Araştırma Makalesi
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Geç Antik Çağ’da Hristiyan Eğitiminin Ruhu ve Manastırlarda Eğitim Anlayışı

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 253 - 277, 31.10.2017

Öz

Bu makalede, Hristiyan eğitimin temelleri ile erken dönemde kurulan Bizans manastırlarında eğitim konusuna verilen önem ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. İlk önce antik mirasın reddi ya da özümsenmesine yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar ele alınacak, sonrasında ise erken Hristiyanlık döneminin Kilise’den sonra belki de ikinci önemli kurumu olan manastırlardaki eğitim anlayışı üzerinde durulacaktır. Genellikle kabul edilen görüşe göre, Hristiyan manastırcılığının doğuşu koğuşturmalar dönemi ile ilişkilendirilir. Ancak zamanla sistemli hâle gelen inziva düşüncesi bu kurumları sığınılacak yer olmanın çok ötesinde bir ideale yöneltmiş, onlar erken Bizans’ta kısa sürede ruhani eğitimin merkezleri haline gelmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Afrahat, (1898). Demonstrations (6), Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. XIII, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace), New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Athanasius, (1892). Life of Antony, nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. IV, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace), New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Augustine, (1961). Confessions. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Augustine, (1930). Letters (XXXIV, XCI), (trans. J. H. Baxter), New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son.
  • Aytaç, K. (2012). Avrupa eğitim tarihi: Antik Çağ’dan 19. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Barnes, T. D. (1985), Tertullian: A Historical and literary study. Oxford University Press.
  • Basil, Aziz Basileios. (2009). Genç Erkeklere, Pagan Edebiyatından Ne Şekilde Fayda Sağlayabilecekleri Üzerine, (çev. Özden Arıkan), Cogito-Bizans. Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 13-35.
  • Basil, (1895). Letters and Select Works, nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. VIII, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Baynes, N. H. (1974a). The Death of Julian the Apostate in a Christian Legend, Byzantine studies and other essays. Greenwood Press, 271-281.
  • Baynes, N. H. (1974b). The Hellenistic Civilization and East Rome, Byzantine studies and other essays. Greenwood Press, 1-46.
  • Brakke, D. (1995). Athanasius and the politics of asceticism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Brown, P. (2007). Asceticism: Pagan and Christian, Cambridge Ancient history, Vol. XIII, (ed. Averil Cameron-Peter Garnsey). Cambridge University Press, 601-631.
  • Brown, P. (1992). Power and persuasion in late antiquity towards a christian empire. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Brown, P. (1976). The world of late antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Browning, R. (1992). The Byzantine Empire. The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Buckler, G. (1961). Byzantine Education, Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization, (ed. Norman H. Baynes-H. St. L. B. Moss). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 200-220.
  • Burkitt, F. C. (1899). Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Burkitt, F. C. (1904). Early Eastern Christianity. New York: Dutton & Company.
  • Butler, A. (1956). Lives of the Saints, Vol. II, (ed. Herbert Thurston, Donald Attwater, P. J.). New York: Kenedy & Sons.
  • Cameron, A. (2007). Education and Literary Culture, Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIII, (ed. Averil Cameron-Peter Garnsey). Cambridge University Press, 665-707.
  • Cameron, A. (2001). The Mediterranean world in late antiquity AD 395–600. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Caner, D. F. (2009). ’Not of this World’: The Invention of Monasticism, A Campanion to Late Antiquity, (ed. Philip Rousseau). Blackwell, 588-600.
  • Chadwick, H. (2002). Early Christian thought and the classical tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Charanis, P. (1971). The Monk as an Element of Byzantine Society”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 25, 61-84.
  • Clarke, W. K. L. (1913). St. Basil the Great (A Study in Monasticism). Cambridge University Press.
  • Constantelos, D. J. (1991). John Chrysostom’s Greek classical education and its ımportance to use today. Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 36(2), 109-129.
  • Dawson, C. (1997). Batının Oluşumu, (çev. Dinç Tayanç). İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları.
  • Derrett, J. D. M. (1998). Primitive Christianity as an Ascetic Movement, Asceticism, (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush-Richard Valantasis). Oxford University Press.
  • Di Fiore, G. (2014). Hristiyan Doktrininin Tanımı ve Sapkınlıklar, Ortaçağ: Barbarlar-Hıristiyanlar-Müslümanlar, (ed. Umberto Eco, çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı). Alfa Yayınları, 137-146.
