Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Sweet Sorghum Exposed to Heavy Metal Stress under Seed Priming Pretreatments
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 257 - 272, 25.08.2024
İbrahim Atış
,
Hatice Çelik
,
İbrahim Ertekin
Öz
This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of priming pretreatments (GA3, KNO3 and H2O) on germination and seedling development of sweet sorghum exposed to different levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg l-1) of lead, cadmium and nickel stress. The results of the research revealed that, in general, heavy metals negatively affected both germination and seedling growth properties. However, the severity of the negative effect showed significant differences depending on the kind and dose of the heavy metal. It has been determined that the negative effects of cadmium and nickel were higher than lead. Among the priming pre-treatments, it was determined that in general, pre-application with H2O was sufficient, and there was no need for other priming agents. However, it has been determined that heavy metals significantly reduce root and seedling growth even at low doses. This situation showed that even if germination occurred, healthy plant growth would not occur at heavy metal doses above 150 mg l-1.
Proje Numarası
23.GAP.007
Kaynakça
- Abbas, T., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Adrees, M., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M. F., Ok, Y. S., Murtaza, G. (2017). Effect of biochar on alleviation of cadmium toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on Cd-contaminated saline soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 25668–25680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8987-4
- Ahmad, M. S. A., Riffat, A., Hussain, M., Hameed, M. & Alvi, A. K. (2023). Toxicity and tolerance of nickel in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 50346–50363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25705-2
- Akar, M. & Atış, İ. (2018, Ekim 26-28). Kadmiyum ve nikel stresi altındaki kamışsı yumağın (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) çimlenmesi ve fide gelişimi üzerine priming uygulamalarının etkisi [Sözlü bildiri]. Uluslararası Tarım, Çevere ve Sağlık Kongresi, Aydın, Türkiye.
- Akar, M. & Atış, İ. (2019). Priming uygulamalarının kadmiyum ve nikel stresine maruz bırakılan kırmızı yumağın çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.385700
- Akar, M. & Atis, I. (2018). The effects of priming pretreatments on germination and seedling growth in perennial ryegrass exposed to heavy metal stress. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27, 6677-6685.
- Akıncı, İ. E. & Çalışkan, Ü. (2010). Kurşunun bazı yazlık sebzelerde tohum çimlenmesi ve tolerans düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 19, 74, 164-172.
- Akıncı, S. & Akıncı, İ. E. (2011). Nikelin ıspanakta (Spinacia oleracea) çimlenme ve bazı fide büyüme parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 20, 79, 69-76.
- Akinseye, F. M., Ajeigbe, H. A., Traore, P. C. S., Agele, S. O., Zemadim, B. & Whitbread, A. (2020). Improving sorghum productivity under changing climatic conditions: A modelling approach. Field Crops Research 246, 107685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107685
- Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R. & Dosti, B. (2008). The effects of salt stress on growth parameters and carbohydrates contents in sweet sorghum. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2008.298.304
- Aydinalp, C. & Marinova, S. (2009). The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(4), 347-350.
- Aygün, Y. Z, Atış, İ. & Ertekin, İ. (2022). Kadmiyum stresi (CdCl2) altında farklı kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotiplerinin çimlenme ve ilk fide gelişimi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1006493
- Ceritoğlu, M., Erman, M., Çığ, F., Uçar, O., Soysal, S. & Özbey, S. (2023, March 18-19). High nickel concentrations decelerate germination process and restrict seedling growth in lentil [Sözlü bildiri]. 5. International Palandoken Scientific Studies Congress, Erzurum, Türkiye.
- Cokkizgin, A. & Cokkizgin, H. (2010). Effects of lead (PbCl2) stress on germination of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) lines. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(50), 8608-8612. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10890
- Çalışkan, Ü. (2009). Bazı Önemli Yazlık sebzelerin çimlenme aşamasında Cd, Cr, Ni ve Pb’a tepkisi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
- Ertekin E. N. & Bilgen, M. (2021). Bazı ağır metallerin at dişi mısır (Zea mays L.)’da çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma, 14(2), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.889901
- Ertekin, E. N., Ertekin, İ. & Bilgen, M. (2020). Effects of some heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of sorghum. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(6), 1608-1615. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592
- Espanany, A., Fallah, S. & Tadayyon, A. (2016). Seed Priming improves seed germination and reduces oxidative stress in black cumin (Nigella sativa) in presence of cadmium. Industrial Crops and Products, 79, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.016
- Fedeli, R., Fiaschi, T., Angiolini, C., Maccherini, S., Loppi, S. & Fanfarillo, E. (2023). Dose-dependent and species-specific effects of wood distillate addition on the germination performance of threatened arable plants. Plants, 12, 3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173028
- Galhaut, L., de Lespinay, A., Walker, D. J., Bernal, M. P., Correal, E. & Lutts, S. (2014). Seed priming of Trifolium repens L. ımproved germination and early seedling growth on heavy metal-contaminated soil. Water Air Soil Pollution, 225, 1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-1905-1
- Haider, F. U.,Liqun, C., Coulter, J. A., Cheema, S. A., Wu, J., Zhang, R., Wenjun, M. & Farooq, M. (2021). Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 211, 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111887
- Heidari, M. & Sarani, S. (2011). Effects of lead and cadmium on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes activities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(1), 44-47.
