Araştırma Makalesi
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROLE PERCEPTIONS, ORGANISATIONAL CYNICISM AND PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE

Yıl 2017, ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı, 476 - 486, 01.12.2017

Öz

The purpose of this stduy is to examine the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict, organisational cynicism and perceived performance. 233 people from two different public universities located in İstanbul and Ankara participated in this study. Of those, 56% were female and 44% were male, whose ages ranged between 23 and 38. A number of scales, such as Brandes’s 1997 Organisational cynicism scale, Rizzo et.al.’s 1970 Role ambiguity and Role conflict scales, Sigler and Pearson’s 2000 Perceived performance scale were employed in this study. The internal consistency reliabilities of the scales were between 0,76 and 0,91. It was found that after controlling relevant variables, each role perception variable and workplace’s cynicism contributed significantly to organisational cynicism. Additionally it was found that there is significant relationship between role perceptions, organisational cynicism and perceived performance. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126 (3), 269- 292.
  • Akçay, V. H., (2017). Cynicism at Universities: A Research Based on Pervasion of Academics’s Cynicism and its Relationship with Performance, Developments in Social Sciences, Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski University, 185-199. (Basım aşamasında).
  • Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49, 1395–1418.
  • Andersson, L. M., & Bateman, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the Workplace: Some Causes and Effects. The Journal of Organizational Behavior. 18, 449-470.
  • Baysal Can, A., & Tekarslan, E. (1996). İşletmeler için Davranış Bilimleri. 2.Bası. İstanbul: Avcıol Basım Yayın.
  • Becker, H., & Geer, B. (1961). Boys in White. Chicago: University of Press.
  • Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., & Rubin, R. S. (2005). Changing attitudes about change: Longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change, Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26. 733–753.
  • Brandes, P. M. (1997). Organizational Cynicism: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences (Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy). The University of Cincinnati.
  • Brandes, P., & Das, D. (2006). Locating Behaviour Cynicism at Work: Construct Issues and Performance Implications, Employee Health, Coping and Methodologies (Edt. Pamela L.Perrewe, Daniel C. Ganster). New York: JAI Press. 233-266.
  • Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Dean, J. W. (1999). Does organizational cynicism matter?: Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Paper Presented at the Eastern Academy of Management. Philadelphia.
  • Brown, S., & Peterson, R. (1993). Antecedents and Consequences of Salesperson Job Satisfaction: Meta-Analysis And Assessment of Causal Effects, Journal of Marke- ting Research, 30 (1), 63-78.
  • Byrne, Z., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Perceived organizational support and performance: Relationships across levels of organizational cynicism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 54–72.
  • Cartwright, S., & Holmes, N. (2006). The Meaning of Work: The Challenge of Regaining Employee Engagement and Reducing Cynicism. Human Resource Management Review, 16 (2), 199–208.
  • Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I., Banks, G.C., & Lomeli, L.C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83,181–197
  • Cohen, A. (1998). An Examination of The Relationship Between Work Commitment and Work Outcomes Among Hospital Nurses. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 14 (I/2), 1-17.
  • Dean, J. W. Jr., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational Cynicism. The Academy of Management Review. 23 (2), 341-352
  • Delken, M. (2004). Organizational Cynicism: A Study Among Call Centers (Dissertation), Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. Maastricht: University of Maastricht.
  • Efilti, S., Gönen, Y., & Öztürk, F. (2008). Organizational Cynicism: A Field Research on Administrative Secretaries Working at Akdeniz University.7. Ulusal Büro Yönetimi ve Sekreterlik Kongresi, Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon, 1-14.
  • Erdost, H. E., Karacaoğlu, K., & Reyhanoğlu, M. (2007). The Concept of Organizational Cynicism and Being Tested of the Related Scales with a Company in Turkey. 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. Sakarya University. Sakarya, 514-524.
  • Fero, H. C. (2005). Flow and Cynicism in the Workplace (Dissertation), Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Fleming, P. (2005). Workers Playtime? Boundaries and Cynicism in a “Culture of Fun” Program, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41(1), 285-303.
  • Fried, Y., Ben-David, H.A., Tiegs, R. B., Avital, N., & Yeverechyahu, U. (1998). The Interactive Effect of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Job Performance. Journal of Occupational & Organisational Psychology, 71,19-27.
  • George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (1997). Experiencing Work: Values, Attitudes, and Moods, Human Relations. 50 (4), 393-416.
  • George, J. M., & Jones G. R. (2005). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
  • Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A Meta Analysis of Work Demands and Stressors and Job Performance: Examining The Main and Moderating Effects. Personnel Psychology, 61 (2), 227-271.
