Development Of Teachers' Perception Scale Regarding of Visual Arts with NFT: Validity – Reliability Study

Yıl 2022, , 1 - 14, 31.12.2022

Ömer Faruk Vural , Mehmet Başaran

https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1150576

Öz

NFT technology such as the Metaverse, Virtual Reality and Extended Reality will change how educators teach and how students learn. NFT technology will also affect Lifelong Education. The study aimed to develop a scale of 25 items to measure how NFTs create a perception among teachers, providing a new understanding of art. For this purpose of the study, data were collected from 310 teachers (135 teacher samples for exploration and 175 teacher samples for confirmatory factor analysis) teaching in various cities of Turkey. The principal component analysis of the varimax rotation was used to obtain evidence for the scale’s validity. As a result of exploratory factor analyzes, three items were excluded from the survey because their item loads were coincident, and as a result, the scale was reduced to 22 items, and three sub-dimensions emerged. It has been determined that the scale has a structure composed of three factors: “NFT’s contribution to art and artists,” “NFT’s positive contribution to art,” and “NFT’s negative contribution to art.” It was observed that the item test correlation of the scale changed between 0.44-0.88. At the same time, cross-validation analysis was performed to determine whether the scale would produce the same results. When it was applied to similar groups as a result of cross-validation, it was observed that the same result could be obtained when the scale was applied to the same group. Apart from this, to give evidence in terms of the scale’s validity, the re-test and Crα reliabilities were calculated, and it was found to be 0.947.

Anahtar Kelimeler

virtual art, Non-Fungible Token, NFT Technology, teachers' perception scale, lifelong learning

NFT ile Görsel Sanatlara İlişkin Öğretmen Algı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik - Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Kaynakça