  • Ehrman, B. D., & Jacobs, A. S. (2004). Chrisitanity in Late Antiquity (300-450). Oxford University Press.
  • Elm, S. (2003). Helenism and historiography: gregory of nazianzus and julian in dialogue. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 33(3), 493-515.
  • Eusebius, (1904). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Vol. I, (ed. Philip Schaff Henry Wace). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Evagrius of Pontus, (2006). Practical Life, Prayer, The Greek Ascetic Corpus, (trans. Robert E. Sinkewicz). Oxford University Press.
  • Frazee, C. A. (1982). Late Roman and Byzantine Legislation on the monastic life from the fourth to the eighth centuries. Church History, 51(3), 263-279.
  • Gregory Thaumaturgus, (1920). Address to Origen, (trans. W. Metcalfe), New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Hayes, E. R. (2005). Urfa Akademisi, (çev. Yaşar Günenç), İstanbul: Yaba Yayınları.
  • Heine, R. E. (2008). The Alexandrians, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth), Cambridge University Press, 117-130.
  • Hildebrand, S. M. (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Basil of Caesarea: A Synthesis of Greek Thought and Biblical Truth. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • İgnatius Efrem I. Barşavm, (2005). Saçılmış İnciller (Süryanilerin Yazınsal Tarihi). Resim Ofset.
  • Jaeger, W. (1961). Early Christianity and Greek Paideia. The Belknap Press.
  • Jerome, (1893). Letters, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, Vol. VI, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
  • Jerome, (1933). Letters, (trans. F. A. Wright). London: William Heinemann LTD.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1964). The Latter Roman Empire 284-602, Vol. II, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Kalogeras, N. M. (2000). Byzantine childhood education and ıts social role from the sixth century until the end of the ıconoclasm (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The University of Chicago.
  • Kidd, B. J., (ed.). (1920-1923). Documents IIIustrative of the History of the Church, Vol. I, II. New York: The Macmillian Company.
  • Kirschner, R. (1984). The vocation of holiness in late antiquity. Vigiliae Christianae, 38(2), 105-124.
  • Le Goff, J. (2008). Avrupa’nın Doğuşu, (çev. Timuçin Binder). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Lewis, G. (trans.) (1911). The Philocalia of Origen. Edinburg: T. T. Clarke.
  • Maloney, E. R. (1901). St. Basil the Great to Students on Greek Literature. New York: American Book Company.
  • Mango, C. (2008). Bizans: Yeni Roma İmparatorluğu, (çev. Gül Çağalı Güven). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Markus, R. A. (2008). Social and Historical Setting, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth). Cambridge University Press, 399-413.
  • Marrou, H. I. (1956). A history of education in antiquity, (trans. George Lamb). The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Maxwell, J. L. (2006). Christianization and Communication in Late Antiquity: John Chrysostom and his Congregation in Antioch. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mendelovici, H.-S. (1990). Christian attitudes toward pagan monuments in late antiquity and their legacy later byzantine centuries. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 44, 47-62.
  • Morgan, T. (2000). Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds. Cambridge University Press.
  • Morison, E. F. (1912). St. Basil and His Rules. Oxford University Press.
  • Painter, F. V. N. (1886). A history of education, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  • Palladius, (1904). The Book of Paradise, Vol. I, (trans. E. A. Wallis Budge). London: Oriental Printer.
  • Palladius, (1918). The Lausiac History, (trans. W. K. Lowthher Clarke). New York: The Macmillian Company.
  • Rabbula, (1907). Admonitions to Monks; Some Early Rules for Syrian Monks, (trans. R. H. Connoly), DR, 25 (NS 6).
  • Rousseau, P. (2000). Antony as Teacher in the Greek Life, Greek Biography and Panegyric in Late Antiquity, (ed. Tomas Hägg and Philip Rousseau). Berkeley: University of California Press, 89-109.
  • Rubenson, S. (1995). The Letters of St. Antony: Monasticism and the making of a saint. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
  • Saddington, D. B. (1965). The function of education according to christian writers of the latter part of the fourth century A.D. Acta Classica, 8, 86-101.
  • Sandnes, K. O. (2009). The challenge of homer: School, pagan poets and early christianity. T&T Clark.
