Teknoloji Odaklı Endüstri 4.0’dan İnsan Merkezli Endüstri 5.0’a Çalışmanın Geleceği

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 175 - 200, 06.03.2026

Ayhan Görmüş

https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1646027

https://izlik.org/JA47ZJ75JJ

Öz

2008 Küresel Ekonomik Krizi’nden sonra, Avrupa Birliği’nin kaybettiği rekabet avantajının geri kazanmak için geliştirdiği stratejilerden biri de Endüstri 4.0'a geçiştir. Bu çerçevede Endüstri 4.0'ın temel odak noktasını endüstriyel üretimde yüksek verimlilik ve esneklik sağlayan otomasyon ve robotik teknolojiler ile dijital ve yapay zekâ destekli teknolojilerin kullanılması oluşturmaktadır. Ancak Endüstri 4.0'ın sosyal adalet ve sürdürülebilirlik gibi ilkelerden yoksun olmasının yanı sıra, iklim değişikliğine yönelik yeşil ekonomiye geçiş, Covid-19 pandemisi ve (jeo)-politik riskler Endüstri 5.0’a geçişi gerekli kılmıştır. Aslında Endüstri 5.0 teknoloji odaklı bir endüstriyel yaklaşımdan insan merkezli, sürdürülebilir ve dayanıklı bir endüstriyel yaklaşıma geçilmesini vurgulamaktadır. Ancak Endüstri 5.0’a geçişin mevcut işgücü piyasasını büyük ölçüde yeniden şekillendirmesi ve işgücünün büyük bir kısmını beceri geliştirme ve yeniden beceri kazanma ile karşı karşıya bırakması beklenmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, Endüstri 4.0’ın istihdam hacmi, işgücünün niteliği ve endüstri ilişkileri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırarak, insan merkezli Endüstri 5.0’a geçişin çalışmanın geleceğini nasıl etkileyeceğini kavramsal olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu açıdan eğitim sistemlerinin Endüstri 5.0'ın ihtiyaç duyacağı iş-vasıf gereklerini dikkate alarak gerekli güncellemeleri yapması Endüstri 5.0’a geçişin başarısı açısından son derece önemli olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endüstri 4.0 , dijital beceriler , Endüstri 5.0 , insan merkezlilik , sürdürebilirlik

The Future of Work from Technology-Oriented Industry 4.0 to Human-Centered Industry 5.0

https://izlik.org/JA47ZJ75JJ

Öz

After the 2008 Global Economic Crisis, the transition to Industry 4.0 is one of the strategies developed by the European Union to regain its lost competitive advantage. In this regard, the focus of Industry 4.0 is the use of automation and robotic technologies and digital and artificial intelligence-supported technologies that provide high efficiency and flexibility in industrial production. However, in addition to Industry 4.0's lack of principles such as social justice and sustainability, the transition to a green economy for climate change, the Covid-19 pandemic and (geo)-political risks have made the transition to Industry 5.0 necessary. In fact, Industry 5.0 emphasises the transition from a technology-oriented industrial approach to a human-centred, sustainable and resilient industrial approach. However, the transition to Industry 5.0 is expected to drastically reshape the current labour market and expose a large part of the workforce to upskilling and reskilling. From this perspective, this study aims to conceptually examine how the transition to human-centric Industry 5.0 will affect the future of work by investigating the effects of Industry 4.0 on the quantity of employment, the qualification of labour, and industrial relations. In this respect, it will be extremely important for the success of the transition to Industry 5.0 that education systems make the necessary updates by considering the job-skill requirements needed by Industry 5.0.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Industry 4.0 , digital skills , Industry 5.0 , human-centredness , sustainability

