SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AT 2030 AGENDA

Abstract

The debates and commitments to reduce and eliminate child labour have remained on the social policy agenda since the second half of the 20th century. In recent years, significant reductions have been recorded, while maintaining the presence of child labour both on a global scale and in our country. Poverty and socioeconomic shocks play an important role in helping children to work. Poor families have to send their children to work to meet their basic needs and cope with uncertainty. Social protection systems, and in particular social protection bases, are used as a means of saving families from poverty and reducing child labour. The effects of the social protection floors practices in reducing child labour in world and Turkey are discussed in line with the Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda

Keywords

• Child Labor,Social Protection Floors,Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN ÖNLENMESİNDE SOSYAL KORUMA TABANLARI

Öz

Çocuk işçiliğini azaltma ve ortadan kaldırma konusundaki tartışmalar ve taahhütler 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından bu yana sosyal politika gündemindeki yerini ve önemini korumaktadır. Son yıllarda önemli gerilemeler kaydedilmekle beraber hem küresel ölçekte ve hem de ülkemizde çocuk işçiliği varlığını korumaktadır. Yoksulluk ve sosyo-ekonomik krizler çocukların çalışmaya yönelmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Yoksul aileler temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak ve belirsizlikle başa çıkmak için çocukları çalışmaya göndermek zorunda kalmaktadır. Sosyal koruma sistemleri ve özellikle sosyal koruma tabanları, aileleri yoksulluktan kurtarmada ve çocuk işçiliğini azaltmada bir araç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma 2030 Gündemi doğrultusunda dünyada ve Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen sosyal koruma tabanları uygulamalarının çocuk işçiliğini azaltmadaki etkileri tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocuk İşçiliği,Sosyal Koruma Tabanları,Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, 2030 Gündemi

Kaynakça

1. Alliance. (2017a). Regional brief for Asia and the Pacific, 2017. Global estimates of modern https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/public ation/wcms_597873.pdf. child labour. Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2018
2. Alliance. (2017b). Regional brief for Europe and Central Asia, 2017. Global estimates of modern https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/public ation/wcms_597874.pdf. child labour. Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2018
3. Alliance. (2017c). Regional brief for Americas, 2017. Global estimates of modern slavery and https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/public ation/wcms_597871.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2018
4. Alliance. (2017d). Regional brief for Africa, 2017. Global estimates of modern slavery and https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/public ation/wcms_597869.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2018
5. Alliance. (2017e). Regional Brief For Arab States, 2017. Global estimates of modern slavery https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/public ation/wcms_597872.pdf. labour. Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2018
6. Aqil, Z. (2012). Nexus between poverty & child labour: of Poverty alleviation on child labour, Good Thinkers Organization for Human Development, Kasur.
7. Basu, K. & Tzannatos, Z. (2002). The global child labor problem: What do we know and what can we do?. World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 147-173.
8. Bhukuth, A. (2008). Defining child labour: a controversial debate. Development in Practice. 18(3), 385-394.