• Ante, L. (2021). non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: Temporal development, cointegration, and interrelations. Available at SSRN 3904683.
• Aureliano, L. (2021). Top NFT marketplace for 2021. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cryptocurrency/21/04/20582318/top-nft-marketplaces-for-2021
• Bakırcı, C., M. (2021). NFT (Non-Fungible What is Token? Why do people pay millions of dollars for digital products that can be easily copied? https://evrimagaci.org/nft-nonfungible-token-nedir-insanlarkolayca-kopyalenen-dijital-urunlere-neden-milyonlarca-dolar-oduygular-10296.
• Barsotti, S. (2019). The art of blockchain. https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2019/april/art-of-blockchain.html.
• Bernardi, RA (1994). Validating research results when Cronbach’s alpha is below .70: A methodological procedure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54 (3), 766-775. doi: 10.1177/0013164494054003023
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Yayınları: Ankara
• Chow, J. (2017). Ethereum, gas, fuel & fees. https://web.archive.org/web/20170928134654if_/https://media.consensys.net/ethereum-gas-fuel-and-fees3333e17fe1dc.
• Cuban, M. (2021). Mintable -mark cuban companies. https://markcubancompanies.com/companies/mintable/.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları: Pegem Akademi.
• DappRadar, (2021). DappRadar. https://dappradar.com/ethereum/marketplaces/axie-marketplace.
• Davis, J. and Thilagaraj, A. (2021). Non-fungible token (NFT)–The game changer in the digital art world. Anvesak, 51 (15), 190-193.
• Dursun, N. (2021). NFT/crypto art and motion graphics relationship. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7 (40), 1037-1055.
• Dursun, Ö. Ü. N. (2021). NFT/crypto art and motion graphics relationship. Sciences, 7 (40), 1037-1055.
• Eczacıbaşı, F. (2019). Blokchain Turkey, (Ed. Özlem Özkan) Blockchain Technology Study, Turkish Informatics Foundation, June, Istanbul.
• Fortnow, M. and Terry, Q. (2021). The NFT handbook how to create, sell and buy non-fungible tokens. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Hoboben.
• Foundation. (2021). Foundation. https://foundation.app/.
• Franceschet, M., Colavizza, G., Finucane, B., Ostachowski, ML, Scalet, S., Perkins, J., ... & Hernández, S. (2021). Crypto art: A decentralized view. Leonardo, 54 (4), 402-405.
• Goodwin, J. (2021). What is an NFT? Non-fungible tokens explained. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/17/business/what-is-nft-meaning-fe-series/index.html.
• Gul, S., N. (2014). Interactive areas in art museums. Master Thesis, Yıldız Technical University.
• Günen, E. (2021). non-fungible What is a token (NFT)? How does it work? Cointelegraph, http://tr. cointelegraph.com/news/what -is- nft - non - fungible -token.
• Hançerlioğlu, O. (1982). Philosophy Dictionary, İstanbul, Remzi Bookstore.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Influencer, M.H. (2021). Top NFT marketplaces for creators to sell NFT. https://influencermarketinghub.com/nft-marketplaces/#toc-4.
• Iyengar, R. (2021). We bought an NFT. Here’s what we learned. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/14/tech/nft-art-buying/index.html
• Icrypex (2021). What is NFT? How is NFT Made? https://www.icrypex.com/tr/blog/nft-nedir-nft-nasilyapilir. _
• İçözü, T. (2021). Blockchain, https://webrazzi.com/2021/03/03/nft-nedir/.
• Kay, G. (2021). People are buying and selling crypto collectibles in a $250 million market — check out the sites where you can browse and bid on NFTs. https://www.businessinsider.com/nft-marketplaces-where-to-buy-sell-non-fungible-tokens-online-2021-3.
• Kaya, F. (2013). Art and Marketing: Market Orientation and Performance in Art Galleries in Turkey”, Art and marketing: The relationship between market orientation and performance of art galleries in Turkey, Anadolu University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Kerrigan, F., O’Reilly, D. & Vom Lehn, D. (2009). Producing and consuming arts: A marketing perspective, Consumption Markets & Culture, 12 (3), 203-207.
• Kline, RB (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
• Koinbulletin, (2021). Coin bulletin. https://koinbulteni.com/olumsuz-sartlar-bu-iki-sanatciyi-nft-ile-bulusturdu-96058.html.
• Lotti, L. (2019). The art of tokenization: Blockchain affordances and the invention of future milieus. Media Theory, 3(1), 287-320.
• MacFarlane, A. (2015). Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968). philosophy Now, 108, 9-10
• Martinique, E. (2021). 8 NFT marketplaces to be familiar with right now. https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/nft-marketplaces/foundation.
• Merriam-webster, (2021) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fungible Accessed: 1.06.2021
• News artnet, (2021), News. art net. https://news.artnet.com/opinion/beeple-everydays-review-1951656
• OECD, (2016). Science, technology and innovation outlook, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Öç, E. (2021). What is NFT: How did an easily downloadable digital artifact find a buyer for $70 million? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56385962.
• Özer, A. (2016). The effect of the use of the contextual model of learning in the virtual museum on the academic success, motivation and satisfaction levels of the students, Doctoral Thesis, Ankara.
• Phillips, (2021). Philips, https://www.phillips.com/mdj.
• Quirion, A. (2021). What is an NFT and why should archivers pay attention. Archeota, 7(1), 10-12.
• Saygın, EP, & Fındıklı, S. (2021). Canvas to key: The role of NFTs in the digital transformation of the art market. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(4), 1452-1466.
• Stallone, V., Wetzels, M., & Klaas, M. (2021). Applications of Blockchain Technology in marketing systematic review of marketing technology companies. Blockchain: Research and Applications, 100023.
• Tanriverdi M., Uysal, M. and Üstündağ, T., M. (2019). What is blockchain technology? What it is not: A review of the literature. Journal of Information Technologies, 12 (3), 204-217.
• Tellinga (2021). 12 best NFT art marketplaces | what is non-fungible token artwork? https://www.tellinga.com/post/nft-art-marketplaces-non-fungible-token-artwork.
• Velthuis, O. (2005). Symbolic meanings of prices on the market for contemporary art. Princeton University Press
• Walker, C. (2021). Best platforms to create your NFT on. https://www.benzinga.com/money/best-platforms-to-create-your-nft-on/.
• Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447.
• Webrazzi, (2021). Webrazzi. https://webrazzi.com/2021/03/03/nft-nedir/.