Araştırma Makalesi
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DÖVİZ KURLARININ VE KREDİ FAİZ ORANLARININ OKUN SEFALET ENDEKSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2022, , 595 - 617, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.979529

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bir makroekonomik performans ölçütü olarak Okun sefalet (iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk) endeksinin döviz kurlarına ve tüketici kredi faiz oranlarına duyarlı olup olmadığı yapısal kırılmaları da dikkate alan ekonometrik yöntemler yardımıyla 2005Q1-2020Q4 dönemleri için Türkiye örnekleminde araştırılmıştır. Döviz kurlarının ve kredi faiz oranlarının endeks üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalara literatürde rastlanmaması ve yapısal kırılmaların dikkate alınması çalışmayı içerik ve konu yönünden özgün kılmaktadır. Hem standart (ADF, PP ve KPSS) hem de çoklu kırılmalı Kapetanios (2005) birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre serilerin tamamı birinci farkta durağan bulunmuştur. Maki (2012) yöntemi ile uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiği (eşbütünleşik) tespit edilen serilerin uzun dönem katsayıları ve kısa dönem hata düzeltme modelleri DOLS yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Her iki bağımsız değişkenin katsayısı da pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ayrıca hem uzun hem kısa dönemde seriler arasında nedensellik ilişkisi VECM’e dayalı yönetemle tespit edilmiştir. Ampirik bulgulara göre, Türk Lirası 1 birim değer kaybettiğinde sefalet endeksi yaklaşık 0.89 puan yükselirken, kredi faiz oranları 1 puan arttığında sefalet endeksi yaklaşık 0.10 puan yükselmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adrangi, B., & Macri, J. (2019). Does the Misery Index Influence a US President’s Political Re-Election Prospects?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 22.Does the Misery Index Influence a US President’s Political Re-Election Prospects?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 22.
  • Akay, E. Ç., & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2020). İktisadi Büyüme ve Sefalet Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki: Geçiş Ülkeleri Örneği The Relationship between Economic Growth and Misery Index: Evidence from Transition Countries. On Eurasian Economies, 130.
  • Akçay, S. 2018. “Remittances and Misery Index in Turkey: Is There a Link?” Applied Economics Letters, 25(13), p.895-899.
  • Akçayır, Ö., & Albeni, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Kredi Genişlemesinin Cari Açığa Etkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 557-583.
  • Akpınar, R., Taşcı, K. & Özsan, M. E. (2013). Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksine Göre Türkiye’de Bölgesel Farklılık. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 4 (10), 59-70.
  • Anaele, A. A., & Nyenke, C. U. (2021). Effect Of Fiscal Policy On Misery Index In Nigeria. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol, 9(1).
  • Armutcuoğlu Tekin, H. & Ural, M. (2019). Finansal gelişme ve ekonomik performans ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için bir analiz. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 43-77.
  • Beşkaya, A. (2013). Political economy of economic discomfort: A time series analysis of Turkey, 1980-2010. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt:9, Yıl:9, Sayı:1, 9: 1-14.
  • Błaszczyk, P. (2015). Post-Crisis Macroeconomic Comparative Assessment of the Eurozone Member States with the Use of an Improved Misery Index. Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 2, No. 3; 135-144.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Kim, D & Perron, P. (2009) GLS-Based Unit Root Tests with Multiple Structural Breaks Under Both the Null and the Alternative Hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25: 1754-1792.
  • César Alonso, J. & Eduardo Jaramillo, L. (2012) Long-Term Relationship between Misery Index and Stock Market: The Colombian Case. Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: ECO2012-0326.
  • Clark, R. K., Green Jr, K., & Robertson, P. J. (2004). Lottery ticket sales: An empirical analysis of the misery index as a predictor of sales. In Academic Forum (Vol. 22, p. 05).
  • Cohen, I. K., Ferretti, F., & McIntosh, B. (2014). Decomposing the misery index: A dynamic approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 2(1), 991089.
  • Dağbaşı,B, Barak, D. & Çelik, T. (2019). Türkiye İçin Makroekonomik Performans Endeksinin Analizi (1990-2017): Yapay Sinir Ağı Yaklaşımı. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (1), 93-112.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Sefalet Endeksi ve Türkiye, https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2018/06/sefalet-endeksi-ve-turkiye.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2021)
  • Engle, R. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55(2): 251 – 276.
  • Ergün Ünal, A. (2020) Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Barro Sefalet Endeksine Etkisi: Türkiye İçin SVAR Analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22): 45-55.
  • Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D.C. (2012). Basic Econometrics. Mc Graw Hill, Literatür Yayıncılık, 5th Edition, (Çeviri: Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen) İstanbul.