  • Sider, R. D. (ed.). (2001). Christian and pagan in roman empire: the witness of tertullian. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Socrates, (1890). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. II, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Sozomen, (1890). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. II, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Sterk, A. (2004). Renouncing the world yet leading the church: The monk-bishop in late antiquity. Harward University Press.
  • Stewart, C. (2010). Monastic Attitudes toward Philosophy and Philosophers. Studia Patristica, XLIV, Paris, 321-327.
  • Stewart, C. (2006). The Encounter of the early church with the Greek and Roman World: A view from monastic theology. Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America, 61, 1-13.
  • Şer, A. (2006). Nusaybin akademisi, (çev. Nesim Doru). Yaba Yayınları.
  • Tanoğlu, İ.-S. (2006). Eserleriyle mor afrem. İstanbul: Anadolu Ofset.
  • Teitler, H. C. (2017). The Last Pagan Emperor: Julian the Apostate and the war against Christianity. Oxford University Press.
  • Tertullian, (1956). The Prescriptions against the Heretics, Early Latin Theology: Selections from Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Jerome, (ed. S. L. Greenslade), Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 31-64.
  • Too, Y. L. (2001). Introduction: Writing the History of Ancient Education, Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity, (ed. Yun Lee Too). Leiden: Brill, 1-10.
  • Tural, M. (2011). Ortaçağ doğu hıristiyanlığında manastır hayatı. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
  • Urbano, Jr., A. (2008). ‘Read ıt also to the gentiles’: The displacement and recasting of the philosopher in the vita antonii, Church History, 77(4), 877-914.
  • Vasiliev, A. A. (1952). History of Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Vol. I. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Vööbus, A. (1958). History of asceticism in the syrian orient. Louvain.
  • Vööbus, A. (1961). The Institution of the Benai Qeiama and Benat Qeiama in the Ancient Syrian Church, Church History, 30(1), 19-27.
  • Vööbus, A. (1951). The Origin of Monasticism in Mesopotamia, Church History, 20(4), 27-37.
  • Wagner, M. (1962). Saint basil-ascetical Works. Washington: The Catholic University America Press.
  • Watts, E. J. (2006). City and school in late antique athens and alexandria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wilken, R. L., The christians as the romans saw them. Yale University Press.
  • Wright, W. (1894). A short history of syriac literature. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, F. M. (1997). Biblical exegesis and the formation of christian culture. Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, F. M. (2008). Classsical Genres in Christian guise; Christian Genres in Classical guise, The Cambridge history of early christian literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth). Cambridge University Press, 251-258.
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 253 - 277, 31.10.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Afrahat, (1898). Demonstrations (6), Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. XIII, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace), New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Athanasius, (1892). Life of Antony, nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. IV, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace), New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Augustine, (1961). Confessions. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Augustine, (1930). Letters (XXXIV, XCI), (trans. J. H. Baxter), New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son.
  • Aytaç, K. (2012). Avrupa eğitim tarihi: Antik Çağ’dan 19. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Barnes, T. D. (1985), Tertullian: A Historical and literary study. Oxford University Press.
  • Basil, Aziz Basileios. (2009). Genç Erkeklere, Pagan Edebiyatından Ne Şekilde Fayda Sağlayabilecekleri Üzerine, (çev. Özden Arıkan), Cogito-Bizans. Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 13-35.
  • Basil, (1895). Letters and Select Works, nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. VIII, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Baynes, N. H. (1974a). The Death of Julian the Apostate in a Christian Legend, Byzantine studies and other essays. Greenwood Press, 271-281.
  • Baynes, N. H. (1974b). The Hellenistic Civilization and East Rome, Byzantine studies and other essays. Greenwood Press, 1-46.
  • Brakke, D. (1995). Athanasius and the politics of asceticism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Brown, P. (2007). Asceticism: Pagan and Christian, Cambridge Ancient history, Vol. XIII, (ed. Averil Cameron-Peter Garnsey). Cambridge University Press, 601-631.
  • Brown, P. (1992). Power and persuasion in late antiquity towards a christian empire. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Brown, P. (1976). The world of late antiquity. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Browning, R. (1992). The Byzantine Empire. The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Buckler, G. (1961). Byzantine Education, Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization, (ed. Norman H. Baynes-H. St. L. B. Moss). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 200-220.
  • Burkitt, F. C. (1899). Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Burkitt, F. C. (1904). Early Eastern Christianity. New York: Dutton & Company.
