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Endüstri 4.0 ve Yaşlı Çalışanların İstihdam Edilebilirliği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 61 - 76, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202035105

Öz

Nüfusun yaşlanması ile birlikte hızlı teknolojik yenilikler, işin geleceğini dönüştürmektedir. Endüstri 4.0 olarak nitelendirilen teknolojik dönüşüm bağlamında, sistem karmaşıklığının artması ve fiziksel çalışma ortamının giderek daha fazla otomatik hale gelmesi, yeni işler ile ilgili görevlerde karmaşık bilgiyi uygulama, yeni bilgi oluşturma ve bilgiyi aktarma gibi becerileri gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu durum, yeterli bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi (BİT) becerisine sahip olmayan yaşlı çalışanların istihdam edilebilirliğini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Ancak, günümüzde beklenen yaşam süresinin artmasıyla daha fazla yaşlı çalışan aktif olarak işgücü piyasasında yer aldığı için, teknolojik dönüşüm, işletmeler ve çalışanlar için esnek kariyer modelleri ve yaş dostu çalışma ortamları geliştiren politikaları mümkün kılmakta ve talep etmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Endüstri 4.0, yaşlı çalışanların istihdam edilebilirliği açısından birtakım tehditler içerirken, çeşitli teknolojik sistemlerle onların istihdamına katkı da sağlayabilmektedir. Buradan hareketle, çalışmada ilk olarak Endüstri 4.0 kavramı ve işin yapısı ve beceriler üzerine etkileri incelenecektir. Daha sonra, Endüstri 4.0 bağlamında yaşlı çalışanlar ve yaşlı çalışanlara yönelik uygulamalar irdelenecektir.

