Organik Tarım Tartışması: Bir Literatür İncelemesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 52 - 74, 15.06.2019

Doğaç Sencer Yılmaz

Öz

Geçtiğimiz yüzyılın
başlarında ortaya çıkan organik tarım fikri, günümüze sürekli artan bir hızda
yaygınlaşarak gelmiştir. Organik tarım fikri, alternatif bir tarım yöntemi
olmaktan çok bir sosyal sorumluluğa dönüşmektedir. Bu sosyal sorumluluğun
temelinde savunulan iki hedef bulunmaktadır: daha sağlıklı besinler ve
sürdürülebilir, çevre dostu üretim. Genel çerçevesi bu iki hedef ile çizilmiş
sistemin, hedeflerine ulaşmak amacıyla farklı ilkeler belirlenmiştir. Bunlar:
GDO ve sentetik girdilerin yasaklandığı, üretimde doğal yöntemlerin
uygulanmasıdır. Ancak, organik tarımın yöntemlerine ve ilkelerine bilim
camiasından birçok itiraz yöneltilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, organik tarımın
savunduğu sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu üretim, besin değeri yüksek, daha
sağlıklı, güvenilir gıda iddiaları ve bu iddialara yöneltilen itirazlar
literatüre dayalı olarak incelenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeşil devrim, organik tarım, çevre

Kaynakça

• Ahlem, Z., Hammas, M. A. (2017). Organic Farming: A Path of Sustainable Development. Int J Econ Manag Sci 6: 456. doi: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000456 Ames, B. N., Profet, M., Gold, L., S. (1990). Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural). Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 7777-7781, October 1990 Medical Sciences Amiri, A., Amiri, A. (2017). Antioxidants and disease prevention; an obscure association with great significance. Ann Res Antioxid. 2017;2(1):e02. Anonim. (1994). http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/copper-sulfate-ext.html (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2007). When it comes to animal health and welfare, there are worse things than antibiotics. http://web.archive.org/web/20081029012008/http://newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org/features/2007/0507/antibiotics/karreman.shtml (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2008). Scientist Debunks Myth Of Organic Nutritional Superiority. https://www.acsh.org/news/2008/07/21/scientist-debunks-myth-of-organic-nutritional-superiority (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2009). The Organic Food Nutrition Wars. https://www.acsh.org/news/2009/09/08/the-organic-food-nutrition-wars (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2012). Sağlıklı bir yaşam için organik gıdalar şart https://www.sabah.com.tr/saglik/2012/08/11/saglikli-bir-yasam-icin-organik-gidalar-sart (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2014). Expert Reaction to Study Comparing the Nutritional Content of Organic and Conventional Foods. http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-comparing-the-nutritional-content-of-organic-and-conventional-foods/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2018). Organic Food Worse for the Climate. https://www.chalmers.se/en/departments/see/news/Pages/Organic-food-worse-for-the-climate.aspx (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim. (2019a). http://www.syngentacropprotection.com/pdf/msds/03_270461222008.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Anonim, (2019b). http://www.gadotagro.com/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Mancostar-mancozeb_80_WP_MSDS_8-11-2011.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Ayla, D., Altıntaş., D. (2017). Organik Üretim ve Pazarlama Sorunları Üzerine bir Değerlendirme. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi- Cilt 19, Sayı 4,2017. DOI : 10.21180/kuiibf.2017434551 Azadi, H., Schoonbeek, S., Mahmoudi, H., Derudder, B., De Maeyer, P., & Witlox, F. (2011). Organic agriculture and sustainable food production system: Main potentials. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144(1), 92–94. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.001 Bahlai, C. A., Xue, Y., McCreary, C. M., Schaafsma, A. W., Hallett, R. H. (2010). Choosing Organic Pesticides over Synthetic Pesticides May Not Effectively Mitigate Environmental Risk in Soybeans. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e11250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011250 Baker, B. P., Benbrook, C. M., III, E. G., Benbrook, K. L. (2002). Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(5), 427–446. doi:10.1080/02652030110113799 Barański, M., Średnicka-Tober, D., Volakakis, N., Seal, C., Sanderson, R., Stewart, G. B., Leifert, C. (2014). Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(05), 794–811. doi:10.1017/s0007114514001366 Barbosa, W.F., De Meyer, L., Guedes, R. N. C., Smagghe, G. (2015). Lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin on the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ecotoxicology 24:130–142. DOI:10.1007/s10646-014-1365-9. Başeğmez, S. (2012). Doğaya Yönelim Safsatası. https://yalansavar.org/2012/06/26/dogaya-yonelim-safsatasi/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Baudry, J., Assmann, K., E., Touvier, M., et al. (2018). Association of Frequency of Organic Food Consumption With Cancer Risk: Findings From the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018; 178(12):1597–1606. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4357 Benbrook, C., Zhao, X., Yáñez, J., Davies N. and Andrews, P. (2008). New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods. The Organic Center Critical Issue Report. https://organic-center.org/reportfiles/Nutrient_Content_SSR_Executive_Summary_2008.