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ADULT SKILLS FOR ESCAPING THE MIDDLE INCOME TRAP: DATA FROM PIAAC 2012-15

Yıl 2019, , 159 - 172, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019CEEIK201854105

Öz

It is underlined in the extant literature that as one of the countries in the middle income trap, Turkey has to create an innovative economy and thus needs to improve its human capital. The facts that Turkey is in a demographic window of opportunity with its low rates of dependent population and has increasing rates of educational enrolment create advantages for Turkey. This study aims to investigate the human capital level of Turkey and the effects of various socio-economic variables on human capital via PIAAC data collected by OECD. Analysis of PIAAC data reveals that Turkey is far behind OECD countries in terms of adult skills in numeracy, literacy and problem solving in technologyrich environments. Despite an increase in skills from older cohorts to the younger ones, it can be seen that Turkey is far from having the human capital required to escape from the middle income trap. Moreover, it is found that there are severe inequalities in adult skills according to various socio-economic factors

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Zilibotti, F. (2001). Productivity differences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 563–606.
  • Adalet McGowan, M., & Andrews, D. (2015). Labour Market Mismatch and Labour Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data (OECD Economics DEpartment Working https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js1pzx1r2kb-en No. 1209). Retrieved from
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (1998). Computing inequality: Have computers changed the labor market? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1169–1213.
  • Avvisati, F., & Keslair, F. (2017). REPEST: Stata module to run estimations with weighted replicate samples and plausible values. Boston.
  • Barlow, R. (1944). Population growth and economic growth : some more correlations. Population and Development Review, 20(1), 153–165.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2001). Economic growth and demographic transition (No. 8685). NBER Working Paper Series (8685). Cambridge, MA. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • Bloom, D. E., & Williamson, J. G. (1998). Demographic transitions and economic miracles in emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419–455. http://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419
  • Bulman, D., Eden, M., & Nguyen, H. (2017). Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income growth: is there a middle-income trap? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 22(1), 5–28. http://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1261448
  • Cai, F. (2012). Is There a “Middle-income trap”? Theories, experiences and relevance to China. China and World Economy, 20(1), 49–61. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749- 124X.2012.01272.x
  • ÇSGB. (2016). Beceriler önemlidir : Yetişkin becerileri araştırmasının kapsamlı sonuçları. Ankara. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Skills- Matter-Turkey-Turkish-version.pdf
  • Dowrick, S. (1992). Technological catch up and diverging incomes : Patterns of economic growth 1960-88. The Economic Journal, 102(412), 600–610.
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why? (No. 715). Annandale-on-Hudson, NY.
  • Gill, I., & Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: Ideas for economic growth. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6747-6
  • Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S., & Woessmann, L. (2015). Returns to skills around the world: Evidence from PIAAC. European Economic Review, 73, 103–130. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Wößmann, L. (2007). The role of education quality in economic growth (World Bank Policy Researh Working Paper No. 4122). Washington D.C. Retrieved from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-4122
  • Jimenez, E., Nguyen, V., & Patrinos, H. A. (2012). Stuck in the middle? Human capital development and economic growth in Malaysia and Thailand (Policy Research Working Paper No. 6283). Policy Research Working Paper. Washington, D.C. http://doi.org/doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6283
  • Kharas, H., & Kohli, H. (2011). What is the middle income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can it be avoided? Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281–289. http://doi.org/10.1177/097491011100300302
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüşümü. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf Retrieved from
  • Kuznets, S. (1971). Economic growth of nations: Total output and production structure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Mason, A. (2001). Population change and economic development in Eastern and South- eastern Asia: Challanges met, opportunities seized. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • OECD. (2016a). Skills Matter: Further results from the survey of adult skills. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2016b). Technical report of the survey of adult skills (PIAAC). Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/PIAAC_Technical_Report_2nd_Edition_Full_ Report.pdf
  • Ohno, K. (2009). Avoiding the Middle-Income trap: Renovating industrial policy Formulation http://doi.org/10.1355/AE26-1C Asean Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25–43.
  • Paus, E. (2012). Confronting the Middle Income trap: Insights from small latecomers. Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(2), 115–138. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9110-y
  • Pena, A. A. (2016). PIAAC skills and economic inequality. Journal of Research and Practice for Adult Literacy, Secondaru and Basic Education, 5(2), 17–34.
  • Rutkowski, L., Gonzalez, E., Joncas, M., & von Davier, M. (2010). International large- scale assessment data: issues in secondary analysis and reporting. Educational Researcher, 39(2), 142–151. http://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10363170
  • StataCorp. (2011). Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
  • Tansel, A. (2012). 2050’ye Doğru nüfusbilim ve yönetim: İşgücü piyasasına bakış. İstanbul.
  • World Bank. (2018). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved August 28, 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org
  • Yaşar, E., & Gezer, M. A. (2014). Türkiye’nin orta gelir tuzağına yakalanma riski ve bu riskten kurtulma önerileri. Maliye Dergisi, (167), 126–148.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Özsan, M. E., & Voyvoda, E. (2013). Turkey on Her way out of middle-ıncome growth trap (1). İstanbul: TÜRKONFED.
  • Yilmaz, G. (2015). Turkish middle income trap and less skilled human capital. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 30(346), 9–36. http://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2015.346.4330

ORTA GELİR TUZAĞINDAN ÇIKMA YOLUNDA YETİŞKİN BECERİLERİ: PIAAC 2012-2015 VERİLERİ

Yıl 2019, , 159 - 172, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019CEEIK201854105