  • Butler, A. (1956). Lives of the Saints, Vol. II, (ed. Herbert Thurston, Donald Attwater, P. J.). New York: Kenedy & Sons.
  • Cameron, A. (2007). Education and Literary Culture, Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIII, (ed. Averil Cameron-Peter Garnsey). Cambridge University Press, 665-707.
  • Cameron, A. (2001). The Mediterranean world in late antiquity AD 395–600. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Caner, D. F. (2009). ’Not of this World’: The Invention of Monasticism, A Campanion to Late Antiquity, (ed. Philip Rousseau). Blackwell, 588-600.
  • Chadwick, H. (2002). Early Christian thought and the classical tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Charanis, P. (1971). The Monk as an Element of Byzantine Society”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 25, 61-84.
  • Clarke, W. K. L. (1913). St. Basil the Great (A Study in Monasticism). Cambridge University Press.
  • Constantelos, D. J. (1991). John Chrysostom’s Greek classical education and its ımportance to use today. Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 36(2), 109-129.
  • Dawson, C. (1997). Batının Oluşumu, (çev. Dinç Tayanç). İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları.
  • Derrett, J. D. M. (1998). Primitive Christianity as an Ascetic Movement, Asceticism, (ed. Vincent L. Wimbush-Richard Valantasis). Oxford University Press.
  • Di Fiore, G. (2014). Hristiyan Doktrininin Tanımı ve Sapkınlıklar, Ortaçağ: Barbarlar-Hıristiyanlar-Müslümanlar, (ed. Umberto Eco, çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı). Alfa Yayınları, 137-146.
  • Ehrman, B. D., & Jacobs, A. S. (2004). Chrisitanity in Late Antiquity (300-450). Oxford University Press.
  • Elm, S. (2003). Helenism and historiography: gregory of nazianzus and julian in dialogue. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 33(3), 493-515.
  • Eusebius, (1904). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Vol. I, (ed. Philip Schaff Henry Wace). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Evagrius of Pontus, (2006). Practical Life, Prayer, The Greek Ascetic Corpus, (trans. Robert E. Sinkewicz). Oxford University Press.
  • Frazee, C. A. (1982). Late Roman and Byzantine Legislation on the monastic life from the fourth to the eighth centuries. Church History, 51(3), 263-279.
  • Gregory Thaumaturgus, (1920). Address to Origen, (trans. W. Metcalfe), New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Hayes, E. R. (2005). Urfa Akademisi, (çev. Yaşar Günenç), İstanbul: Yaba Yayınları.
  • Heine, R. E. (2008). The Alexandrians, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth), Cambridge University Press, 117-130.
  • Hildebrand, S. M. (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Basil of Caesarea: A Synthesis of Greek Thought and Biblical Truth. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • İgnatius Efrem I. Barşavm, (2005). Saçılmış İnciller (Süryanilerin Yazınsal Tarihi). Resim Ofset.
  • Jaeger, W. (1961). Early Christianity and Greek Paideia. The Belknap Press.
  • Jerome, (1893). Letters, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, Vol. VI, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
  • Jerome, (1933). Letters, (trans. F. A. Wright). London: William Heinemann LTD.
  • Jones, A. H. M. (1964). The Latter Roman Empire 284-602, Vol. II, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Kalogeras, N. M. (2000). Byzantine childhood education and ıts social role from the sixth century until the end of the ıconoclasm (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). The University of Chicago.
  • Kidd, B. J., (ed.). (1920-1923). Documents IIIustrative of the History of the Church, Vol. I, II. New York: The Macmillian Company.
  • Kirschner, R. (1984). The vocation of holiness in late antiquity. Vigiliae Christianae, 38(2), 105-124.
  • Le Goff, J. (2008). Avrupa’nın Doğuşu, (çev. Timuçin Binder). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Lewis, G. (trans.) (1911). The Philocalia of Origen. Edinburg: T. T. Clarke.
  • Maloney, E. R. (1901). St. Basil the Great to Students on Greek Literature. New York: American Book Company.
  • Mango, C. (2008). Bizans: Yeni Roma İmparatorluğu, (çev. Gül Çağalı Güven). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Markus, R. A. (2008). Social and Historical Setting, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth). Cambridge University Press, 399-413.
  • Marrou, H. I. (1956). A history of education in antiquity, (trans. George Lamb). The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Maxwell, J. L. (2006). Christianization and Communication in Late Antiquity: John Chrysostom and his Congregation in Antioch. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mendelovici, H.-S. (1990). Christian attitudes toward pagan monuments in late antiquity and their legacy later byzantine centuries. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 44, 47-62.
