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Surveillance Capitalism as a Form of Biopower in Historical Perspective

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 778 - 792, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1047476

Öz

Information has become the most important commodity of markets since the Oil Crisis of 1973. This period is also called as New Economy in which industry lost its previous value while services using the new information technologies are put in the core of economic activities. The rise of information technologies has brought forth new ways to generate profits. IT companies have directed their marketing interests to generate profits in behavioral forecasting models through which future behaviors of individuals can be predicted by means of machine intelligence. Accordingly, since the capital accumulation of the new stage is based on the surveillance of individuals, Shoshana Zuboff called this new stage as “surveillance capitalism”. This shift in the market interests can be understood within its historical context in which the management strategies were already being shifted from a sociological bureaucracy to new Taylorist scientific management based on continual surveillance. Thus, surveillance capitalism can be interpreted as a new “technology of the self” aiming at subordination of individuals through psychological manipulations within neoliberal governmentality. This article aims to put forth the historical link between the emergence of surveillance capitalism and the use of individualized management strategies as a new form of capitalistic biopower.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G., Estrada-Villalta, S., Sullivan, D., & Markus, H. R. (2019). The Psychology of Neoliberalism and the Neoliberalism of Psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12305
  • Agnoletto, S. (2013). Periodic Crises in Capitalism: Pathological or Restorative? Science & Society, 77(4), 459–485.
  • Alexander, C. P. (1983, May 30). The New Economy. Time. http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,926013,00.html
  • Angela Merkel calls Trump Twitter ban ‘problematic’ | DW | 11.01.2021. (2021). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-calls-trump-twitter-ban-problematic/a-56197684
  • Barbrook, R., & Cameron, A. (1996). The Californian ideology. Science as Culture, 6(1), 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505439609526455
  • Bornemann, A. H. (1976). The Keynesian Paradigm and Public Administration. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 35(3), 277–286.
  • Brin, S., & Page, L. (2012). Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks, 56(18), 3825–3833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.10.007
  • Buchanan, J. M., & Musgrave, R. A. (1999). Public Finance and Public Choice: Two Contrasting Visions of the State. MIT Press.
  • Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (2004). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. University of Michigan Press.
  • Cain, F. (2005). Computers and the Cold War: United States Restrictions on the Export of Computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China. Journal of Contemporary History, 40(1), 131–147.
  • Castellacci, F. (2006). Innovation, diffusion and catching up in the fifth long wave. Futures, 38(7), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.12.007
  • Castells, M., & Aoyama, Y. (1994). Paths towards the Informational Society: Employment Structure in G-7 Countries, 1920-90. International Labour Review, 133, 5.
  • Chomsky, N. (2011). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. Seven Stories Press.
  • De Pina Cabral, M. J. C. (2003). John Von Neumann’s Contribution to Economic Science. International Social Science Review, 78(3/4), 126–137.
  • DePriest, J. (2018). American Crusades: The Rise and Fulfillment of the Protestant Establishment. Lexington Books.
  • Drucker: F. (1993). The rise of the knowledge society. The Wilson Quarterly, 17(2), 52–72.
  • Drucker: F. (2013). Post-Capitalist Society. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Duggan, L. (2019). How Ayn Rand Became the Spirit of Our Time. Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/how-ayn-rand-became-the-spirit-of-our-time/
  • Faucher, K. X. (2018). Alienation 2.0 – Symptoms of Narcissism and Aggression. In C. Fuchs (Ed.), Social Capital Online (Vol. 7: 87–108). University of Westminster Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5vddrd.8
  • Foucault, M. (1998). Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. New Press.
  • Friedman, M. (2020). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.
  • Geiger, N. (2014). CYCLES « VERSUS » GROWTH IN SCHUMPETER: A graphical interpretation of some core theoretical remarks. Cahiers d’économie Politique / Papers in Political Economy, 67, 35–54.
  • Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism and the City. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.977
  • Hayek, F. A. (2001). The Road to Serfdom. Psychology Press.