Kaynakça

• Ahrendt, D. and Mascherini, M. (2020). Living, working and Covid-19. Eurofound First findings Report – April 2020.
• Alves, J, Lima, T.M. and Gaspar, P.D. (2023). Is industry 5.0 a human-centred approach? A systematic review. Processes, 11(1), 193, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010193.
• Balliester, T. and Elsheikhi, A. (2018). The future of work: A literature review. ILO Research Department, Working Paper No. 29.
• Belzunegui-Eraso, A. and Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Teleworking in the context of the Covid-19 crisis. Sustainability, 12, 3662: 1-18.
• BRICS Business Council (2017). Skill development for industry 4.0. A White Paper by BRICS Skill Development Working Group, BRICS Business Council, India Group. Erişim adresi http://www.globalskillsummit.com/ Whitepaper-Summary.pdf (11.06.2019).
• Bonekamp, L. and Sure, M. (2015). Consequences of industry 4.0 on human labour and work organisation. Journal of Business and Media Psychology, 6(1), 33-44.
• Bosch, G. and Schmitz-Kießler, J. (2020). Shaping industry 4.0 – An experimental approach developed by German trade unions. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 26(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258920918480.
• Breque, M., De Nul, L. and Petridis, A. (2021). Industry 5.0 – Towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry. Publications Office of the European Union, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/308407.
• Bonin, H., Gregory, T. and Zierahn, U. (2015). Übertragung der studie von Frey/Osborne (2013) auf Deutschland. ENDBERICHT Kurzexpertise Nr. 57. Erişim adresi ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/gutachten/Kurzexpertise_BMAS_ZEW2015.pdf (31.03.2025).
• Choi, J. (2017). The future of jobs and the fourth industrial revolution: Business as usual for unusual business. The World Bank. Erişim adresi https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/future-jobs-and-fourth-industrial-revolution-business-usual-unusual-business (11.06.2019).
• Ciffolilli, A., & Muscio, A. (2018). Industry 4.0: national and regional comparative advantages in key enabling technologies. European Planning Studies, 26(12), 2323-2343.
• Cirillo, V, Rinaldini, M., Staccioli, J. and Virgillito, M.E. (2023). Trade unions’ responses to industry 4.0 amid corporatism and resistance. PSL Quarterly Review, 76(305), 91-120. https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3643/18083.
• Carayannis, E.G. and Morawska‑Jancelewicz, J. (2022). The futures of Europe: Society 5.0 and industry 5.0 as driving forces of future universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13, 3445–3471, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00854-2.
• Dantas, T.E.T., de-Souza, E.D., Destro, I.R. et al. (2021). How the combination of circular economy and industry 4.0 can contribute towards achieving the sustainable development goals. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 213-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.005.
• Davies, R. (2015). Industry 4.0 digitalisation for productivity and growth. Briefing, European Parliamentary Research Service.
• Desire2Learn (2019). The future of skills in the age of 4th industrial revolution. Erişim adresi https://www.d2l.com/resources/assets/the-future-of-skills-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ (08.07.2022).
• De Stefano, V. and Taes, S. (2023). Algorithmic management and collective bargaining. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 29(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589221141055.
• Dafoe, A. (2015). On technological determinism: A typology, scope conditions, and a mechanism. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40(6), 1047-1076. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915579283
• European Commission (2018). Shaping Europe’s digital future: The fourth industrial revolution.
• European Commission (2020). Shaping Europe’s digital future. Erişim adresi https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2020-02/communication-shaping-europes-digital-future-feb2020_en_4.pdf (31.03.2025).
• European Commission (2022). Industry 5.0: A transformative vision for Europe. Governing Systemic Transformations towards a Sustainable Industry. ESIR Policy Brief No. 3 (31.03.2025).
• Flynn, J., Dance, S. and Schaefer, D. (2017). Industry 4.0 and its potential impact on employment demographics in the UK. 15th International Conference on Manufacturing Research. University of Greenwich, London, UK.
• Frey, C.B. and Osborne, M.A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 114, 254–280.
• Ford, M. (2009). The lights in the tunnel: Automation, accelerating technology and the economy of the future. USA: Acculant Publishing.
• Fukuyama, M. (2018). Society 5.0: Aiming for a new human-centered society. Japan Spotlight, 1, 47-50.
• Gagnidze, I. (2023). Industry 4.0 and industry 5.0: Can clusters deal with the challenges? (A systemic approach). Kybernetes, 52(7), 2270-2287, https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2022-1005.
• Gasparri, S. and Tassinari, A. (2020). ‘Smart’ industrial relations in the making? Insights from analysis of union responses to digitalization in Italy. Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 75(4), 796–817.
• Golovianko, M., Terziyan, V, Branytskyi, V. and Malyk, D. (2023). Industry 4.0 vs. industry 5.0: Co-existence, transition, or a hybrid. Procedia Computer Science, 217, 102-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.206.
• Guppta, K. (2016). Will labor unions survive in the era of automation? Forbes, Erişim adresi https://www.forbes.com/sites/kaviguppta/2016/10/12/will-labor-unions-survive-in-the-era-of-automation/#2cd6eb433b22 (31.03.2025).