Teşekkür

Bu makale 6. Uluslararası Sosyal Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Sempozyumu’nda (18-20 Nisan 2019 – Alanya/Antalya) sözlü olarak sunulan “Endüstri 4.0 ve Yaşlanan İşgücü” başlıklı özet bildirinin geliştirilmiş halidir.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., ve Restrepo, P. (2018). Demographics and Automation. Nber Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24421.
  • Aulbur, W., Arvind, Cj., ve Rishi, B. (2016). Skill Development for Industry 4.0. BRICS Skill Development Working Group.
  • Axelrad, H., Luski, I. ve Miki, M. (2013). Difficulties of Integrating Older Workers into the Labor Market: Exploring the Israeli Labor Market. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(12), 1058-1076.
  • Basu, M., Sung, P., Hedrich, W., ve Chacko, L. (2018). The Twin Threats of Aging and Automation. Marsch & McLennan Companies, Mercer.
  • Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., ve Rosenberg, M. (2014). How Virtualization, Decentralization and Network Building Change the Manufacturing Landscape: An Industry 4.0 Perspective. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering, 8(1), 2014, 37-44.
  • Czaja, S.J., Neil, C., Arthur, D. F., Christopher, H., Sankaran, N. N., Wendy, A. R., ve Joseph, S. (2006). Factors Predicting the Use of Technology: Findings From the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE). Psychol Aging, 21(2), 2006, 333-352.
  • Davies, R. (2015). Industry 4.0 Digitalisation for Productivity and Growth. European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the Economy and Its Impact on Labour Markets. The European Trade Union Institute, Working Paper.
  • Department For Work & Pensions. (2017). Fuller Working Lives Evidence Base 2017. Government Social Research, London, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/648979/fuller-working-lives-evidence-base-2017.pdf (19.02.2019).
  • Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odası (EBSO). (2015), Sanayi 4.0. Ege Bölgesi Sanayiciler Odası Araştırma Müdürlüğü.
  • Gehrke, L., Rule, D., Bellmann, C., Dawood, D., Kulik, J., Kuhn, A.T., Moore, P., Siemes, S., Singh, L., ve Standley, M. (2015). Industry 4.0, A Discussion of Qualifications and Skills in the Factory of the Future: A German and American Perspective. Titelbild: VDI-Haus Düsseldorf.
  • Ilmarinen, J. (2005), Towards a Longer Worklife! Ageing and the Quality of Worklife in the European Union. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki.
  • International Federation of Robotics. (2017), Executive Summary World Robotics 2017 Industrial Robots. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2018/Executive_Summary_WR_2018_Industrial_Robots.pdf(17.02.2019).
  • Kahraman, H. Artırılmış Gerçeklik (Augmented Reality). https://www.endustri40.com/artirilmis-gerceklik-augmented-reality/ (15.02.2019).
  • Kleindienst, M., Wolf, M., Ramsauer, C., ve Pammer-Schindler, V. (2016). Industry 4.0: What Workers Need and What ICT Can Give - An Analysis. 16th International Conference on Knowledge Technologies and Data-driven Business (i-KNOW 2016), Graz, Austria, 1-6.
  • Kooij, T. A. M. (2010). Motivating Older Workers: A Lifespan Perspective on the Role of Perceived HR Practices.Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/42189832/9126.pdf (20.12.2019).
  • Lia, K.Z.H. ve Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations Between Aging Sensory/Sensorimotor and Cognitive Functions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 777–783.
  • Lincoln, J. (2017). An Ageing Workforce in The Digital Era: Older Workers, Technology and Skills. Business in the Community, The Prince’s Responsible Business Network, Tata Consultancy Services.
  • Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 6, 2017, 1-10.
  • Marjanovic, U., Lalic, B., Delić, M., ve Tasic, N. (2017). Industry 4.0: Evidence from Transitional Economy. 9th Annual ICGBEEAH, 92-102.
  • Marmora, P. ve Ritter, M. (2014). Unemployment and the Retirement Decisions of Older Workers. Department of Economics DETU Working Paper 14-01. Philadelphia.
  • Mcnair, S. (2011). Older People and Skills in a Changing Economy. UK Commission For Employment and Skills Briefing Paper Series.
  • Meyer, J. (2007). Older Workers and the Adoption of New Technologies. Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 07-050.
  • Nagy, J, Oláh, J., Erdei, E., Máté, D., ve Popp, J., (2018). The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things on the Business Strategy of the Value Chain-The Case of Hungary Sustainability.MDPI, Open Access Journal,10(10), 1-25.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2015). World Population Ageing 2015 Highlights.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2017). World Population Ageing 2017 Highlights.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2018). Why Are Digital Skills Critical For Older Persons?. 56th Commission for Social Development, Strategies For Eradicating Poverty to Achieve Sustainable Development For All.
  • OECD, (1998). Employment Outlook 1998. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD, (2005). Ageing and Employment Policies Netherlands - Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).
  • OECD, (2013). Employment Outlook 2013. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD. (2015). Promoting Active Ageing in the Digital Economy: Inclusion, Adaptation and Innovation 1-2 September, 2015. Summary of Main Points. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/OECD_GCOA%20Report%202015.pdf (19.02.2019).
  • OECD. (2016). Skills for a Digital World. Policy Brief on The Future of Work.
  • OECD. (2018). Employment Outlook 2018. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD. (2019). Getting Skills Right: Future-Ready Adult Learning Systems, Getting Skills Right. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • Paelke, V. (2014). Augmented Reality in the Smart Factory Supporting Workers in an Industry 4.0. Environment, IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2014.
  • Peeters, M.C.W. ve Van Emmerik H. (2008). An Introduction to the Work and Well-being of Older Workers From Managing Threats to Creating Opportunities, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23 (4), 353-363.
  • Petrillo, A., De Felice, F., Cioffi, R., ve Zomparelli, F. (2018). Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities. Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing. (Ed. A. Petrillo, R. Cioffi ve F. De Felice,), InTech Publication, Croatia, 1-20.
  • Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus,J., Engel, P., ve Harnisch M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries, The Boston Consulting Group (BCG).
  • Schieber, F. (2003). Human Factors and Aging: Identifying and Compensating for Age-Related Deficits in Sensory and Cognitive Function. Impact of Technology on Successful Aging, (Ed. K. W. Schaie ve N. Charness), Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 42–84.
  • Schinner, M., Valdez, A. C., Noll, E., Schaar, A. K., Letmathe, P., ve Ziefle, M. (2017). Industrie 4.0’ and an Aging Workforce – A Discussion from a Psychological and a Managerial Perspective. Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population Applications, Services and Contexts, (Ed. J. Zhou ve G. Salvendy), Springer International Publishing AG, 537-556.
  • Schlund, S., Hämmerle, M., ve Strolin T. (2014). Industrie 4.0 Eine Revolution der Arbeitsgestaltung, Ingenics AG. Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation IAO.
  • Shafiq, S. I., Sanin, C., Szczerbicki E., ve Toro, C. (2015). Virtual Engineering Object / Virtual Engineering Process: A specialized form of Cyber Physical System for Industrie 4.0. Procedia Computer Science,60, 2015, 1146-1155.
  • Siemens. (2013). Industry Journal Topics, Trends, and Technologies for Decision Makers in Manufacturing. Competencies for The Future of Manufacturing, (Ed. S. Russwurm), Siemens Industry Journal, 2, 11–25.
  • Thames, L., ve Schaefer D. (2016). Software-Defined Cloud Manufacturing for Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 52, 12-17.
  • Wan, J., Cai, H. ve Zhou, K. (2015). Industrie 4.0: Enabling Technologies. 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Internet of Things (IC1T), 135-140.
  • Wolf, M., Kleindienst, M., Ramsauer, C., Zierler, C., ve Winter E. (2018). Current and Future Industrial Challenges: Demographic Change and Measures For Elderly Workers In Industry 4.0. ANNALS of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara – International Journal of Engineering Tome XVI, Fascicule 1, 67-76.
  • World Economic Forum. (2016). The Future of Jobs Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum.