  • Güriş, S. & Çağlayan, E. (2013). Ekonometri: Temel Kavramlar. Der Yayınları, Genişletilmiş 4. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan Akay, E. & Güriş, B. (2020). R ile temel ekonometri. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Hajipour, M., & Fallsolyman, M. (2016). The Effects of Targeted Subsidies on Misery Index in Urban and Rural Settlements of Iran Regions. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926, 3(2), 714-725.
  • Hayashi, F. (2000). Econometrics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Işık, M. & Çetenak, Ö. Ö. (2019). İktisadi Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi Makroekonomik Performansın Ölçülmesinde Başarılı Bir Gösterge midir?: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(4), 37-50.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis Of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254.
  • Kapetanios, G. (2005), Unit-Root Testing against the Alternative Hypothesis of Up to m Structural Breaks, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 26(1), 123-133.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. & Shin, Y., (1992). Testing The Null Of Stationary Against The Alternative Of A Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have A Unit Root?, Journal of Econometrics 54, 159–178.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of economics and statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lovell, C. K., Pastor, J. T., & Turner, J. A. (1995). Measuring macroeconomic performance in the OECD: A comparison of European and non-European countries. European journal of operational research, 87(3), 507-518.
  • Lovell, M. C., & Tien, P. L. (2000). Economic discomfort and consumer sentiment. Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), 1-8.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Murphy, R. H. (2016). A short empirical note on state misery indexes. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 46(1100-2017-1682), 186-189.
  • Obayorı, J. B. (2020). Government Expenditure and Economic Discomfort in Nigeria. Finance & Economics Review, 2(2), 1-12.
  • Özcan, S.E. & Açıkalın, S. (2015) Relationship between Misery Index and Lottery Games: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 7(1), 159-164.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(2): 1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
  • Pogoy, A. M., Balo, V. T., Plaisent, M., & Bernard, P. (2016). Global Implication of Fractals on Misery Index across Countries. International Journal of Global Business, 9(1), 30.
  • Saeed, M. I., Raza, S. & Ali, F. (2020) To Mull Remittance and Misery Index of Selected Asian Countries: A Panel ARDL Approach.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and testing of cointegrated systems by an autoregressive approximation. Econometric Theory, 8, 1 - 27.
  • Serfraz, A. (2017). Analyzing short-run and long-run causality between FDI flows, labour productivity and education in Pakistan. ZÖSS Discussion Paper, No. 61.
  • Solarin, Sakiru , Gil-Alana, Luis and Lafuente, Carmen. (2020). Persistence of the Misery Index in African Countries. Social Indicators Research. 147. 10.1007/s11205-019-02184-y.
  • Stock, J.H. (1994). Unit roots, structural breaks and trends. Chapter 46 in Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 4, R. F. Engle & D. McFadden (eds.), 2739-2841, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
  • Stock, J.H. & Watson, M. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61, 783-820.
  • Tang, C. F., & Lean, H. H. (2009). New evidence from the misery index in the crime function. Economics Letters, 102(2), 112-115.
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. (8. Baskı). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • TCMB (2021) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php? (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2021)
  • TÜİK (2021) İstatistik Veri Portalı, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Enflasyon-ve-Fiyat-106 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2021)
  • Ülgen, G. & Özer, M.O. (2020) İktisadi Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi İle Cari Açık Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15/1: 83-112.
  • Vanitcharearnthum, V. (2010). Misery Index and Monetary Policy. University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce
  • Vlandas, T. (2020). A pandemic ‘misery index’: ranking countries’ economic and health performance during Covid-19. LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) blog.
  • Wang N, Haroon Shah M, Ali K, Abbas S. & Ullah S. (2019) Financial Structure, Misery Index, and Economic Growth: Time Series Empirics from Pakistan. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(2) https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020100
  • Wiseman, C. (1992). More on misery: How consistent are alternative indices? A comment. The American Economist, 36(2), 85-88.
  • World Bank (2021). World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2021)
  • Wu, P. C., Liu, S. Y., & Pan, S. C. (2014). Does misery index matter for the persistence of health spending? Evidence from OECD countries. Social indicators research, 118(2), 893-910.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Ekonometri Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Zivot, E., & D. W. K. Andrews, (1992) Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10:3, 251–270.

THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATES AND LOAN INTEREST RATES ON OKUN MISERY INDEX

Yıl 2022, , 595 - 617, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.979529

Öz

In this study, it was investigated whether Okun misery (economic discomfort) index, as a macroeconomic performance criteria, is sensitive to exchange rates and consumer loan interest rates, in the sample of Turkey for 2005Q1-2020Q4 periods with the help of econometric methods that also take into structural breaks. The fact that there are no studies examining the effects of exchange rates and loan interest rates on the index in the literature and that structural breaks are taken into account makes the study distinctive in terms of content and subject. According to the results of both standard unit root tests (ADF, PP and KPSS) and Kapetanios (2005) unit root test with multiple breaks, all series were found to be stationary at the first difference. The estimation of long-run coefficients and short-run error correction models of the series were obtained by DOLS method. Cointegration among the series were determined by the Maki (2012) method. The coefficients of both independent variables are positive and statistically significant. In addition, causality relationship among the series in both longrun and shortrun was determined by VECM-based method. According to empirical findings, when Turkish Lira depreciates by 1 unit, the misery index rises by approximately 0.89 points, while misery index rises by 0.10 points when loan interest rates increase by 1 point.

Kaynakça

  • Adrangi, B., & Macri, J. (2019). Does the Misery Index Influence a US President’s Political Re-Election Prospects?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 22.Does the Misery Index Influence a US President’s Political Re-Election Prospects?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 22.
  • Akay, E. Ç., & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2020). İktisadi Büyüme ve Sefalet Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki: Geçiş Ülkeleri Örneği The Relationship between Economic Growth and Misery Index: Evidence from Transition Countries. On Eurasian Economies, 130.
  • Akçay, S. 2018. “Remittances and Misery Index in Turkey: Is There a Link?” Applied Economics Letters, 25(13), p.895-899.
  • Akçayır, Ö., & Albeni, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Kredi Genişlemesinin Cari Açığa Etkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 557-583.
  • Akpınar, R., Taşcı, K. & Özsan, M. E. (2013). Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksine Göre Türkiye’de Bölgesel Farklılık. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 4 (10), 59-70.
  • Anaele, A. A., & Nyenke, C. U. (2021). Effect Of Fiscal Policy On Misery Index In Nigeria. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol, 9(1).
  • Armutcuoğlu Tekin, H. & Ural, M. (2019). Finansal gelişme ve ekonomik performans ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için bir analiz. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 43-77.
  • Beşkaya, A. (2013). Political economy of economic discomfort: A time series analysis of Turkey, 1980-2010. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt:9, Yıl:9, Sayı:1, 9: 1-14.
  • Błaszczyk, P. (2015). Post-Crisis Macroeconomic Comparative Assessment of the Eurozone Member States with the Use of an Improved Misery Index. Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 2, No. 3; 135-144.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Kim, D & Perron, P. (2009) GLS-Based Unit Root Tests with Multiple Structural Breaks Under Both the Null and the Alternative Hypotheses. Econometric Theory, 25: 1754-1792.
  • César Alonso, J. & Eduardo Jaramillo, L. (2012) Long-Term Relationship between Misery Index and Stock Market: The Colombian Case. Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: ECO2012-0326.
  • Clark, R. K., Green Jr, K., & Robertson, P. J. (2004). Lottery ticket sales: An empirical analysis of the misery index as a predictor of sales. In Academic Forum (Vol. 22, p. 05).
  • Cohen, I. K., Ferretti, F., & McIntosh, B. (2014). Decomposing the misery index: A dynamic approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 2(1), 991089.
  • Dağbaşı,B, Barak, D. & Çelik, T. (2019). Türkiye İçin Makroekonomik Performans Endeksinin Analizi (1990-2017): Yapay Sinir Ağı Yaklaşımı. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (1), 93-112.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Sefalet Endeksi ve Türkiye, https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2018/06/sefalet-endeksi-ve-turkiye.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2021)
  • Engle, R. & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55(2): 251 – 276.
  • Ergün Ünal, A. (2020) Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Barro Sefalet Endeksine Etkisi: Türkiye İçin SVAR Analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22): 45-55.
  • Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D.C. (2012). Basic Econometrics. Mc Graw Hill, Literatür Yayıncılık, 5th Edition, (Çeviri: Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen) İstanbul.
  • Güriş, S. & Çağlayan, E. (2013). Ekonometri: Temel Kavramlar. Der Yayınları, Genişletilmiş 4. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan Akay, E. & Güriş, B. (2020). R ile temel ekonometri. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Hajipour, M., & Fallsolyman, M. (2016). The Effects of Targeted Subsidies on Misery Index in Urban and Rural Settlements of Iran Regions. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926, 3(2), 714-725.