9. Bratti, M., & Mendola, M. (2014). Parental health and child schooling, Journal of Health Economics, 35, 94–108.
10. de Hoop J. & Rosati, F. C. (2014). Cash transfers and child labor. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6826, Washington.
11. Dinku, Y., Fielding, D., & Genç, M. (2017). Health shocks and child time allocation decisions by households: evidence from ethiopia. University of Otago Economics Discussion Papers No. 1705.
12. Esenyel, C., & Torun, G. (2010, Ekim). Şartlı nakit transferi yardım programı: Türkiye’deki şartlı eğitim, şartlı sağlık yardımı uygulamaları. Uluslararası Yoksullukla Mücadele Stratejileri Sempozyumu, İstanbul, Bildiriler Kitabı T.C. Başbakanlık Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara 2011, 517-532.
13. Esenyel, C. (2009). Türkiye’de ve Dünyada şartlı nakit transferi uygulamaları. Sosyal Yardım Uzmanlık Tezi. T.C. Başbakanlık Sosyal Yardımlaşma Ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
14. Ferreira, F. H. G., Filmer, D., & Schady, N. (2009). Own and sibling effects of conditional cash transfer programs theory and evidence from cambodia. Policy Research Working Paper 5001. The World Bank Development Research Group Poverty and Inequality Team & Human Development and Public Services.
15. Fiszbein, A.& Schady, N. (2009). Conditional cash transfers reducing present and future poverty. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank.
16. ILO. (2008). Child labour statistics. 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva.
17. ILO. (2013). World report on child labour: Economic vulnerability, social protection and the fight against child labour. International Labour Office, Geneva.
18. ILO. (2014a). Social protection floors in the post-2015 agenda: targets and indicators, social protection for all. Policy brief. ILO Social Protection Department, Geneva.
19. ILO. (2014c), World social protection report 2014/15: Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice. International Labour Office, Geneva.
20. ILO. (2015). Promoting social protection floor for all - time for action. Erişim Tarihi, 22.01.2018, africa/documents/publication/wcms_348663.pdf.
21. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--
22. ILO. (2017a). Global estimates of child labour: Results and trends, 2012-2016. International Labour Office, Geneva.
23. ILO. (2017b). Ending child labour by 2025: A review of policies and programmes. International Labour Office, Geneva.
24. ILO. (2017c). World social protection report 2017–19: Universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable. Development Goals. International Labour Office, Geneva. ILO. (2018). What is child labour. Erişim https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm.
25. MANEPO & ILO. (2017). Realizing income security in old age, the feasibility of a universal old age pension in Malawi, Erişim Tarihi; 05.02.2018, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-addis_ababa/---ilo- lusaka/documents/publication/wcms_544232.pdf.
26. Ministry of Gender, Children, Disability and Social Welfare. (2016). Realising income security in old age: A study into the feasibility of a universal old age pension in Malawi. content/uploads/Malawi_Feasibility-study-July-2016.pdf. Tarihi: 05.02.2018
27. http://ageafrica.net/wp
28. Monawer, A. T. M. & Hossain, D. M. (2016). Child Labour: Islamic Perspective. ESTEEM Academic Journal, 12(2), 15-30.
29. Nepal A., & M. Nepal, (2012). Is child labour a substitute for adult labour? The relationship between child labour and adult illness in Nepal. International Labour Review, 151(1–2), 109-121.
30. Nippierd, A., Gros-Louis, S., & Vandenberg, P. (2007). Employers and Child Labour. Guide 1: Introduction to the Issue of Child Labour. Geneva: International Labour Office.
31. Osborn, D., Cutter, A. & Ullah, F. (2015). Universal sustainable development goals, understanding the transformational challenge for developed Countries. Report of A http://www.fairtrade.org.nz/sites/default/files/SDGs.pdf, Forum. Erişim Tarihi: 3.02.2018
32. Osment, L. (2014). Child labour; the effect on child, causes and remedies to the revolving menace, Department of Human Geography. University of Lund Sweden.
33. Rahman, M. M., & Khanam, R. (2012). Child Labour: The effects of globalisation. Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261511956.
34. SASSA. (2017). Annual Report 2016/17. South African Social Security Agency, Arcadia.
35. Schady, N.R. & Araujo, M.C. (2006). Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized cash transfer experiment in Ecuador. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3930 Washington.
36. Sepşlveda, M., & Nyst, C. (2012). The human rights approach to social protection. Ministry For Foreign Affairs of Finland, Erweko Oy.
37. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2012). Türkiye’de uygulanan şartlı nakit transferi programının fayda sahipleri üzerindeki etkisinin nitel ve nicel olarak ölçülmesi projesi final raporu, Sosyal Yardımlar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
38. T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı. (2017). Çocuk işçiliği ile mücadele ulusal programı. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü, Genel Yayın No: 63, Ankara.
39. TÜİK (2017), Sosyal koruma istatistikleri, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24575. TÜİK, Sosyal koruma
40. istatistikleri. Erişim
41. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1040#
42. TÜİK. (2013). Çocuk işgücü anketi sonuçları, 2012 Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13659. TÜİK. (2017).
43. İstatistiklerle çocuk, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018
44. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24645.
45. UNICEF. (2005). End child exploitation child labour today, New York: Hobbs the Printers Ltd.
46. UNICEF. (2012). South Africa’s child support Grant, Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2018, https://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF_resources_csg2012findings.pdf.
47. UNICEF. (2013). Children and young people with disabilities fact sheet. New York.
48. World Bank. (1995). Workers in an integrating world. World Development Report, Washington.
49. World Food Programme. (2011). Ethiopia food for education. Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2018, https://www.wfp.org/sites/default/files/FFE_0.pdf.