Industry 4.0 and Employability of Older Workers

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 61 - 76, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202035105

Öz

With the aging of the population, rapid technological innovations transform the future of work. In the context of technological transformation, which is defined as Industry 4.0, increasing system complexity and increasingly automated physical work environment requires skills such as applying complex information, creating new information, and transferring information in new work tasks. It may adversely affect the employability of older workers who do not have sufficient information and communication technology (ICT) skills. However, with the increasing life expectancy in today, a large number of older workers actively participate in the labour market. For this reason, technological transformation makes possible and demands flexible career models and policies that develop age-friendly working environments for organisations and workers. While Industry 4.0 has a number of threats especially for the older workers, it can contribute to their employment with various technological systems. From this point of view, firstly the concept of Industry 4.0 and its effects on nature of work and skills will be examined in this study. Then, older workers in the context of Industry 4.0 and applications for older workers will be examined.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., ve Restrepo, P. (2018). Demographics and Automation. Nber Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24421.
  • Aulbur, W., Arvind, Cj., ve Rishi, B. (2016). Skill Development for Industry 4.0. BRICS Skill Development Working Group.
  • Axelrad, H., Luski, I. ve Miki, M. (2013). Difficulties of Integrating Older Workers into the Labor Market: Exploring the Israeli Labor Market. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(12), 1058-1076.
  • Basu, M., Sung, P., Hedrich, W., ve Chacko, L. (2018). The Twin Threats of Aging and Automation. Marsch & McLennan Companies, Mercer.
  • Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., ve Rosenberg, M. (2014). How Virtualization, Decentralization and Network Building Change the Manufacturing Landscape: An Industry 4.0 Perspective. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering, 8(1), 2014, 37-44.
  • Czaja, S.J., Neil, C., Arthur, D. F., Christopher, H., Sankaran, N. N., Wendy, A. R., ve Joseph, S. (2006). Factors Predicting the Use of Technology: Findings From the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE). Psychol Aging, 21(2), 2006, 333-352.
  • Davies, R. (2015). Industry 4.0 Digitalisation for Productivity and Growth. European Parliamentary Research Service.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the Economy and Its Impact on Labour Markets. The European Trade Union Institute, Working Paper.
  • Department For Work & Pensions. (2017). Fuller Working Lives Evidence Base 2017. Government Social Research, London, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/648979/fuller-working-lives-evidence-base-2017.pdf (19.02.2019).
  • Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odası (EBSO). (2015), Sanayi 4.0. Ege Bölgesi Sanayiciler Odası Araştırma Müdürlüğü.
  • Gehrke, L., Rule, D., Bellmann, C., Dawood, D., Kulik, J., Kuhn, A.T., Moore, P., Siemes, S., Singh, L., ve Standley, M. (2015). Industry 4.0, A Discussion of Qualifications and Skills in the Factory of the Future: A German and American Perspective. Titelbild: VDI-Haus Düsseldorf.
  • Ilmarinen, J. (2005), Towards a Longer Worklife! Ageing and the Quality of Worklife in the European Union. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki.
  • International Federation of Robotics. (2017), Executive Summary World Robotics 2017 Industrial Robots. https://ifr.org/downloads/press2018/Executive_Summary_WR_2018_Industrial_Robots.pdf(17.02.2019).
  • Kahraman, H. Artırılmış Gerçeklik (Augmented Reality). https://www.endustri40.com/artirilmis-gerceklik-augmented-reality/ (15.02.2019).
  • Kleindienst, M., Wolf, M., Ramsauer, C., ve Pammer-Schindler, V. (2016). Industry 4.0: What Workers Need and What ICT Can Give - An Analysis. 16th International Conference on Knowledge Technologies and Data-driven Business (i-KNOW 2016), Graz, Austria, 1-6.
  • Kooij, T. A. M. (2010). Motivating Older Workers: A Lifespan Perspective on the Role of Perceived HR Practices.Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/42189832/9126.pdf (20.12.2019).
  • Lia, K.Z.H. ve Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations Between Aging Sensory/Sensorimotor and Cognitive Functions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 777–783.
  • Lincoln, J. (2017). An Ageing Workforce in The Digital Era: Older Workers, Technology and Skills. Business in the Community, The Prince’s Responsible Business Network, Tata Consultancy Services.
  • Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 6, 2017, 1-10.
  • Marjanovic, U., Lalic, B., Delić, M., ve Tasic, N. (2017). Industry 4.0: Evidence from Transitional Economy. 9th Annual ICGBEEAH, 92-102.
  • Marmora, P. ve Ritter, M. (2014). Unemployment and the Retirement Decisions of Older Workers. Department of Economics DETU Working Paper 14-01. Philadelphia.
  • Mcnair, S. (2011). Older People and Skills in a Changing Economy. UK Commission For Employment and Skills Briefing Paper Series.