  • Morgan, T. (2000). Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds. Cambridge University Press.
  • Morison, E. F. (1912). St. Basil and His Rules. Oxford University Press.
  • Painter, F. V. N. (1886). A history of education, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  • Palladius, (1904). The Book of Paradise, Vol. I, (trans. E. A. Wallis Budge). London: Oriental Printer.
  • Palladius, (1918). The Lausiac History, (trans. W. K. Lowthher Clarke). New York: The Macmillian Company.
  • Rabbula, (1907). Admonitions to Monks; Some Early Rules for Syrian Monks, (trans. R. H. Connoly), DR, 25 (NS 6).
  • Rousseau, P. (2000). Antony as Teacher in the Greek Life, Greek Biography and Panegyric in Late Antiquity, (ed. Tomas Hägg and Philip Rousseau). Berkeley: University of California Press, 89-109.
  • Rubenson, S. (1995). The Letters of St. Antony: Monasticism and the making of a saint. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
  • Saddington, D. B. (1965). The function of education according to christian writers of the latter part of the fourth century A.D. Acta Classica, 8, 86-101.
  • Sandnes, K. O. (2009). The challenge of homer: School, pagan poets and early christianity. T&T Clark.
  • Sider, R. D. (ed.). (2001). Christian and pagan in roman empire: the witness of tertullian. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.
  • Socrates, (1890). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. II, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Sozomen, (1890). Ecclesiastical History, Nicene and post-nicene fathers of the christian church, Vol. II, (ed. Philip Schaff-Henry Wace). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
  • Sterk, A. (2004). Renouncing the world yet leading the church: The monk-bishop in late antiquity. Harward University Press.
  • Stewart, C. (2010). Monastic Attitudes toward Philosophy and Philosophers. Studia Patristica, XLIV, Paris, 321-327.
  • Stewart, C. (2006). The Encounter of the early church with the Greek and Roman World: A view from monastic theology. Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America, 61, 1-13.
  • Şer, A. (2006). Nusaybin akademisi, (çev. Nesim Doru). Yaba Yayınları.
  • Tanoğlu, İ.-S. (2006). Eserleriyle mor afrem. İstanbul: Anadolu Ofset.
  • Teitler, H. C. (2017). The Last Pagan Emperor: Julian the Apostate and the war against Christianity. Oxford University Press.
  • Tertullian, (1956). The Prescriptions against the Heretics, Early Latin Theology: Selections from Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Jerome, (ed. S. L. Greenslade), Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 31-64.
  • Too, Y. L. (2001). Introduction: Writing the History of Ancient Education, Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity, (ed. Yun Lee Too). Leiden: Brill, 1-10.
  • Tural, M. (2011). Ortaçağ doğu hıristiyanlığında manastır hayatı. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
  • Urbano, Jr., A. (2008). ‘Read ıt also to the gentiles’: The displacement and recasting of the philosopher in the vita antonii, Church History, 77(4), 877-914.
  • Vasiliev, A. A. (1952). History of Byzantine Empire 324-1453, Vol. I. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Vööbus, A. (1958). History of asceticism in the syrian orient. Louvain.
  • Vööbus, A. (1961). The Institution of the Benai Qeiama and Benat Qeiama in the Ancient Syrian Church, Church History, 30(1), 19-27.
  • Vööbus, A. (1951). The Origin of Monasticism in Mesopotamia, Church History, 20(4), 27-37.
  • Wagner, M. (1962). Saint basil-ascetical Works. Washington: The Catholic University America Press.
  • Watts, E. J. (2006). City and school in late antique athens and alexandria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wilken, R. L., The christians as the romans saw them. Yale University Press.
  • Wright, W. (1894). A short history of syriac literature. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, F. M. (1997). Biblical exegesis and the formation of christian culture. Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, F. M. (2008). Classsical Genres in Christian guise; Christian Genres in Classical guise, The Cambridge history of early christian literature, (ed. Frances Young-Lewis Ayres-Andrew Louth). Cambridge University Press, 251-258.
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Tural

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tural, M. (2017). Geç Antik Çağ’da Hristiyan Eğitiminin Ruhu ve Manastırlarda Eğitim Anlayışı. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 253-277.

Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi 

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