  • Güzeller, C. O., & Kalagan, G. (2008). Turkish Adaptation of Organizational Cynicism Scale and Investigation in terms of Some Variables in Educational Organizations. 16.Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitab , stanbul Kültür University, Antalya, 87-94.
  • Hançerlioğlu, O. (1993). Dünya İnançları Sözlüğü, Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Hochwarter, W. A., James, M., Johnson, D., & Ferris, G. R. (2004). The interactive effects of politics perceptions and trait cynicism on work outcomes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10 (4), 44–57.
  • Izzard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. NewYork: Plenum Press.
  • Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in Work Settings. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.
  • James, M. S. L., (2005). Antecedents and Consequences Of Cynicism in Organizations: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Florida State University, USA.
  • Johnson, J. L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 627–647
  • Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The Cynical Americans. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Kasapoğlu, M. A. (1992). Health Sociology Researches from Turkey, Ankara: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayınlar VI.
  • Kirkman, B.L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal. 42 (1), 58-74.
  • Kutaniş, R. Ö., & Çetinel, E. (2010). Adaletsizlik Algısı Sinisizmi Tetikler mi?: Bir örnek olay, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(26), 186-195.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lysonski, S., & Woodside, A. (1989). Boundary Role Spanning Behavior, Conflicts And Performance of Industrial Product Managers. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 6 (9), 169-184.
  • Mirvis, P. H., & Kanter, D. L. (1991). Beyond Demography: A Psychographic Pro le of The Workforce, Human Resource Management. 30 (1), 45-68.
  • O’Brien, K., Leichenko, R., Kelkar, U., Venema, H., Aandahl, G., Tompkins, H., Javed, A., Bhadwal, S., Barg, S., Nygaard, L., & West, J. (2004). Mapping Vulnerability to Multiple Stressors: Climate Change and Globalization in India. Global Environmental Change, 14, 303–313.
  • Özler, D. E., & Atalay, C. G. (2011). A Research to Determine the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Burnout Levels of Employees in Health Sector, Business and Management Review, 1(4), 26-38.
  • Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. The Academy of Management Executive, 11, 48–59
  • Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. (1970). Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly. 15 (2), 150-163.
  • Schuler, R. S. (1973). Role Perceptions, Satisfaction, and Performance: A Partial Reconciliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (6), 683-687.
  • Sigler, T. H., Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment. Journal of Quality Management. 5, 27-52.
  • Sims, H. E., & Szilagyi, A. D. (1975). Leader reward behavior and subordinate satisfaction and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 14, 426–438.
  • Stanley, D. J. (1998). Employee Cynicism About Organizational Change: Development and Validation of a Measure. Unpublished Master Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario
  • Tesluk, P. E., Vance, R. J, & Mathieu, J. E. (1999). Examining Employee Involvement in the Context of Participative Work Environments. Group Organization Management, 3 (24), 271-299
  • Tokgöz, N., & Yılmaz, H. (2008). Organizational Cynicism: An Investigation on Hotel Organizations in Eskisehir and Alanya. Anadolu University Journal Of Social Sciences. 8(2), 238-305.
  • Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., Ammeter, A. P., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Leader Political Skill and Employee Reactions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(4), 493-513.
  • Tükeltürk, A., Perçin, N., & Güzel, B. (2009). The Relationship between Psychological Contract Violation in Organization and Cynicism: A Research on 4-5 Star Hotel Management, 17.Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, Eskişehir: Osmangazi University, 688-692.
  • Wanous, J. P, Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism About Organizational Change: Measurement, Antecedent and correlates, Group and Organizational Management, 25(2), 132-153.
  • Wilkerson, J. M. (2002). Organizational cynicism and its impact on human resource management. In G. R. Ferris, M. R. Buckley, & D. B. Fedor (Eds.), Human resources management: Perspectives, context, functions, and outcomes (pp. 532–546). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Varca, P. (1999). Work Stress and Customer Service Delivery. The Journal of Services Marketing, 13 (3), 229- 241.
  • Veloutsou, C. A., Panigyrakis, G. G. (2004). Consumer Brand Managers' Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Perceived Performance and Intention to Leave. Journal of Marke- ting Management, 20 (2), 105-131.