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Berezow, A. (2018). No, Organic Food Doesn't Reduce Cancer Risk. That's Biologically Impossible. https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/10/22/no-organic-food-doesnt-reduce-cancer-risk-thats-biologically-impossible-13538 (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Block, G., Patterson, B., Subar, A. (1992). Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutrition and Cancer, 18(1), 1–29. doi:10.1080/01635589209514201 Bradbury, K. E., Balkwill, A., Spencer, E. A., Roddam, A. W., Reeves, G. K., Pirie, K. (2014). Organic food consumption and the incidence of cancer in a large prospective study of women in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Cancer, 110(9), 2321–2326. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.148 Brandt, K. and Mølgaard, J. P. (2001). Organic agriculture: does it enhance or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods?. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81: 924-931. doi:10.1002/jsfa.903 Brandt, K., Leifert, C., Sanderson, R., Seal, C. J. (2011): Agroecosystem Management and Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods: The Case of Organic Fruits and Vegetables, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 30:1-2, 177-197 Brazeau, M. (2016). Diversification Practices Boosts Organic Yields. They Turbocharge Conventional Yields. http://fafdl.org/blog/2016/12/16/no-organic-yields-are-not-close-to-conventional-plus-using-land-is-an-environmental-impact/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Brookes, G., Barfoot, P. (2013). Key environmental impacts of global genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2011. GM Crops & Food, 4(2), 109–119. doi:10.4161/gmcr.24459 Butler, G., Nielsen, J. H., Slots, T., Seal, C., Eyre, M. D., Sanderson, R., Leifert, C. (2008). Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high- and low-input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(8), 1431–1441. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3235 Carson, R. (2004). Sessiz Bahar. Ankara: Palme. (Ç. Güler, Çev.). ISBN: 9758982079 Chassy, B., Tribe, D., Brookes, G., Kershen, D., Schroeder, J. (2014). Organic Marketing Report. Academics Review. http://academicsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/AR_Organic-Marketing-Report_Print.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Chorley, M. (2014). Don't waste your money on organic food: Government says frozen vegetables are just as nutritious. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2705918/Don-t-waste-money-organic-food-Government-says-frozen-vegetables-just-nutritious.html (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Clark, M., & Tilman, D. (2017). Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Environmental Research Letters, 12(6), 064016. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5 Cross, P., Edwards, R. T., Hounsome, B., & Edwards-Jones, G. (2008). Comparative assessment of migrant farm worker health in conventional and organic horticultural systems in the United Kingdom. Science of The Total Environment, 391(1), 55–65. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.048 Dahan, O., Babad, A., Lazarovitch, N., Russak, E. E., Kurtzman, D. (2014). Nitrate leaching from intensive organic farms to groundwater. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(1), 333–341. doi:10.5194/hess-18-333-2014 Dangour, A., D., Dodhia, S., K., Hayter, A., Allen, E., Lock, K., Uauy, R. (2009). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):680-5. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28041. Epub 2009 Jul 29 DeGregori, T. R. (2004). Origins of the organic agriculture debate. 2004 Iowa State Press A Blackwell Publishing Company. De Ponti, T., Rijk, B., Van Ittersum, M. K. (2012). The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. Agricultural Systems, 108, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2011.12.004 Doğan, N., ve Kızıloğlu, S. (2014). Organik ve Konvansiyonel Süt Üretimi Yaygınlaştırılmasının Karşılaştırılmalı İrdelenmesi: Gümüşhane İli Örneği. XI. Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi 3-5 Eylül 2014 (s. 702-705), Samsun. Drożdżyński, D., Kowalska, J. (2009). Rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 394(8), 2241–2247. doi:10.1007/s00216-009-2931-5 Eryılmaz, G., A., Demiryürek, K., Emir., M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de organik tarım ve gıda ürünlerine karşı tüketici davranışları. Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg./Anadolu J Agr Sci, 30 (2015) 199-206 ISSN: 1308-8750 (Print) 1308-8769 (Online) doi: 10.7161/anajas.2015.30.2.199-206 FAO, (t.y.). http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Fernandez-Cornejo, J., Hallahan, C., Nehring, R., Wechsler, S., Grube, A. (2012). Conservation Tillage, Herbicide Use, and Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States: The Case of Soybeans. AgBioForum, 15(3): 231-241. http://www.agbioforum.org/v15n3/v15n3a01-fernandez-cornejo.htm?source=acsh.org (Erişim tarihi 23 Mart, 2019). Fishel, F., Ferrell, J., MacDonald, G., and Sellers, B. (2016). Herbicides: How Toxic Are They?. UF/IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi170 (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Forman, J., Silverstein, J. (2012). Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages. PEDIATRICS, 130(5), e1406–e1415. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2579 Gold, L.S., Slone, T.H., Ames, B.N., and Manley, N.B. (2001). Pesticide Residues in Food and Cancer Risk: A Critical Analysis. In: Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Second Edition (R. Krieger, ed.), San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 799-843. Gribble, G. W. (2013). Food chemistry and chemophobia. Food Security, 5(2), 177–187. doi:10.1007/s12571-013-0251-2 Hao, X., Chang, C., Larney, F. J., Travis, G. R. (2001). Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Cattle Feedlot Manure Composting. Journal of Environment Quality, 30(2), 376. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.302376x Heaton, S. (2002). Assessing organic food quality: Is it better for you? In: Powell, Jane and et al., (Eds.) Proceedings of the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference, Organic Centre Wales, Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth, pp. 55-60. http://orgprints.org/8361/ adresinden elde edildi. (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Howard, A. (1943). An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press New York and London. IFOAM, (2019). https://www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Jones, J. D. G., Witek, K., Verweij, W., Jupe, F., Cooke, D., Dorling, S., Foster, S. (2014). Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 20130087–20130087. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0087 Karabaş, S., Gürler, A., Z. (2011). Organik Tarım ve Konvansiyonel Tarım Yapan İşletmelerin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomi̇k Araştırmalar Dergi̇si 13 (21): 75-84, 2011 ISSN: 1309-9132 Klümper, W., Qaim, M. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE 9(11): e111629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629 Kniss, A. R., Savage, S. D., Jabbour, R. (2016). Commercial Crop Yields Reveal Strengths and Weaknesses for Organic Agriculture in the United States. PLOS ONE, 11(8), e0161673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161673 Kutschera, U. (2016). Ernst Haeckel's biodynamics 1866 and the occult basis of organic farming, Plant Signaling & Behavior, 11:7, DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1199315 Larsson, M. O., Nielsen, V. S., Bjerre, N., Laporte, F., Cedergreen, N. (2018). Corrigendum to “Refined assessment and perspectives on the cumulative risk resulting from the dietary exposure to pesticide residues in the Danish population”[Food and Chemical Toxicology 111 (2018) 207–267]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 113, 345–346. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.043 Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., Michaud, D. S., Augustsson, K., Colditz, G. C., Willett, W. C., Giovannucci, E. L. (2004). Dietary intake of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(1), 204–216. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.204 Magkos, F., Arvaniti, F., Zampelas, A. (2006). Organic Food: Buying More Safety or Just Peace of Mind? A Critical Review of the Literature. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46(1), 23–56. doi:10.1080/10408690490911846 Mazoyer, M., Roudart, L. (2016). Dünya Tarım Tarihi Neolitik Çağ’dan Günümüzdeki Krize. (Ş. Ünsaldı, Çev.) Ankara: Epos. ISBN: 978-975-6790-70-0 Mondelaers, K., Aertsens, J., Van Huylenbroeck, G. (2009). A meta‐analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. British Food Journal, 111(10), 1098–1119. doi:10.1108/00070700910992925 Mulet, J. M. (2014). Should we recommend organic crop foods on the basis of health benefits? Letter to the editor regarding the article by Barański et al. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(10), 1745–1747. doi:10.1017/s0007114514002645 Mulet, J. M. (2018). The Appeal-to-Nature Fallacy Homeopathy and Biodynamic Agriculture in Official EU Regulations. Mètode Science Studies Journal, 8 (2018): 173-179. University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.8.9984 ISSN: 2174-3487 / eISSN:2174-9221. Naam, R. (2013). Greener than green: Biotech and the future of agriculture. https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2013/04/22/greener-than-green-biotech-and-the-future-of-agriculture/ (Erişim tarihi 22 Mart, 2019). NHS. (2008). Nutritional content of organic milk. https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/nutritional-content-of-organic-milk/#what-does-the-nhs-knowledge-service-make-of-this-study (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Niggli, U., Schmid, H., Fleissbach, A. (2007). Organic Farming and Climate Change. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL). http://orgprints.org/13414/3/niggli-etal-2008-itc-climate-change.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). OECD. (2014). Green Growth Indicators for Agriculture: A Preliminary Assessment, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264223202-en Organik Tarımın Esasları ve Uygulanmasına İlişkin Yönetmelik (2010). Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 27676. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/08/20100818-4.htm (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Owen, J. (2005). Farming Claims Almost Half Earth's Land, New Maps Show. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/agriculture-food-crops-land/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Palupi, E., Jayanegara, A., Ploeger, A. and Kahl, J. (2012). Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta‐analysis. J. Sci. Food Agric., 92: 2774-2781. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5639 Ponisio, L., C., M’Gonigle, L., K., Mace, K., C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., Kremen, C. (2015). Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20141396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1396 Rigby, D., Cáceres, D. (2001). Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems Agric. Syst. 68 21–40. Rock, B., Suriyan, J., Vijay, B., Thalha, N., Elango, S. (2017). Organic Food and Health: A Systematic Review. J Community Med Health Educ 7:532. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000532 Rodale Institute, (2019). https://rodaleinstitute.org/why-organic/organic-basics/organic-vs-conventional/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Rodman, S. O., Palmer, A. M., Zachary, D. A., Hopkins, L. C. and Surkan, P. J. (2014). “They Just Say Organic Food Is Healthier”: Perceptions of Healthy Food among Supermarket Shoppers in Southwest Baltimore. CAFÉ, 36: 83-92. doi:10.1111/cuag.12036 Rosen, J. D. (2008). Claims of Organic Food's Nutritional Superiority: A Critical Review. Amerıcan Councıl On Scıence And Health. https://www.acsh.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/20080723_claimsoforganic.pdf (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Rosen, J. D. (2010). A Review of the Nutrition Claims Made by Proponents of Organic Food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(3), 270–277. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00108.x Rustin, Susanna. (2015). Why are Organic Farmers Across Britain Giving up? https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/14/why-are-organic-farmers-across-britain-giving-up (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Savage, Steve. (2012). Pesticide Residues on Organic: What Do We Know? http://appliedmythology.blogspot.com/2012/12/pesticide-residues-on-organic-what-do.html (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Sayın, V. I., İbrahim, M. X., Larsson, E., Nilsson, J. A., Lindahl, P., Bergo, M. O. (2014). Antioxidants Accelerate Lung Cancer Progression in Mice. Science Translational Medicine, 6(221), 221ra15–221ra15. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007653 Scialabba El-Hage, N. ve Müller-Lindenlauf, M. (2010). Organic agriculture and climate change. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 25(2); 158–169. doi:10.1017/S1742170510000116 Searchinger, T. D., Wirsenius, S., Beringer, T., Dumas, P. (2018). Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change. Nature, 564(7735), 249–253.doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0757-z Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A. (2012). Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485(7397), 229–232. doi:10.1038/nature11069 Smith-Spangler, C., Brandeau, M. L., Hunter, G. E., Bavinger, J. C., Pearson, M., Eschbach, P. J., Bravata, D. M. (2012). Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(5), 348. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007 Soil Assosiation. (2018). Climate Benefits of Organic Farming. https://www.soilassociation.org/news/2018/major-climate-benefits-of-organic-farming/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Średnicka-Tober, D., Barański, M., Seal, C. J., Sanderson, R., Benbrook, C., Steinshamn, H., Leifert, C. (2016). Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- and redundancy analyses. British Journal of Nutrition, 115(06), 1043–1060. doi:10.1017/s0007114516000349 Tangermann, Victor. (2018). 4 Myths About GMOs And Organic Food Everybody Needs to Stop Believing. https://www.sciencealert.com/4-myths-about-gmos-everybody-needs-to-stop-believing (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Tosun, H., Kaya, B. (2010). Organik Gıdalarda Gıda Güvenliği. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi Cilt: 5, No: 2, 2010 (48-58). Trewavas, A. (2001). Urban myths of organic farming. Nature, 410(6827), 409–410. doi:10.1038/35068639 Trewavas, A. (2004). A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture. Crop Protection, 23(9), 757–781. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.009 Tuomisto, H., L., Hodge, I., D., Riordan, P., Macdonald, D. W. (2012). Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? – A meta-analysis of European research. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 309–320. doi: /10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2012.08.018 Van Eenennaam, A. L., Young, A. E. (2014). Prevalence and impacts of genetically engineered feedstuffs on livestock populations1. Journal of Animal Science, 92(10), 4255–4278. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8124 Wilcox, C. (2011). Mythbusting 101: Organic Farming Conventional Agriculture. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/science-sushi/httpblogsscientificamericancomscience-sushi20110718mythbusting-101-organic-farming-conventional-agriculture/ (Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat, 2019). Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Murray, C. J. L. (2019). Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31788-4 Winter, C. K. (2015). Chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues in the United States. International Journal of Food Contamination, 2(1). doi:10.1186/s40550-015-0018-y Xu, D. P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J. J., Li, H. B. (2017). Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(1), 96. doi:10.3390/ijms18010096