (Aflatoxin. ochratoxin A. Citrinin. zearalenone and vomitoxin) in various Egyptian feeds. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 40, 647-664.
  • Abdel-Hafez, S. I. I., Moubasher Shoreit, A. H., & Ismail, M. A. (1990). Fungal flora associated with combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts from Egypt. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 30, 467-479.
  • Aydin, A., Aksu, H., & Gunsen, U. (2011). Mycotoxin levels and incidence of mould in Turkish rice. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178, 271-280.
  • Badr, A. N., Antonio, F. L., Hassan, A. A., & Taha, H. (2017). Ochratoxin a occurrence on Egyptian wheat during seasons (2009-2014). Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 10, 178-185.
  • Buyukunal, S. K., Kahraman, T., & Ciftcioglu, G. R. (2010). Occurrence of AF. AFB1. OTA in rice commercialized in eastern Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19, 907-912.
  • Chauhan, R., Singh, J., Sachdev, T., Basu, T., & Malhotra, B. D. (2016). Recent advances in mycotoxins detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 81, 532-545.
  • De Koe, W. J., & Juodeikiene, G. (2012). Mycotoxin contamination of wheat, flour and bread. In S. P. Cauvain (Ed.), Breadmaking (pp. 614-618. Woodhead Publishing. EC. (2006). Commission regulation (EU) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L364, 5-24.
  • EC. (2012). Commission Regulation (EU) No 594/2012 of 5 July 2012 amending Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 as regards the maximum levels of the contaminants ochratoxin A. non dioxin-like PCBs and melamine in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L176, 43-45.
  • EFSA. (2004). Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in food chain on a request from the commission related to ochratoxin A (OTA) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal, 101,1-36.
  • El Khoury, A., & Atoui, A. (2010). Ochratoxin A: General overview and actual molecular status. Toxins, 2, 461-493.
  • El-Sayed, A. M. A. A., Soher, E. A., & Sahab, A. F. (2003). Occurrence of certain mycotoxins in corn and corn-based products and thermostability of fumonisin B1 during processing, Food/Nahrung, 47, 222-225.
  • FAO/INFOODS. (2012) FAO/INFOODS Guidelines for Converting Units, Denominators and Expressions, version 1.0. FAO, Rome.
  • Gareis, M. (2003). Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU member states. Report of Experts Participating in SCOOP Task 3.2. 10-Part A: Trichothecene, 13-235.
  • Gonzãlez, L., Juan, C., Soriano, J. M., Moltó, J. C., & Mañes, J. (2006). Occurrence and daily intake of ochratoxin A of organic and non-organic rice and rice products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 223-227.
  • IARC. (1993). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food İtems and Constituents. Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins. Vol. 56, International Agency of Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon.
  • Juan, C., Zinedine, A., Idrissi, L., & Mañes, J. (2008). Ochratoxin A in rice on the Moroccan retail market. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 126, 83-85.
  • Kara, G. N., Ozbey, F., & Kabak, B. (2015). Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cereal flours commercialised in Turkey. Food Control, 54, 275-281.
  • Levasseur-Garcia, C. (2018). Updated overview of infrared spectroscopy methods for detecting mycotoxins on cereals (corn. wheat and barley). Toxins, 10, 38.
  • Lund, F., & Frisvad, J. C. (2003). Penicillium verrucosum in wheat and barley indicates presence of ochratoxin A. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 1117-1123.
  • Magan, N., Hope, R., Cairns, V., & Aldred, D. (2003). Post-harvest fungal ecology: impact of fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation in stored grain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 723-730.
  • Park, J. W., Choi, S. Y., Hwang, H. J., & Kim, Y. B. (2005). Fungal mycoflora and mycotoxins in Korean polished rice destined for human. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 103, 305-314.
  • Ruscito, A., Mckenzie, S., Goundreau, D. N., & DeRosa, M. C. (2016). Current status and future prospects for aptamer-based mycotoxin detection. Journal of AOAC International, 99, 1-13.
  • Saccon, F. A. M., Parcey, D., Paliwal, J., & Sherif, S. S. (2017). Assessment of Fusarium and deoxynivalenol using optical methods. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 10, 34-50.
  • TGK. (2011). Gıdalardaki Mikotoksin Limitlerinin Resmi Kontrolü İçin Numune Alma, Numune Hazırlama ve Analiz Metodu Kriterleri Tebliği, Tebliğ No: 2011/32.
  • TÜİK. (2017). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. http:/tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/bitkiselapp/bitkisel.zul. Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2017.
  • Xu, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., & Li, P. (2016). Mycotoxin determination in foods using advanced sensors based on antibodies or aptamers, Toxins, 8, 1-16.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tarla Bitkileri
Yazarlar

Fatma Hepsağ 0000-0002-3688-4106

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2020
Kabul Tarihi 3 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Hepsağ, F. (2020). Buğday ve Çeltikte Okratoksin A’nın Kantitatif Olarak Tespiti ve Validasyon Çalışması. Uluslararası Tarım Ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 336-346. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.688743

17365   17368      17366     17369    17370              


88x31.png    Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License a