ÖRGÜTLERDE İŞ ROLÜ ALGILARI, SİNİZM VE ALGILANAN PERFORMANS ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ

Yıl 2017, ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı, 476 - 486, 01.12.2017

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı iş rolü algıları, örgütsel sinizm ve algılanan performans arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaçla yapılan araştırmaya İstanbul ve Ankara’da faaliyet gösteren iki devlet üniversitesinde çalışan 233 araştırma görevlisi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların %56’sını kadınlar, %44’ünü erkekler oluşturmakta ve yaşları 23 ile 38 arasında değişmektedir. Araştırmada Brandes’in 1997 Örgütsel Sinizm ölçeği, Rizzo ve çalışma arkadaşlarının 1970 Rol Belirsizliği ve Rol Çatışması ölçekleri, Sigler ve Pearson’un 2000 Algılanan Bireysel Performans ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan ölçeklerin güvenilirlik katsayıları kabul edilebilir düzeydedir 0,76–0,91 arası . Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla korelasyon analizi, örgütsel sinizmi yordayan faktörleri belirlemek için regresyon analizi, değişkenlerin kendi içinde demografik faktörlere göre değişimini belirlemek amacıyla t-testi ve Anova analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, iş rolü algıları ile performans algısı arasında anlamlı ilişki; sinizm ve performans algısı arasında negatif ve zayıf ilişki, iş rolü algıları ve çalışma ortamı sinizminin örgütsel sinizmi anlamlı şekilde yordadığı bulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç bölümüne bu bulguların olası gerekçeleri tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126 (3), 269- 292.
  • Akçay, V. H., (2017). Cynicism at Universities: A Research Based on Pervasion of Academics’s Cynicism and its Relationship with Performance, Developments in Social Sciences, Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski University, 185-199. (Basım aşamasında).
  • Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49, 1395–1418.
  • Andersson, L. M., & Bateman, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the Workplace: Some Causes and Effects. The Journal of Organizational Behavior. 18, 449-470.
  • Baysal Can, A., & Tekarslan, E. (1996). İşletmeler için Davranış Bilimleri. 2.Bası. İstanbul: Avcıol Basım Yayın.
  • Becker, H., & Geer, B. (1961). Boys in White. Chicago: University of Press.
  • Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., & Rubin, R. S. (2005). Changing attitudes about change: Longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change, Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26. 733–753.
  • Brandes, P. M. (1997). Organizational Cynicism: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences (Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy). The University of Cincinnati.
  • Brandes, P., & Das, D. (2006). Locating Behaviour Cynicism at Work: Construct Issues and Performance Implications, Employee Health, Coping and Methodologies (Edt. Pamela L.Perrewe, Daniel C. Ganster). New York: JAI Press. 233-266.
  • Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Dean, J. W. (1999). Does organizational cynicism matter?: Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Paper Presented at the Eastern Academy of Management. Philadelphia.
  • Brown, S., & Peterson, R. (1993). Antecedents and Consequences of Salesperson Job Satisfaction: Meta-Analysis And Assessment of Causal Effects, Journal of Marke- ting Research, 30 (1), 63-78.
  • Byrne, Z., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Perceived organizational support and performance: Relationships across levels of organizational cynicism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 54–72.
  • Cartwright, S., & Holmes, N. (2006). The Meaning of Work: The Challenge of Regaining Employee Engagement and Reducing Cynicism. Human Resource Management Review, 16 (2), 199–208.
  • Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I., Banks, G.C., & Lomeli, L.C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83,181–197
  • Cohen, A. (1998). An Examination of The Relationship Between Work Commitment and Work Outcomes Among Hospital Nurses. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 14 (I/2), 1-17.
  • Dean, J. W. Jr., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational Cynicism. The Academy of Management Review. 23 (2), 341-352
  • Delken, M. (2004). Organizational Cynicism: A Study Among Call Centers (Dissertation), Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. Maastricht: University of Maastricht.
  • Efilti, S., Gönen, Y., & Öztürk, F. (2008). Organizational Cynicism: A Field Research on Administrative Secretaries Working at Akdeniz University.7. Ulusal Büro Yönetimi ve Sekreterlik Kongresi, Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon, 1-14.
  • Erdost, H. E., Karacaoğlu, K., & Reyhanoğlu, M. (2007). The Concept of Organizational Cynicism and Being Tested of the Related Scales with a Company in Turkey. 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. Sakarya University. Sakarya, 514-524.
  • Fero, H. C. (2005). Flow and Cynicism in the Workplace (Dissertation), Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Fleming, P. (2005). Workers Playtime? Boundaries and Cynicism in a “Culture of Fun” Program, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41(1), 285-303.
  • Fried, Y., Ben-David, H.A., Tiegs, R. B., Avital, N., & Yeverechyahu, U. (1998). The Interactive Effect of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Job Performance. Journal of Occupational & Organisational Psychology, 71,19-27.
  • George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (1997). Experiencing Work: Values, Attitudes, and Moods, Human Relations. 50 (4), 393-416.