- Houshmandfar, A. & Moragebi, F. (2011). Effect of mixed cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc on seed germination and seedling growth of safflower. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(6), 1463-1468.
Jadia, C. D. & Fulekar, M. H. (2008). Phytotoxicity and remediation of heavy metals by fibrous root grass (sorghum). Journal of Applied BioSciences, 10, 491 - 499.
- Kabir, M., Iqbal, M. Z., Shafiq, M. & Farooqi, Z. R. (2008). Reduction in germination and seedling growth of Thespesia populnea L., caused by lead and cadmium treatments. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(6), 2419-2426.
- Kaur, H., Nazir, F., Hussain, S. J., Kaur, R., Rajurkar, A. B., Kumari, S., Siddiqui, M. H., Mahajan, M., Khatoon, S. & Khan, M. I. R. (2023). Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium-induced seed germination inhibition through modulation of carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant capacity in mung bean seedlings. Sustainability, 15, 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043790
- Korkmaz, H. E., Akgün, M., Çelebi, M. S. & Korkmaz, K. (2023). Fındık zurufu ve biyoçarından üretilen demir nanopartiküllerinin (FeONP) yaşlanmış börülce tohumlarında çimlenme üzerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29278/azd.1336772
- Kumar, M., Pant, B., Mondal, S. & Bose, B. (2016). Hydro and halo priming: Influenced germination responses in wheat var-huw-468 under heavy metal stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38, 217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2226-3
- Mami, Y., Ahmadi, G., Shahmoradi, M. & Ghorbani, H. R. (2011). Influence of different concentration of heavy metals on the seed germination and growth of tomato. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(6), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST10.260
- Mavi, K., Karaca, F. & Yetişir, H. (2010, Haziran 23-26). Doğal olarak yaşlanmış kavun tohumlarında farklı uygulamaların çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkileri. VIII. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu, Van, Türkiye.
- Moulick, D., Ghosh, D. & Santra, C. S. (2016). Evaluation of effectiveness of seed priming with selenium in rice during germination under arsenic stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 109, 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.004
- Okcu, M., Tozlu, E., Kumlay, A. M. & Pehluvan, M. (2009). Ağır metallerin bitkiler üzerine etkileri. Alınteri, 17(B), 14-26.
- Razaq, M. K. & Kadhim, R. E. (2018). Effect of different concentrations of nickel chloride in an imbibition, physiological and molecular parameters of Cucumis sativus L. seeds. Plant Archives, 18(1), 566-570.
- Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Abbas, T., Rehman, M. Z., Hannan, F., Keller, C., Al-Wabel, M. I. & Ok, Y.S. (2016). Cadmium minimization in wheat: a critical review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 130, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.001
- Saharan, B. S., Brar, B., Duhan, J. S., Kumar, R., Marwaha, S., Rajput, V. D. & Minkina, T. (2022). Molecular and physiological mechanisms to mitigate abiotic stress conditions in plants. Life, 12, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101634
- Sethy, S. K. & Ghosh, S. (2013). Effect of heavy metals on germination of seeds. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 4(2), 272-275. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.116964
- Shafiq, M., Iqbal, M. Z. & Mohammad, A. (2008). Effect of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 12(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i3.55497
- Shao, Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, D., Ma, L. & Li, C. (2011). Effects of arsenic , cadmium and lead on growth and respiratory enzymes activity in wheat seedlings. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(19), 4505–4512. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.342
- Smiri, M. (2011). Effect of cadmium on germination, growth, redox and oxidative properties in Pisum sativum seeds. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(3), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.5897/JECE.9000017
- Sneideris, L. C., Gavassi, M. A., Campos, M. L., D’amico-Damiao, V. & Carvalho, R. F. (2015). Effects of hormonal priming on seed germination of pigeon pea under cadmium stress. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 87(3), 1847–1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140332
- Wierzbicka, M. & Obidzinska, J. (1998). The effect of lead on seed imbibition and germination in different plant species. Plant Science, 137, 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00138-1
Priming Ön Uygulamaları Altında Ağır Metal Stresine Maruz Kalan Tatlı Sorgumda Çimlenme ve Erken Fide Gelişimi
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 257 - 272, 25.08.2024
İbrahim Atış
,
Hatice Çelik
,
İbrahim Ertekin
Öz
Bu çalışma, laboratuvar koşullarında farklı düzeylerinde (0, 75, 150 ve 300 mg l-1) kurşun, kadmiyum ve nikel stresine maruz bırakılan tatlı sorgumun çimlenmesi ve erken fide gelişimi üzerine tohum priming ön uygulamalarının (GA3, KNO3 ve H2O) etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları genel olarak ağır metallerin hem çimlenme hem de fide özelliklerini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte ağır metalin türüne ve dozuna bağlı olarak olumsuz etkinin şiddeti önemli farklılıklar göstermiştir. Kadmiyum ve nikelin olumsuz etkisinin kurşundan daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Priming ön muamelelerinden genel olarak H2O ile ön uygulamanın yeterli olduğu, ayrıca bir uyarıcı ön uygulamasına ihtiyaç olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, ağır metallerin düşük dozlardan itibaren kök ve fide gelişimini çok ciddi derecede azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum çimlenme gerçekleşse bile 150 mg l-1 üzerinde ağır metal düzeylerinde sağlıklı bitki gelişiminin olmayacağını göstermiştir.