  • Hutchinson, C. (2008). Reagan, Thatcher and the 1980s. In C. Hutchinson (Ed.), Reaganism, Thatcherism and the Social Novel (pp. 15–37). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594906_2
  • Jacobs, A. (2021). From Tech Critique to Ways of Living. The New Atlantis, 63, 25–42.
  • Keyes, R. (2004). The Post-truth Era: Dishonesty And Deception In Contemporary Life. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Laing, R. D. (1999). The Politics of the Family, and Other Essays. Psychology Press.
  • Lanier, J. (2018). Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now. Henry Holt and Company.
  • Mager, A. (2012). Algorithmic Ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056
  • Mathews, J. A. (2013). The renewable energies technology surge: A new techno-economic paradigm in the making? Futures, 46, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2012.12.001
  • McIlvenny, P., Klausen, J. Z., & Lindegaard, L. B. (Eds.). (2016). Studies of Discourse and Governmentality: New perspectives and methods. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • McLuhan, M. (2016). The Medium is the Message: Understanding the Information World. Clearfield Group LLC.
  • McMullin, B. (2000). John von Neumann and the Evolutionary Growth of Complexity: Looking Backward, Looking Forward. Artificial Life, 6(4), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103674
  • Mérő, L. (1998). John von Neumann’s Game Theory. In L. Mérő (Ed.), Moral Calculations: Game Theory, Logic, and Human Frailty (pp. 83–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1654-4_6
  • Meserve, S. A., & Pemstein, D. (2018). Google Politics: The Political Determinants of Internet Censorship in Democracies*. Political Science Research and Methods, 6(2), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.1
  • Monthly Review | The New Economy. (2001, April 1). Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2001/04/01/the-new-economy/
  • Neumann, J. V., & Morgenstern, O. (2020). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Golden Keys Success.
  • Palley, T. I. (2005). From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. Pluto Press.
  • Peters, M. A. (2008). Leo Strauss and the neoconservative critique of the liberal university: Postmodernism, relativism and the culture wars. Critical Studies in Education, 49(1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508480701813524
  • Piore, M., & Sabel, C. (1986). The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities For Prosperity. Basic Books.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.
  • Pyysiäinen, J., Halpin, D., & Guilfoyle, A. (2017). Neoliberal governance and ‘responsibilization’ of agents: Reassessing the mechanisms of responsibility-shift in neoliberal discursive environments. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 18(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2017.1331858
  • Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
  • Rifkin, J. (2019). The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
  • Rose, J. (2017). Brexit, Trump, and Post-Truth Politics. Public Integrity, 19(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1285540
  • Rose-Redwood, R. S. (2006). Governmentality, Geography, and the Geo-Coded World. Progress in Human Geography, 30(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132506ph619oa
  • Sagan, S. D. (1991). History, Analogy, and Deterrence Theory. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/204567
  • Schram, S. F., & Pavlovskaya, M. (2017). Rethinking Neoliberalism: Resisting the Disciplinary Regime. Routledge.
  • Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Simpson, T. W. (2012). Evaluating Google As An Epistemic Tool. Metaphilosophy, 43(4), 426–445.
  • Stiroh, K. (1999). Is There a New Economy? Challenge, 42(4), 82–101.
  • Teo, T. (2018). Homo neoliberalus: From personality to forms of subjectivity. Theory & Psychology, 28(5), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354318794899
  • Terranova, T. (2017). A Neomonadology of Social (Memory) Production. In I. Blom, T. Lundemo, & E. Røssaak (Eds.), Memory in Motion (pp. 287–306). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1jd94f0.15
  • Tickell, A., & Peck, J. A. (1992). Accumulation, regulation and the geographies of post-Fordism: Missing links in regulationist research. Progress in Human Geography, 16(2), 190–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259201600203
  • Vaïsse, J. (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Harvard University Press.
  • Vedel, A., & Thomsen, D. K. (2017). The Dark Triad across academic majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.030
  • Wagner: (2002). The Project of Emancipation and the Possibility of Politics, or, What’s Wrong with Post-1968 Individualism? Thesis Eleven, 68(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513602068001003
  • Žižek, S. (2020). Pandemic! COVID-19 Shakes the World. OR Books.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power: Barack Obama’s Books of 2019. Profile Books.
  • Zukerfeld, M. (2017). Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism. University of Westminster Press.