  • Meyer, J. (2007). Older Workers and the Adoption of New Technologies. Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 07-050.
  • Nagy, J, Oláh, J., Erdei, E., Máté, D., ve Popp, J., (2018). The Role and Impact of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things on the Business Strategy of the Value Chain-The Case of Hungary Sustainability.MDPI, Open Access Journal,10(10), 1-25.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2015). World Population Ageing 2015 Highlights.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2017). World Population Ageing 2017 Highlights.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2018). Why Are Digital Skills Critical For Older Persons?. 56th Commission for Social Development, Strategies For Eradicating Poverty to Achieve Sustainable Development For All.
  • OECD, (1998). Employment Outlook 1998. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD, (2005). Ageing and Employment Policies Netherlands - Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).
  • OECD, (2013). Employment Outlook 2013. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD. (2015). Promoting Active Ageing in the Digital Economy: Inclusion, Adaptation and Innovation 1-2 September, 2015. Summary of Main Points. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/OECD_GCOA%20Report%202015.pdf (19.02.2019).
  • OECD. (2016). Skills for a Digital World. Policy Brief on The Future of Work.
  • OECD. (2018). Employment Outlook 2018. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD. (2019). Getting Skills Right: Future-Ready Adult Learning Systems, Getting Skills Right. Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  • Paelke, V. (2014). Augmented Reality in the Smart Factory Supporting Workers in an Industry 4.0. Environment, IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2014.
  • Peeters, M.C.W. ve Van Emmerik H. (2008). An Introduction to the Work and Well-being of Older Workers From Managing Threats to Creating Opportunities, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23 (4), 353-363.
  • Petrillo, A., De Felice, F., Cioffi, R., ve Zomparelli, F. (2018). Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities. Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing. (Ed. A. Petrillo, R. Cioffi ve F. De Felice,), InTech Publication, Croatia, 1-20.
  • Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus,J., Engel, P., ve Harnisch M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries, The Boston Consulting Group (BCG).
  • Schieber, F. (2003). Human Factors and Aging: Identifying and Compensating for Age-Related Deficits in Sensory and Cognitive Function. Impact of Technology on Successful Aging, (Ed. K. W. Schaie ve N. Charness), Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 42–84.
  • Schinner, M., Valdez, A. C., Noll, E., Schaar, A. K., Letmathe, P., ve Ziefle, M. (2017). Industrie 4.0’ and an Aging Workforce – A Discussion from a Psychological and a Managerial Perspective. Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population Applications, Services and Contexts, (Ed. J. Zhou ve G. Salvendy), Springer International Publishing AG, 537-556.
  • Schlund, S., Hämmerle, M., ve Strolin T. (2014). Industrie 4.0 Eine Revolution der Arbeitsgestaltung, Ingenics AG. Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation IAO.
  • Shafiq, S. I., Sanin, C., Szczerbicki E., ve Toro, C. (2015). Virtual Engineering Object / Virtual Engineering Process: A specialized form of Cyber Physical System for Industrie 4.0. Procedia Computer Science,60, 2015, 1146-1155.
  • Siemens. (2013). Industry Journal Topics, Trends, and Technologies for Decision Makers in Manufacturing. Competencies for The Future of Manufacturing, (Ed. S. Russwurm), Siemens Industry Journal, 2, 11–25.
  • Thames, L., ve Schaefer D. (2016). Software-Defined Cloud Manufacturing for Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 52, 12-17.
  • Wan, J., Cai, H. ve Zhou, K. (2015). Industrie 4.0: Enabling Technologies. 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Internet of Things (IC1T), 135-140.
  • Wolf, M., Kleindienst, M., Ramsauer, C., Zierler, C., ve Winter E. (2018). Current and Future Industrial Challenges: Demographic Change and Measures For Elderly Workers In Industry 4.0. ANNALS of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara – International Journal of Engineering Tome XVI, Fascicule 1, 67-76.
  • World Economic Forum. (2016). The Future of Jobs Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. World Economic Forum.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşenur Öktem Özgür Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9011-9704

Tunç Demirbilek Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5384-6016

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2019
Kabul Tarihi 10 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Öktem Özgür, A., & Demirbilek, T. (2020). Endüstri 4.0 ve Yaşlı Çalışanların İstihdam Edilebilirliği. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202035105

İzmir İktisat Dergisi
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tarafından taranmaktadır.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınevi Web Sitesi
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https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ije/contacts


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