İngilizce öğretim: Sınıfta potansiyel dil kullanımı ve öğretim elemanı istihdam politikaları
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 13 - 30, 27.02.2022
Seniye Vural
Zeynep Ölçü Dinçer
Kaynakça
- Al-Bakri, S. (2013). Problematizing English-medium instruction in Oman. International Journal of Bilingual and Multilingual Teachers of English, 12, 55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/IJBMTE/010203
- Ammar, A., Ali, N., Fawad, A., & Qasım, K. (2015). Language policy and medium of instruction issue in Pakistan. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 51, 111-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.5.1.111-124
- Başıbek, N., Dolmacı, M., Cengiz, B. C., Bür, B., Dilek, Y., & Kara, B. (2014). Lecturers’ perceptions of English medium instruction at engineering departments of higher education: A study on partial English medium instruction at some state universities in Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1819-1825.
- Belhiah, H., & Elhami, M. (2015). English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students and teachers speak. Language Policy, 14, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9
- Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to theory and methods (3rd Ed.). MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- BOUN. (2017). Kurum iç değerlendirme raporu (Internal organizational development reports). Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://sgdb.boun.edu.tr/sites/sgdb.boun. edu.tr/files/sgdbfiles/raporlar/malidurum/bogazici_univ_kidr_2016.pdf
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 92, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Bozdoğan, D., & Karlıdağ, B. (2013). A case of CLIL practice in the Turkish context: Lending an ear to students. Asian EFL Journal, 154, 89-110.
- Bradford, A. (2013). English-medium degree programs in Japanese universities: Learning from the European experience. Asian Education and Development Studies, 23, 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2012-0016
- British Council. (2015). The state of English in higher education in Turkey. Yorum Basın Yayın Sanayi Ltd. Şti.
- Chang, J-Y, Kim, W., & Lee, H. (2017). A language support program for English-medium instruction courses: Its development and evaluation in an EFL setting. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 205, 510-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1080658
- Costa, F., & Coleman, J. A. (2013). A survey of English-medium instruction in Italian higher education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 161, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.5.2.04bro
- Dafouz, E., & Camacho-Miñano, M. M. (2016). Exploring the impact of English-medium instruction on university student academic achievement: The case of accounting. English for Specific Purposes, 44, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.06.001
- Dearden, J., & Akıncıoğlu, M. (2016). EMI in Turkish Universities: Collaborative Planning and Student Voices. Oxford University Press.
- Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2011). Internationalisation, multilingualism and English-medium instruction. World Englishes, 303, 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2011.01718.x
- European Commission. (2004). Promoting language learning and linguistic diversity: An action plan 2004-06. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- European Commission. (2008). The impact of ERASMUS on European higher education: Quality, openness and internationalisation. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture.
- Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th Ed.). McGraw-Hill International Edition.
- Hernandez-Nanclares, N., & Jimenez-Munoz, A. (2017). English as a medium of instruction: evidence for language and content targets in bilingual education in economics, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 207, 883-896. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1125847
- Higher Education Information Management System (Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi), (2018, March). Retrieved from, https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
- Hu, G., Li, L., & Lei, J. (2014). English-medium instruction at a Chinese University: Rhetoric and reality. Language Policy, 13, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9298-3
- Huang, D. F. (2015). Exploring and assessing effectiveness of English medium instruction courses: The students’ perspectives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 173, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.033
- Hunt, N. D. (2012). Managing method: A critical inquiry into language policy in a tertiary institution in the United Arab Emirates. RELC Journal, 433, 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688212463295
- Jensen, C., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Danish University lecturers’ attitudes towards English as the medium of instruction. Ibérica, 22, 13-33.
- Jiang, L., Zhang, L. J., & May, S. (2019). Implementing English medium instruction EMI in China: Teachers’ practices and perceptions, and students’ learning motivation and needs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 222, 107-119.
- Kılıçkaya, F. (2006). Instructors’ attitudes towards English-medium instruction in Turkey. Humanising Language Teaching, 8(6). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED570169.
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2009a). Globalization and English language policy in Turkey. Educational Policy, 235, 663-684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904808316319
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2009b). Students’ and lecturers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of foreign language instruction in an English-medium university in Turkey. Teaching in Higher Education, 141, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510802602640
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2014). Students’ perceptions of English language versus Turkish language used as the medium of instruction in higher education in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 912, 443-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.7596
- Kim, K. R. (2011). Korean professor and student perceptions of the efficacy of English-medium instruction. Linguistic Research, 283, 711-741.
- Kirkpatrick, A. (2014). The language(s) of HE: EMI and/or ELF and/or multilingualism? Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 4-15.
- Klippel, F. (2003). New prospects or imminent danger? The impact of English medium instruction on education in Germany. Prospect, 181, 68-81.
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. SAGE.
- Lassegard, J. P. (2006). International student quality and Japanese higher education Reform. Journal of Studies in International Education, 102, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305283878
- Liu, Y. (2019). Exploring bilingual learners’ desires in English-medium studies: Evidence from a Thai private bilingual school, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1631750.