Öz

Orta gelir tuzağındaki ülkeler arasında gösterilen Türkiye’nin üst gelir grubuna çıkabilmek için yenilikçi bir ekonomi yaratmasının gerekliliği ve bu nedenle nitelikli bir beşeri sermayeye ihtiyaç duyduğu literatürde vurgulanmaktadır. Gerek düşük bağımlı nüfus oranı sayesinde açık olan demografik fırsat penceresi gerekse hızla artan okullaşma oranları Türkiye için önemli avantajlar yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı OECD tarafından yürütülen PIAAC araştırması verileri aracılığıyla Türkiye’nin beşeri sermaye düzeyini ve farklı sosyo-ekonomik değişkenlerin beşeri sermaye üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmektir. PIAAC verilerine göre sözel, sayısal ve teknoloji zengin ortamlarda problem çözme becerileri konusunda Türkiye OECD ülkelerinin çok gerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu beceri alanlarında genç yaş gruplarına doğru bir artış olsa da Türkiye’nin üst gelir grubuna çıkmasını sağlayacak beşeri sermayeyi oluşturmaktan çok uzak olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, yetişkin becerileri konusunda çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik değişkenlere göre ciddi eşitsizlikler olduğu da ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Zilibotti, F. (2001). Productivity differences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 563–606.
  • Adalet McGowan, M., & Andrews, D. (2015). Labour Market Mismatch and Labour Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data (OECD Economics DEpartment Working https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js1pzx1r2kb-en No. 1209). Retrieved from
  • Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (1998). Computing inequality: Have computers changed the labor market? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1169–1213.
  • Avvisati, F., & Keslair, F. (2017). REPEST: Stata module to run estimations with weighted replicate samples and plausible values. Boston.
  • Barlow, R. (1944). Population growth and economic growth : some more correlations. Population and Development Review, 20(1), 153–165.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2001). Economic growth and demographic transition (No. 8685). NBER Working Paper Series (8685). Cambridge, MA. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • Bloom, D. E., & Williamson, J. G. (1998). Demographic transitions and economic miracles in emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419–455. http://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419
  • Bulman, D., Eden, M., & Nguyen, H. (2017). Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income growth: is there a middle-income trap? Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 22(1), 5–28. http://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2016.1261448
  • Cai, F. (2012). Is There a “Middle-income trap”? Theories, experiences and relevance to China. China and World Economy, 20(1), 49–61. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749- 124X.2012.01272.x
  • ÇSGB. (2016). Beceriler önemlidir : Yetişkin becerileri araştırmasının kapsamlı sonuçları. Ankara. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Skills- Matter-Turkey-Turkish-version.pdf
  • Dowrick, S. (1992). Technological catch up and diverging incomes : Patterns of economic growth 1960-88. The Economic Journal, 102(412), 600–610.
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A., & Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why? (No. 715). Annandale-on-Hudson, NY.
  • Gill, I., & Kharas, H. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: Ideas for economic growth. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6747-6
  • Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S., & Woessmann, L. (2015). Returns to skills around the world: Evidence from PIAAC. European Economic Review, 73, 103–130. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Wößmann, L. (2007). The role of education quality in economic growth (World Bank Policy Researh Working Paper No. 4122). Washington D.C. Retrieved from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-4122
  • Jimenez, E., Nguyen, V., & Patrinos, H. A. (2012). Stuck in the middle? Human capital development and economic growth in Malaysia and Thailand (Policy Research Working Paper No. 6283). Policy Research Working Paper. Washington, D.C. http://doi.org/doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6283
  • Kharas, H., & Kohli, H. (2011). What is the middle income trap, why do countries fall into it, and how can it be avoided? Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(3), 281–289. http://doi.org/10.1177/097491011100300302
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüşümü. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf Retrieved from
  • Kuznets, S. (1971). Economic growth of nations: Total output and production structure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Mason, A. (2001). Population change and economic development in Eastern and South- eastern Asia: Challanges met, opportunities seized. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • OECD. (2016a). Skills Matter: Further results from the survey of adult skills. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2016b). Technical report of the survey of adult skills (PIAAC). Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/PIAAC_Technical_Report_2nd_Edition_Full_ Report.pdf
  • Ohno, K. (2009). Avoiding the Middle-Income trap: Renovating industrial policy Formulation http://doi.org/10.1355/AE26-1C Asean Economic Bulletin, 26(1), 25–43.
  • Paus, E. (2012). Confronting the Middle Income trap: Insights from small latecomers. Studies in Comparative International Development, 47(2), 115–138. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-012-9110-y
  • Pena, A. A. (2016). PIAAC skills and economic inequality. Journal of Research and Practice for Adult Literacy, Secondaru and Basic Education, 5(2), 17–34.
  • Rutkowski, L., Gonzalez, E., Joncas, M., & von Davier, M. (2010). International large- scale assessment data: issues in secondary analysis and reporting. Educational Researcher, 39(2), 142–151. http://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10363170
  • StataCorp. (2011). Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
  • Tansel, A. (2012). 2050’ye Doğru nüfusbilim ve yönetim: İşgücü piyasasına bakış. İstanbul.
  • World Bank. (2018). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved August 28, 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org
  • Yaşar, E., & Gezer, M. A. (2014). Türkiye’nin orta gelir tuzağına yakalanma riski ve bu riskten kurtulma önerileri. Maliye Dergisi, (167), 126–148.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Özsan, M. E., & Voyvoda, E. (2013). Turkey on Her way out of middle-ıncome growth trap (1). İstanbul: TÜRKONFED.
  • Yilmaz, G. (2015). Turkish middle income trap and less skilled human capital. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 30(346), 9–36. http://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2015.346.4330
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Caner Özdemir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, C. (2019). ORTA GELİR TUZAĞINDAN ÇIKMA YOLUNDA YETİŞKİN BECERİLERİ: PIAAC 2012-2015 VERİLERİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(15), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019CEEIK201854105