Etik Beyan
Yazarlar çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler.
Destekleyen Kurum
Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Proje Numarası
23.GAP.007
Teşekkür
Yazarlar finansal desteği için Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü'ne teşekkür ederler (Project No: 23.GAP.007).
Kaynakça
- Abbas, T., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Adrees, M., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Qayyum, M. F., Ok, Y. S., Murtaza, G. (2017). Effect of biochar on alleviation of cadmium toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on Cd-contaminated saline soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 25668–25680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8987-4
- Ahmad, M. S. A., Riffat, A., Hussain, M., Hameed, M. & Alvi, A. K. (2023). Toxicity and tolerance of nickel in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 50346–50363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25705-2
- Akar, M. & Atış, İ. (2018, Ekim 26-28). Kadmiyum ve nikel stresi altındaki kamışsı yumağın (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) çimlenmesi ve fide gelişimi üzerine priming uygulamalarının etkisi [Sözlü bildiri]. Uluslararası Tarım, Çevere ve Sağlık Kongresi, Aydın, Türkiye.
- Akar, M. & Atış, İ. (2019). Priming uygulamalarının kadmiyum ve nikel stresine maruz bırakılan kırmızı yumağın çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.385700
- Akar, M. & Atis, I. (2018). The effects of priming pretreatments on germination and seedling growth in perennial ryegrass exposed to heavy metal stress. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27, 6677-6685.
- Akıncı, İ. E. & Çalışkan, Ü. (2010). Kurşunun bazı yazlık sebzelerde tohum çimlenmesi ve tolerans düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 19, 74, 164-172.
- Akıncı, S. & Akıncı, İ. E. (2011). Nikelin ıspanakta (Spinacia oleracea) çimlenme ve bazı fide büyüme parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 20, 79, 69-76.
- Akinseye, F. M., Ajeigbe, H. A., Traore, P. C. S., Agele, S. O., Zemadim, B. & Whitbread, A. (2020). Improving sorghum productivity under changing climatic conditions: A modelling approach. Field Crops Research 246, 107685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107685
- Almodares, A., Hadi, M.R. & Dosti, B. (2008). The effects of salt stress on growth parameters and carbohydrates contents in sweet sorghum. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2008.298.304
- Aydinalp, C. & Marinova, S. (2009). The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(4), 347-350.
- Aygün, Y. Z, Atış, İ. & Ertekin, İ. (2022). Kadmiyum stresi (CdCl2) altında farklı kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotiplerinin çimlenme ve ilk fide gelişimi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1006493
- Ceritoğlu, M., Erman, M., Çığ, F., Uçar, O., Soysal, S. & Özbey, S. (2023, March 18-19). High nickel concentrations decelerate germination process and restrict seedling growth in lentil [Sözlü bildiri]. 5. International Palandoken Scientific Studies Congress, Erzurum, Türkiye.
- Cokkizgin, A. & Cokkizgin, H. (2010). Effects of lead (PbCl2) stress on germination of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) lines. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(50), 8608-8612. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10890
- Çalışkan, Ü. (2009). Bazı Önemli Yazlık sebzelerin çimlenme aşamasında Cd, Cr, Ni ve Pb’a tepkisi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
- Ertekin E. N. & Bilgen, M. (2021). Bazı ağır metallerin at dişi mısır (Zea mays L.)’da çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma, 14(2), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.889901
- Ertekin, E. N., Ertekin, İ. & Bilgen, M. (2020). Effects of some heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of sorghum. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(6), 1608-1615. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592
- Espanany, A., Fallah, S. & Tadayyon, A. (2016). Seed Priming improves seed germination and reduces oxidative stress in black cumin (Nigella sativa) in presence of cadmium. Industrial Crops and Products, 79, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.016
- Fedeli, R., Fiaschi, T., Angiolini, C., Maccherini, S., Loppi, S. & Fanfarillo, E. (2023). Dose-dependent and species-specific effects of wood distillate addition on the germination performance of threatened arable plants. Plants, 12, 3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173028
- Galhaut, L., de Lespinay, A., Walker, D. J., Bernal, M. P., Correal, E. & Lutts, S. (2014). Seed priming of Trifolium repens L. ımproved germination and early seedling growth on heavy metal-contaminated soil. Water Air Soil Pollution, 225, 1905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-1905-1
- Haider, F. U.,Liqun, C., Coulter, J. A., Cheema, S. A., Wu, J., Zhang, R., Wenjun, M. & Farooq, M. (2021). Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 211, 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111887
- Heidari, M. & Sarani, S. (2011). Effects of lead and cadmium on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes activities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(1), 44-47.