- Macaro, E. (2019). Exploring the role of language in English medium instruction, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678
- Macaro, E., & Akıncıoğlu, M. (2018). Turkish university students’ perceptions about English medium instruction: Exploring year group, gender and university type as variables, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 393, 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1367398
- Macaro, E., Akıncıoğlu, M., & Dearden, J. (2016). English medium instruction in universities: A collaborative experiment in Turkey. Studies in English Language Teaching, 4(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n1p51.
- Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J., & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 511, 36-76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
- Official Gazzette (2016) March 23. Yükseköğretim kurumlarında yabancı dil öğretimi ve yabancı dille öğretim yapılmasında uyulacak esaslara ilişkin yönetmelik. Retrieved from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160323-6.htm.
- Pennycook, A. (1994). The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Longman.
- Poon, A. Y. K. (2013). Will the new fine-tuning medium-of-instruction policy alleviate the threats of dominance of English-medium instruction in Hong Kong?, Current Issues in Language Planning, 141, 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.791223
- Probyn, M. (2001). Teachers’ voices: Teachers’ reflections on learning and teaching through the medium of English as an additional language in South Africa, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 44, 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050108667731
- Saldaña, J. (2012). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd Ed.). SAGE.
- Sert, N. (2008). The language of instruction dilemma in the Turkish context. System, 36, 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006
- Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights? Lawrence and Erlbaum Associates.
- Taquini, R., Finardi, K. R., & Amorim, G. B. (2017). English as a medium of instruction at Turkish state universities. Education and Linguistics Research, 32, 35-53. https://doi.org/10.5296/elr.v3i2.11438
- Yeh, C. C. (2012). Instructors’ perspectives on English-medium instruction in Taiwanese universities. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 161, 209-231.
- Yeh, C. C. (2014). Taiwanese students’ experiences and attitudes towards English-medium courses in tertiary education. RELC Journal: A Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 453, 305-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688214555358
- Zhang, Z. (2018). English-medium instruction policies in China: Internationalization of higher education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 396, 542-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1404070
English medium instruction: Policies for constraining potential language use in the classroom and recruiting instructors
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 13 - 30, 27.02.2022
Seniye Vural
Zeynep Ölçü Dinçer
Öz
English medium instruction (EMI), has posed benefits and challenges in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Especially in the contexts where English is used as a foreign language, EMI universities may face two significant problems: 1) finding instructors meeting both academic and English proficiency requirements, 2) constraining potential language use in the classrooms where the majority of the students and the instructor share the same mother tongue. This study aims to unearth the policies employed by the three state EMI universities to handle these problems. Content analysis is used for the data consisting of documents and administrators’ responses to an online open-ended questionnaire. The findings reveal that the primary supply for instructor demand is the local academics with EMI background and academic experiences abroad. There is no policy that directly constrains the classroom language to English, but universities make use of some indirect policy mechanisms such as including language of instruction in course evaluation forms and increasing the number of international students.
Kaynakça
- Al-Bakri, S. (2013). Problematizing English-medium instruction in Oman. International Journal of Bilingual and Multilingual Teachers of English, 12, 55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/IJBMTE/010203
- Ammar, A., Ali, N., Fawad, A., & Qasım, K. (2015). Language policy and medium of instruction issue in Pakistan. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 51, 111-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.5.1.111-124
- Başıbek, N., Dolmacı, M., Cengiz, B. C., Bür, B., Dilek, Y., & Kara, B. (2014). Lecturers’ perceptions of English medium instruction at engineering departments of higher education: A study on partial English medium instruction at some state universities in Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1819-1825.
- Belhiah, H., & Elhami, M. (2015). English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students and teachers speak. Language Policy, 14, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9
- Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to theory and methods (3rd Ed.). MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- BOUN. (2017). Kurum iç değerlendirme raporu (Internal organizational development reports). Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://sgdb.boun.edu.tr/sites/sgdb.boun. edu.tr/files/sgdbfiles/raporlar/malidurum/bogazici_univ_kidr_2016.pdf
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 92, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Bozdoğan, D., & Karlıdağ, B. (2013). A case of CLIL practice in the Turkish context: Lending an ear to students. Asian EFL Journal, 154, 89-110.
- Bradford, A. (2013). English-medium degree programs in Japanese universities: Learning from the European experience. Asian Education and Development Studies, 23, 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2012-0016
- British Council. (2015). The state of English in higher education in Turkey. Yorum Basın Yayın Sanayi Ltd. Şti.
- Chang, J-Y, Kim, W., & Lee, H. (2017). A language support program for English-medium instruction courses: Its development and evaluation in an EFL setting. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 205, 510-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1080658
- Costa, F., & Coleman, J. A. (2013). A survey of English-medium instruction in Italian higher education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 161, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.5.2.04bro
- Dafouz, E., & Camacho-Miñano, M. M. (2016). Exploring the impact of English-medium instruction on university student academic achievement: The case of accounting. English for Specific Purposes, 44, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.06.001
- Dearden, J., & Akıncıoğlu, M. (2016). EMI in Turkish Universities: Collaborative Planning and Student Voices. Oxford University Press.
- Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2011). Internationalisation, multilingualism and English-medium instruction. World Englishes, 303, 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2011.01718.x
- European Commission. (2004). Promoting language learning and linguistic diversity: An action plan 2004-06. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- European Commission. (2008). The impact of ERASMUS on European higher education: Quality, openness and internationalisation. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture.
- Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th Ed.). McGraw-Hill International Edition.
- Hernandez-Nanclares, N., & Jimenez-Munoz, A. (2017). English as a medium of instruction: evidence for language and content targets in bilingual education in economics, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 207, 883-896. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1125847
- Higher Education Information Management System (Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi), (2018, March). Retrieved from, https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
- Hu, G., Li, L., & Lei, J. (2014). English-medium instruction at a Chinese University: Rhetoric and reality. Language Policy, 13, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9298-3
- Huang, D. F. (2015). Exploring and assessing effectiveness of English medium instruction courses: The students’ perspectives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 173, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.033
- Hunt, N. D. (2012). Managing method: A critical inquiry into language policy in a tertiary institution in the United Arab Emirates. RELC Journal, 433, 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688212463295
- Jensen, C., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Danish University lecturers’ attitudes towards English as the medium of instruction. Ibérica, 22, 13-33.
- Jiang, L., Zhang, L. J., & May, S. (2019). Implementing English medium instruction EMI in China: Teachers’ practices and perceptions, and students’ learning motivation and needs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 222, 107-119.
- Kılıçkaya, F. (2006). Instructors’ attitudes towards English-medium instruction in Turkey. Humanising Language Teaching, 8(6). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED570169.
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2009a). Globalization and English language policy in Turkey. Educational Policy, 235, 663-684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904808316319
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2009b). Students’ and lecturers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of foreign language instruction in an English-medium university in Turkey. Teaching in Higher Education, 141, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510802602640
- Kırkgöz, Y. (2014). Students’ perceptions of English language versus Turkish language used as the medium of instruction in higher education in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 912, 443-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.7596
- Kim, K. R. (2011). Korean professor and student perceptions of the efficacy of English-medium instruction. Linguistic Research, 283, 711-741.
- Kirkpatrick, A. (2014). The language(s) of HE: EMI and/or ELF and/or multilingualism? Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 4-15.
- Klippel, F. (2003). New prospects or imminent danger? The impact of English medium instruction on education in Germany. Prospect, 181, 68-81.
- Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. SAGE.
- Lassegard, J. P. (2006). International student quality and Japanese higher education Reform. Journal of Studies in International Education, 102, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305283878
- Liu, Y. (2019). Exploring bilingual learners’ desires in English-medium studies: Evidence from a Thai private bilingual school, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1631750.
- Macaro, E. (2019). Exploring the role of language in English medium instruction, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678
- Macaro, E., & Akıncıoğlu, M. (2018). Turkish university students’ perceptions about English medium instruction: Exploring year group, gender and university type as variables, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 393, 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1367398
- Macaro, E., Akıncıoğlu, M., & Dearden, J. (2016). English medium instruction in universities: A collaborative experiment in Turkey. Studies in English Language Teaching, 4(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n1p51.
- Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J., & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching, 511, 36-76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350
- Official Gazzette (2016) March 23. Yükseköğretim kurumlarında yabancı dil öğretimi ve yabancı dille öğretim yapılmasında uyulacak esaslara ilişkin yönetmelik. Retrieved from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160323-6.htm.
- Pennycook, A. (1994). The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Longman.
- Poon, A. Y. K. (2013). Will the new fine-tuning medium-of-instruction policy alleviate the threats of dominance of English-medium instruction in Hong Kong?, Current Issues in Language Planning, 141, 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.791223
- Probyn, M. (2001). Teachers’ voices: Teachers’ reflections on learning and teaching through the medium of English as an additional language in South Africa, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 44, 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050108667731
- Saldaña, J. (2012). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd Ed.). SAGE.
- Sert, N. (2008). The language of instruction dilemma in the Turkish context. System, 36, 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006
- Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights? Lawrence and Erlbaum Associates.
- Taquini, R., Finardi, K. R., & Amorim, G. B. (2017). English as a medium of instruction at Turkish state universities. Education and Linguistics Research, 32, 35-53. https://doi.org/10.5296/elr.v3i2.11438
- Yeh, C. C. (2012). Instructors’ perspectives on English-medium instruction in Taiwanese universities. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 161, 209-231.
- Yeh, C. C. (2014). Taiwanese students’ experiences and attitudes towards English-medium courses in tertiary education. RELC Journal: A Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 453, 305-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688214555358
- Zhang, Z. (2018). English-medium instruction policies in China: Internationalization of higher education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 396, 542-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1404070