Tarihsel Perspektifte Bir Biyoiktidar Biçimi Olarak Gözetim Kapitalizmi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 778 - 792, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1047476

Öz

1973 Petrol Krizi’nden bu yana bilgi, pazarların en önemli emtiası haline geldi. Sanayinin değerini kaybettiği ve bilişim teknolojilerini kullanan hizmetlerin ön plana çıktığı bu döneme aynı zamanda Yeni Ekonomi adı verildi. Bilgi teknolojilerinin yükselişi yeni kâr üretme yollarını da getirdi. Bilişim şirketleri, pazar ilgilerini bireylerin davranışlarının öğrenen makineler yoluyla tahmin edildiği davranış tahmin modellerine yönlendirdi. Bu bağlamda yeni dönemin sermaye birikiminin bireylerin gözetimine odaklanmasından hareketle Shoshana Zuboff yeni döneme “gözetim kapitalizmi” adını verdi. Pazar ilgilerindeki bu değişme, halihazırda yönetim stratejilerinin sosyolojik olarak düzenlenmiş bir bürokrasiden sürekli gözetime dayalı yeni bir Taylorist bilimsel yönetişime geçtiği tarihsel bağlam içinde anlaşılabilir. Gözetim kapitalizmi, neoliberal yönetimsellik içinde bireylere psikolojik manipülasyon yoluyla boyun eğdirmeyi amaçlayan yeni bir “özne teknolojisi” olarak yorumlanabilir. Bu makale, gözetim kapitalizminin ortaya çıkışı ile yeni bir kapitalist biyo-iktidar biçimi olarak bireyselleştirilmiş yönetim stratejilerinin kullanımı arasındaki tarihsel ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G., Estrada-Villalta, S., Sullivan, D., & Markus, H. R. (2019). The Psychology of Neoliberalism and the Neoliberalism of Psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12305
  • Agnoletto, S. (2013). Periodic Crises in Capitalism: Pathological or Restorative? Science & Society, 77(4), 459–485.
  • Alexander, C. P. (1983, May 30). The New Economy. Time. http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,926013,00.html
  • Angela Merkel calls Trump Twitter ban ‘problematic’ | DW | 11.01.2021. (2021). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-calls-trump-twitter-ban-problematic/a-56197684
  • Barbrook, R., & Cameron, A. (1996). The Californian ideology. Science as Culture, 6(1), 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505439609526455
  • Bornemann, A. H. (1976). The Keynesian Paradigm and Public Administration. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 35(3), 277–286.
  • Brin, S., & Page, L. (2012). Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks, 56(18), 3825–3833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.10.007
  • Buchanan, J. M., & Musgrave, R. A. (1999). Public Finance and Public Choice: Two Contrasting Visions of the State. MIT Press.
  • Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (2004). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. University of Michigan Press.
  • Cain, F. (2005). Computers and the Cold War: United States Restrictions on the Export of Computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China. Journal of Contemporary History, 40(1), 131–147.
  • Castellacci, F. (2006). Innovation, diffusion and catching up in the fifth long wave. Futures, 38(7), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.12.007
  • Castells, M., & Aoyama, Y. (1994). Paths towards the Informational Society: Employment Structure in G-7 Countries, 1920-90. International Labour Review, 133, 5.
  • Chomsky, N. (2011). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. Seven Stories Press.
  • De Pina Cabral, M. J. C. (2003). John Von Neumann’s Contribution to Economic Science. International Social Science Review, 78(3/4), 126–137.
  • DePriest, J. (2018). American Crusades: The Rise and Fulfillment of the Protestant Establishment. Lexington Books.
  • Drucker: F. (1993). The rise of the knowledge society. The Wilson Quarterly, 17(2), 52–72.
  • Drucker: F. (2013). Post-Capitalist Society. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Duggan, L. (2019). How Ayn Rand Became the Spirit of Our Time. Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/how-ayn-rand-became-the-spirit-of-our-time/
  • Faucher, K. X. (2018). Alienation 2.0 – Symptoms of Narcissism and Aggression. In C. Fuchs (Ed.), Social Capital Online (Vol. 7: 87–108). University of Westminster Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5vddrd.8
  • Foucault, M. (1998). Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. New Press.
  • Friedman, M. (2020). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.
  • Geiger, N. (2014). CYCLES « VERSUS » GROWTH IN SCHUMPETER: A graphical interpretation of some core theoretical remarks. Cahiers d’économie Politique / Papers in Political Economy, 67, 35–54.
  • Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism and the City. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.977
  • Hayek, F. A. (2001). The Road to Serfdom. Psychology Press.
  • Hutchinson, C. (2008). Reagan, Thatcher and the 1980s. In C. Hutchinson (Ed.), Reaganism, Thatcherism and the Social Novel (pp. 15–37). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594906_2
  • Jacobs, A. (2021). From Tech Critique to Ways of Living. The New Atlantis, 63, 25–42.
  • Keyes, R. (2004). The Post-truth Era: Dishonesty And Deception In Contemporary Life. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Laing, R. D. (1999). The Politics of the Family, and Other Essays. Psychology Press.
  • Lanier, J. (2018). Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now. Henry Holt and Company.
  • Mager, A. (2012). Algorithmic Ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056