• Hinton, S. (2018). How the fourth industrial revolution is impacting the future of work. Forbes. Erişim adresi https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2018/10/19/how-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-is-impacting-the-future-of-work/#62c9f90a65a7 (11.06.2019).
• Hoffman, FG. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars. Institute for Policy Studies.
• Huang, S., Wang, B., Li, X., Zheng, P., Mourtzis, D. and Wang, L. (2022). Industry 5.0 and society 5.0—comparison, complementation and co-evolution. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.07.010.
• International Federation of Robotics (IFR) (2017). The impact of robots on productivity, employment and jobs. A Positioning paper by the International Federation of Robotics.
• Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W. and Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative industrie 4.0, securing the future of German manufacturing industry. Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group, Acatech - National Academy of Science and Engineering. Erişim adresi https://www.din.de/blob/76902/e8cac883f42bf28536e7e8165993f1fd/recommendationsfor-implementing-industry-4-0-data.pdf (29.11.2020).
• Kergroach, S. (2017). Industry 4.0: New challenges and opportunities for the labour market. Foresight and STI Governance, 11(4), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2017.4.6.8.
• Kusmin, K-L. (2012). Information society approaches and ICT processes industry 4.0. IFI8101. Erişim adresi http://www.tlu.ee/~pnormak/ISA/Analytical articles/2-Industry 4.0 - Kusmin.pdf (11.06.2019)
• Lee, J. (2015). Smart factory systems. Informatik-Spektrum, 38(3), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-015-0891-z.
• Leng, J., Sha, W., Wang, B. et al. (2022). Industry 5.0: Prospect and retrospect. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 65, 279-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.09.017.
• Morrar, R, Arman, H. and Mousa, S. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0): A social innovation perspective. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 12-20.
• Moore, P.V., Upchurch, M. and Whittaker, X. (2018). Humans and machines at work- monitoring, surveillance and automation in contemporary capitalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Muller, J. (2020). Enabling technologies for industry 5.0. Results of a Workshop with Europe’s Technology Leaders, Independent Expert Report. European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, https://doi.org/10.2777/082634.
• OECD (2019). The Future of work, OECD employment outlook 2019. Erişim adresi https://www.oecd.org/employment/Employment-Outlook-2019-Highlight-EN.pdf (08 07.2022).
• Ogawa, N. (2018). Society 5.0 – Co-creating the future. Keidanren Policy Proposals. Erişim adresi http://www.keidanren.or.jp/en/policy/2018/095.html, (13.01.2024)
• Pfeiffer, S. (2017). Industrie 4.0 in the making - Discourse patterns and the rise of digital despotism. Kendra Briken, Shiona Chillas, Martin Krzywdzinski and Abigail Marks (eds.), içinde The New Digital Workplace, London: Palgrave,
• Rejikumar, G., Raja, S.V., Arunprasad, P., Persis, J., and Sreeraj, K.M. (2019). Industry 4.0: Key findings and analysis from the literature arena. Benchmarking: A International Journal, 26(8), 2514–2542. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2018-0281.
• Riminucci, M. (2018). Industry 4.0 and human resources development: A view from Japan. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies, 7(1), 1-16.
• Saniuk, S., Grabowska, S. and Straka, M. (2022). Identification of social and economic expectations: Contextual reasons for the transformation process of industry 4.0 into the industry 5.0 concept. Sustainability, 14(3), 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031391.
• Schroeder, W. (2016). Germany’s industry 4.0 strategy rhine capitalism in the age of digitalisation. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, London, The United Kingdom.
• Schumpeter, J.A. (1942). The process of creative destruction. İçinde Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Ch. 7, New York, Harper, 82–85.
• Sułkowski, Ł., Kolasinska-Morawska, K., Seliga, R. and Morawski, P. (2021). Smart learning technologization in the economy 5.0—The Polish perspective. Applied Science, 11, 5261. https:// doi. org/ 10.3390/ app11 115261.
• Teixeira, J.E. and Tavares-Lehmann, A.T.C.P. (2022). Industry 4.0 in the European Union: Policies and national strategies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, 121664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121664.
• Visser, J. (2019). Trade unions in the balance. Geneva: International Labour Organization’s Bureau for Workers’ Activities.
• World Economic Forum (DEF) (2025). The future of jobs report 2025. Insight Report, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Xu, L. D. (2020). The contribution of systems science to Industry 4.0. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 37(4), 618-631.
• Xu, X., Lu, Y., Vogel-Heuser, B. and Wang, L. (2021). Industry 4.0 and industry 5.0—Inception, conception and perception. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 61, 530-535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.10.006.
• Zhang, C. and Chen, Y. (2020). A review of relevant to the emerging industry trends: Industry 4.0, IoT, blockchain, and business analytics. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management-Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 51(1), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2424862219500192.
• Zheng, P., Wang, H., Sang, Z. et al. (2018). Smart manufacturing systems for industry 4.0: conceptual framework, scenarios, and future perspectives. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 13(2), 137-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-018-0499-5.