Küreselleşme ve Kamu Sektörü İstihdamı: Orta Gelirli Ülkeler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3, 517 - 533, 02.09.2021

Orhan Cengiz Müge Manga

https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202136302

Öz

Küreselleşmenin kamu sektörü büyüklüğü üzerindeki etkisi verimlilik hipotezi ve telafi hipotezi çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, küreselleşmenin kamu sektörü istihdamı kanalıyla kamu sektörü büyüklüğüne etkisi incelenmiştir. 2000-2014 periyodu verileriyle orta gelirli 14 ülke için yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre küreselleşme, kamu sektörü istihdamıyla negatif ilişkilidir. Diğer ifadeyle dışa açıklık arttıkça kamu sektörünün küçüleceğini öngören verimlilik hipotezini destekleyen bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan nedensellik testi bulguları, Bolivya, Brezilya, Honduras, Pakistan ve Peru’da küreselleşmeden kamu sektörü istihdamına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, kamu sektörü istihdamı, kamu harcamaları, verimlilik hipotezi, telafi hipotezi

Globalization and Public Sector Employment: An Investigation on Middle Income Countries

Öz

The impact of globalization on the size of the public sector is addressed within the context of the efficiency hypothesis and compensation hypothesis. In this study, the impact of globalization on public sector size is examined through public sector employment. According to the analysis results for 14 middle-income countries by using data over the period 2000-2014, globalization is negatively associated with public sector employment. In other words, findings have been obtained supporting the efficiency hypothesis, which predicts that the public sector downsizes as openness increases. Also, causality test findings show that there exists a one-way causality relationship running from globalization to public sector employment in Bolivia, Brazil, Honduras, Pakistan, and Peru.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globalization, public sector employment, public expenditure, efficiency hypothesis, compensatory hypothesis

Kaynakça

• Abounoori, E. ve Ghaderi, S. (2011). The Effect of Trade and Financial-Openness on Government Size: A Case Study for MENA. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 2(5), 170-174.
• Aytaç, D. (2018). Küreselleşme, İşsizlik ve Kamu İstihdamı İlişkisi. Maliye Dergisi, 174, 131-153.
• Benarroch, M. ve Pandey, M. (2012). The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Government Size: Does Disaggregating Government Expenditure Matter?. Journal of Macroeconomics, 34, 239-252.
• Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Busemeyer, M. R. (2009). From Myth to Reality: Globalisation and Public Spending in OECD Countries Revisited. European Journal of Political Research, 48, 455-482.
• Cameron, D. R. (1978). The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis. The American Political Science Review, 72(4), 1243-1261.
• Cengiz O. ve Manga M. (2020). Küreselleşme ve Kamu Harcamaları Bileşenleri Arasındaki İlişki: AB Ülkeleri Örneği. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 4(3), 807-819.
• Davidson, C., Martin, L. ve Matusz, S. (1999). Trade and Search Generated Unemployment. Journal of International Economics, 48, 271-299.
• Dreher, A. (2006). Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110.
• Dreher, A., Gaston, N. ve Martens, P. (2008a). Measuring Globalisation-Gauging Its Consequences. New York: Springer.
• Dreher, A., Sturm, J. E. ve Ursprung, H. W. (2008b). The Impact of Globalization on the Composition of Government Expenditures: Evidence from Panel Data. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 263-292.
• Eberhardt, M. ve Bond, S. (2009). Cross-Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator. MPRA Paper No. 17692.
• Epifani, P. ve Gancia, G. (2009). Openness, Government Size and the Terms of Trade. Review of Economic Studies, 76(2), 629-668.
• Garen, J. ve Trask, K. (2005). Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments? Another Look. Journal of Development Economics, 77, 533- 551.
• Garrett, G. ve Mitchell, D. (2001). Globalization, Government Spending and Taxation in the OECD. European Journal of Political Research, 39, 145-177.
• Garrett, G. (2001). Globalization and Government Spending Around the World. Studies in Comparative International Development, 35(4), 3-29.
• Gözgör, G., Bilgin, M. H. ve Zimmermann, K. F. (2019). Public Employment Decline in Developing Countries in the 21st Century: The Role of Globalization. Global Labor Organization (GLO), GLO Discussion Paper, No. 326.
• Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N. ve Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index-Revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543-574.
• Ibrahim, T. M. (2015). The Causal Link between Trade Openness and Government Size: Evidence from the Five Largest Economies in Africa. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 8(1), 121-136.
• Karakurt, B. (2011). Washington Konsensüsü’nden Küresel Mali Krize Mali Disiplin ve Türkiye’deki Gelişmeler. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 31-53.
• Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
• Liberati, P. (2013). Government Size and Trade Openness: Some Additional Insights. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 1-9.
• Pesaran, M. H. ve Smith, R. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
• Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias‐Adjusted LM test of Error Cross‐Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
• Polterovich, V. ve Popov, V. (2005). Democracy and Growth Reconsidered: Why Economic Performance of New Democracies is not Encouraging. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 1-34.
• Ram, R. (2009). Openness, Country Size, and Government Size: Additional Evidence from a Large Cross-Country Panel. Journal of Public Economics, 93, 213-218.
• Rama, M. (2003). Globalization and the Labor Market. The World Bank Research Observer, 18(2), 159-186.
• Rodrik, D. (1996). Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5537, 1-27.
• Rodrik, D. (2000). What Drives Public Employment in Developing Countries?. Review of Development Economics, 4(3), 229-243.
• Schulze, G. G. ve Ursprung, H. W. (1999). Globalisation of the Economy and the Nation State. The World Economy, 22, 295-352.
• Shahbaz, M., Rehman, H. U. ve Amir, N. (2010). The Impact of Trade and Financial-Openness on Government Size: A Case Study of Pakistan. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 6(1), 105-118.
• Shelton, C. A. (2007). The Size and Composition of Government Expenditure. Journal of Public Economics, 91, 2230-2260.
• Spence, M. (2011). The Impact of Globalization on Income and Employment. Foreign Affairs, 90(4), 28-41.
• Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
• Şenses, F. (2004). Neoliberal Küreselleşme Kalkınma için Bir Fırsat mı, Engel mi?. ERC Working Paper in Economic 04/09, 1-27.
• Şenses, F. (2010). Gelişme İktisadı ve İktisadi Gelişme-Nereden Nereye?. (5. Baskı). F. Şenses (Derl. ve Yay. Haz.), (Çev. S. Öztürk), Kalkınma İktisadı: Yükselişi ve Gerilemesi içinde (93-128. ss.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Tanzi, V. (2000). Globalization and the Future of Social Protection. IMF Working Paper, WP/OO/12, 1-22.
• Tanzi, V. (2004). Globalization, Social Protection and Public Finance. Politiche Pubbliche, Sviluppo E Crescita, 1-35.
• Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2017). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• World Bank (2018). The Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators (WWBI) Dataset. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
• Wu, A. M. ve Lin, M. (2010). Determinants of Government Size: Evidence from China. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 1-26.