- Houshmandfar, A. & Moragebi, F. (2011). Effect of mixed cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc on seed germination and seedling growth of safflower. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(6), 1463-1468.
Jadia, C. D. & Fulekar, M. H. (2008). Phytotoxicity and remediation of heavy metals by fibrous root grass (sorghum). Journal of Applied BioSciences, 10, 491 - 499.
- Kabir, M., Iqbal, M. Z., Shafiq, M. & Farooqi, Z. R. (2008). Reduction in germination and seedling growth of Thespesia populnea L., caused by lead and cadmium treatments. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(6), 2419-2426.
- Kaur, H., Nazir, F., Hussain, S. J., Kaur, R., Rajurkar, A. B., Kumari, S., Siddiqui, M. H., Mahajan, M., Khatoon, S. & Khan, M. I. R. (2023). Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium-induced seed germination inhibition through modulation of carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant capacity in mung bean seedlings. Sustainability, 15, 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043790
- Korkmaz, H. E., Akgün, M., Çelebi, M. S. & Korkmaz, K. (2023). Fındık zurufu ve biyoçarından üretilen demir nanopartiküllerinin (FeONP) yaşlanmış börülce tohumlarında çimlenme üzerine etkisi. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29278/azd.1336772
- Kumar, M., Pant, B., Mondal, S. & Bose, B. (2016). Hydro and halo priming: Influenced germination responses in wheat var-huw-468 under heavy metal stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38, 217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2226-3
- Mami, Y., Ahmadi, G., Shahmoradi, M. & Ghorbani, H. R. (2011). Influence of different concentration of heavy metals on the seed germination and growth of tomato. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(6), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST10.260
- Mavi, K., Karaca, F. & Yetişir, H. (2010, Haziran 23-26). Doğal olarak yaşlanmış kavun tohumlarında farklı uygulamaların çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkileri. VIII. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu, Van, Türkiye.
- Moulick, D., Ghosh, D. & Santra, C. S. (2016). Evaluation of effectiveness of seed priming with selenium in rice during germination under arsenic stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 109, 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.004
- Okcu, M., Tozlu, E., Kumlay, A. M. & Pehluvan, M. (2009). Ağır metallerin bitkiler üzerine etkileri. Alınteri, 17(B), 14-26.
- Razaq, M. K. & Kadhim, R. E. (2018). Effect of different concentrations of nickel chloride in an imbibition, physiological and molecular parameters of Cucumis sativus L. seeds. Plant Archives, 18(1), 566-570.
- Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Abbas, T., Rehman, M. Z., Hannan, F., Keller, C., Al-Wabel, M. I. & Ok, Y.S. (2016). Cadmium minimization in wheat: a critical review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 130, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.001
- Saharan, B. S., Brar, B., Duhan, J. S., Kumar, R., Marwaha, S., Rajput, V. D. & Minkina, T. (2022). Molecular and physiological mechanisms to mitigate abiotic stress conditions in plants. Life, 12, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101634
- Sethy, S. K. & Ghosh, S. (2013). Effect of heavy metals on germination of seeds. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 4(2), 272-275. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.116964
- Shafiq, M., Iqbal, M. Z. & Mohammad, A. (2008). Effect of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 12(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i3.55497
- Shao, Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, D., Ma, L. & Li, C. (2011). Effects of arsenic , cadmium and lead on growth and respiratory enzymes activity in wheat seedlings. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(19), 4505–4512. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.342
- Smiri, M. (2011). Effect of cadmium on germination, growth, redox and oxidative properties in Pisum sativum seeds. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(3), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.5897/JECE.9000017
- Sneideris, L. C., Gavassi, M. A., Campos, M. L., D’amico-Damiao, V. & Carvalho, R. F. (2015). Effects of hormonal priming on seed germination of pigeon pea under cadmium stress. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 87(3), 1847–1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140332
- Wierzbicka, M. & Obidzinska, J. (1998). The effect of lead on seed imbibition and germination in different plant species. Plant Science, 137, 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00138-1