  • George, J. M., & Jones G. R. (2005). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
  • Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A Meta Analysis of Work Demands and Stressors and Job Performance: Examining The Main and Moderating Effects. Personnel Psychology, 61 (2), 227-271.
  • Güzeller, C. O., & Kalagan, G. (2008). Turkish Adaptation of Organizational Cynicism Scale and Investigation in terms of Some Variables in Educational Organizations. 16.Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitab , stanbul Kültür University, Antalya, 87-94.
  • Hançerlioğlu, O. (1993). Dünya İnançları Sözlüğü, Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Hochwarter, W. A., James, M., Johnson, D., & Ferris, G. R. (2004). The interactive effects of politics perceptions and trait cynicism on work outcomes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10 (4), 44–57.
  • Izzard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. NewYork: Plenum Press.
  • Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and Conceptual Critique of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in Work Settings. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 36, 16-78.
  • James, M. S. L., (2005). Antecedents and Consequences Of Cynicism in Organizations: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Florida State University, USA.
  • Johnson, J. L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 627–647
  • Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The Cynical Americans. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Kasapoğlu, M. A. (1992). Health Sociology Researches from Turkey, Ankara: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayınlar VI.
  • Kirkman, B.L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal. 42 (1), 58-74.
  • Kutaniş, R. Ö., & Çetinel, E. (2010). Adaletsizlik Algısı Sinisizmi Tetikler mi?: Bir örnek olay, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(26), 186-195.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lysonski, S., & Woodside, A. (1989). Boundary Role Spanning Behavior, Conflicts And Performance of Industrial Product Managers. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 6 (9), 169-184.
  • Mirvis, P. H., & Kanter, D. L. (1991). Beyond Demography: A Psychographic Pro le of The Workforce, Human Resource Management. 30 (1), 45-68.
  • O’Brien, K., Leichenko, R., Kelkar, U., Venema, H., Aandahl, G., Tompkins, H., Javed, A., Bhadwal, S., Barg, S., Nygaard, L., & West, J. (2004). Mapping Vulnerability to Multiple Stressors: Climate Change and Globalization in India. Global Environmental Change, 14, 303–313.
  • Özler, D. E., & Atalay, C. G. (2011). A Research to Determine the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Burnout Levels of Employees in Health Sector, Business and Management Review, 1(4), 26-38.
  • Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. The Academy of Management Executive, 11, 48–59
  • Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. (1970). Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly. 15 (2), 150-163.
  • Schuler, R. S. (1973). Role Perceptions, Satisfaction, and Performance: A Partial Reconciliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (6), 683-687.
  • Sigler, T. H., Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment. Journal of Quality Management. 5, 27-52.
  • Sims, H. E., & Szilagyi, A. D. (1975). Leader reward behavior and subordinate satisfaction and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 14, 426–438.
  • Stanley, D. J. (1998). Employee Cynicism About Organizational Change: Development and Validation of a Measure. Unpublished Master Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario
  • Tesluk, P. E., Vance, R. J, & Mathieu, J. E. (1999). Examining Employee Involvement in the Context of Participative Work Environments. Group Organization Management, 3 (24), 271-299
  • Tokgöz, N., & Yılmaz, H. (2008). Organizational Cynicism: An Investigation on Hotel Organizations in Eskisehir and Alanya. Anadolu University Journal Of Social Sciences. 8(2), 238-305.
  • Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., Ammeter, A. P., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Leader Political Skill and Employee Reactions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(4), 493-513.
  • Tükeltürk, A., Perçin, N., & Güzel, B. (2009). The Relationship between Psychological Contract Violation in Organization and Cynicism: A Research on 4-5 Star Hotel Management, 17.Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, Eskişehir: Osmangazi University, 688-692.
  • Wanous, J. P, Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism About Organizational Change: Measurement, Antecedent and correlates, Group and Organizational Management, 25(2), 132-153.
  • Wilkerson, J. M. (2002). Organizational cynicism and its impact on human resource management. In G. R. Ferris, M. R. Buckley, & D. B. Fedor (Eds.), Human resources management: Perspectives, context, functions, and outcomes (pp. 532–546). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Varca, P. (1999). Work Stress and Customer Service Delivery. The Journal of Services Marketing, 13 (3), 229- 241.
  • Veloutsou, C. A., Panigyrakis, G. G. (2004). Consumer Brand Managers' Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Perceived Performance and Intention to Leave. Journal of Marke- ting Management, 20 (2), 105-131.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Vildan Hilal Akçay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, V. H. (2017). ÖRGÜTLERDE İŞ ROLÜ ALGILARI, SİNİZM VE ALGILANAN PERFORMANS ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(13), 476-486.