  • Mathews, J. A. (2013). The renewable energies technology surge: A new techno-economic paradigm in the making? Futures, 46, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2012.12.001
  • McIlvenny, P., Klausen, J. Z., & Lindegaard, L. B. (Eds.). (2016). Studies of Discourse and Governmentality: New perspectives and methods. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • McLuhan, M. (2016). The Medium is the Message: Understanding the Information World. Clearfield Group LLC.
  • McMullin, B. (2000). John von Neumann and the Evolutionary Growth of Complexity: Looking Backward, Looking Forward. Artificial Life, 6(4), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103674
  • Mérő, L. (1998). John von Neumann’s Game Theory. In L. Mérő (Ed.), Moral Calculations: Game Theory, Logic, and Human Frailty (pp. 83–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1654-4_6
  • Meserve, S. A., & Pemstein, D. (2018). Google Politics: The Political Determinants of Internet Censorship in Democracies*. Political Science Research and Methods, 6(2), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.1
  • Monthly Review | The New Economy. (2001, April 1). Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2001/04/01/the-new-economy/
  • Neumann, J. V., & Morgenstern, O. (2020). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Golden Keys Success.
  • Palley, T. I. (2005). From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. Pluto Press.
  • Peters, M. A. (2008). Leo Strauss and the neoconservative critique of the liberal university: Postmodernism, relativism and the culture wars. Critical Studies in Education, 49(1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508480701813524
  • Piore, M., & Sabel, C. (1986). The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities For Prosperity. Basic Books.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.
  • Pyysiäinen, J., Halpin, D., & Guilfoyle, A. (2017). Neoliberal governance and ‘responsibilization’ of agents: Reassessing the mechanisms of responsibility-shift in neoliberal discursive environments. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 18(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2017.1331858
  • Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
  • Rifkin, J. (2019). The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
  • Rose, J. (2017). Brexit, Trump, and Post-Truth Politics. Public Integrity, 19(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1285540
  • Rose-Redwood, R. S. (2006). Governmentality, Geography, and the Geo-Coded World. Progress in Human Geography, 30(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132506ph619oa
  • Sagan, S. D. (1991). History, Analogy, and Deterrence Theory. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/204567
  • Schram, S. F., & Pavlovskaya, M. (2017). Rethinking Neoliberalism: Resisting the Disciplinary Regime. Routledge.
  • Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Simpson, T. W. (2012). Evaluating Google As An Epistemic Tool. Metaphilosophy, 43(4), 426–445.
  • Stiroh, K. (1999). Is There a New Economy? Challenge, 42(4), 82–101.
  • Teo, T. (2018). Homo neoliberalus: From personality to forms of subjectivity. Theory & Psychology, 28(5), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354318794899
  • Terranova, T. (2017). A Neomonadology of Social (Memory) Production. In I. Blom, T. Lundemo, & E. Røssaak (Eds.), Memory in Motion (pp. 287–306). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1jd94f0.15
  • Tickell, A., & Peck, J. A. (1992). Accumulation, regulation and the geographies of post-Fordism: Missing links in regulationist research. Progress in Human Geography, 16(2), 190–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259201600203
  • Vaïsse, J. (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Harvard University Press.
  • Vedel, A., & Thomsen, D. K. (2017). The Dark Triad across academic majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.030
  • Wagner: (2002). The Project of Emancipation and the Possibility of Politics, or, What’s Wrong with Post-1968 Individualism? Thesis Eleven, 68(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513602068001003
  • Žižek, S. (2020). Pandemic! COVID-19 Shakes the World. OR Books.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power: Barack Obama’s Books of 2019. Profile Books.
  • Zukerfeld, M. (2017). Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism. University of Westminster Press.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ömer Ersin Kahraman 0000-0002-3744-5965

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kahraman, Ö. E. (2022). Surveillance Capitalism as a Form of Biopower in Historical Perspective. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 37(3), 778-792. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1047476

İzmir İktisat Dergisi
TR-DİZİN, DOAJ, EBSCO, ERIH PLUS, Index Copernicus, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, EconLit, Harvard Hollis, Google Scholar, OAJI, SOBIAD, CiteFactor, OJOP, Araştırmax, WordCat, OpenAIRE, Base, IAD, Academindex
tarafından taranmaktadır.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınevi Web Sitesi
https://kutuphane.deu.edu.tr/yayinevi/

Dergi İletişim Bilgileri Sayfası
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ije/contacts


İZMİR İKTİSAT DERGİSİ 2022 yılı 37. cilt 1. sayı ile birlikte sadece elektronik olarak yayınlanmaya başlamıştır.