  • Hayashi, F. (2000). Econometrics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Işık, M. & Çetenak, Ö. Ö. (2019). İktisadi Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi Makroekonomik Performansın Ölçülmesinde Başarılı Bir Gösterge midir?: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(4), 37-50.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis Of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254.
  • Kapetanios, G. (2005), Unit-Root Testing against the Alternative Hypothesis of Up to m Structural Breaks, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 26(1), 123-133.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. & Shin, Y., (1992). Testing The Null Of Stationary Against The Alternative Of A Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have A Unit Root?, Journal of Econometrics 54, 159–178.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of economics and statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lovell, C. K., Pastor, J. T., & Turner, J. A. (1995). Measuring macroeconomic performance in the OECD: A comparison of European and non-European countries. European journal of operational research, 87(3), 507-518.
  • Lovell, M. C., & Tien, P. L. (2000). Economic discomfort and consumer sentiment. Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), 1-8.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Murphy, R. H. (2016). A short empirical note on state misery indexes. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 46(1100-2017-1682), 186-189.
  • Obayorı, J. B. (2020). Government Expenditure and Economic Discomfort in Nigeria. Finance & Economics Review, 2(2), 1-12.
  • Özcan, S.E. & Açıkalın, S. (2015) Relationship between Misery Index and Lottery Games: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 7(1), 159-164.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(2): 1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
  • Pogoy, A. M., Balo, V. T., Plaisent, M., & Bernard, P. (2016). Global Implication of Fractals on Misery Index across Countries. International Journal of Global Business, 9(1), 30.
  • Saeed, M. I., Raza, S. & Ali, F. (2020) To Mull Remittance and Misery Index of Selected Asian Countries: A Panel ARDL Approach.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and testing of cointegrated systems by an autoregressive approximation. Econometric Theory, 8, 1 - 27.
  • Serfraz, A. (2017). Analyzing short-run and long-run causality between FDI flows, labour productivity and education in Pakistan. ZÖSS Discussion Paper, No. 61.
  • Solarin, Sakiru , Gil-Alana, Luis and Lafuente, Carmen. (2020). Persistence of the Misery Index in African Countries. Social Indicators Research. 147. 10.1007/s11205-019-02184-y.
  • Stock, J.H. (1994). Unit roots, structural breaks and trends. Chapter 46 in Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 4, R. F. Engle & D. McFadden (eds.), 2739-2841, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
  • Stock, J.H. & Watson, M. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61, 783-820.
  • Tang, C. F., & Lean, H. H. (2009). New evidence from the misery index in the crime function. Economics Letters, 102(2), 112-115.
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. (8. Baskı). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • TCMB (2021) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php? (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2021)
  • TÜİK (2021) İstatistik Veri Portalı, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Enflasyon-ve-Fiyat-106 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2021)
  • Ülgen, G. & Özer, M.O. (2020) İktisadi Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksi İle Cari Açık Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15/1: 83-112.
  • Vanitcharearnthum, V. (2010). Misery Index and Monetary Policy. University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce
  • Vlandas, T. (2020). A pandemic ‘misery index’: ranking countries’ economic and health performance during Covid-19. LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) blog.
  • Wang N, Haroon Shah M, Ali K, Abbas S. & Ullah S. (2019) Financial Structure, Misery Index, and Economic Growth: Time Series Empirics from Pakistan. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(2) https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020100
  • Wiseman, C. (1992). More on misery: How consistent are alternative indices? A comment. The American Economist, 36(2), 85-88.
  • World Bank (2021). World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. (Erişim Tarihi: 29.07.2021)
  • Wu, P. C., Liu, S. Y., & Pan, S. C. (2014). Does misery index matter for the persistence of health spending? Evidence from OECD countries. Social indicators research, 118(2), 893-910.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Ekonometri Stata Uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Zivot, E., & D. W. K. Andrews, (1992) Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10:3, 251–270.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ömer Akçayır 0000-0002-1645-5312

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2021
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçayır, Ö. (2022). DÖVİZ KURLARININ VE KREDİ FAİZ ORANLARININ OKUN SEFALET ENDEKSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(2), 595-617. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.979529