SOSYAL KARŞILAŞTIRMA BAKIŞ AÇISINDAN DEDİKODU, REKABET VE ETİK İKLİM İLİŞKİSİ
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 639 - 656, 13.10.2020
Berat Çiçek
,
Metin Söylemez
Öz
Bu çalışmada, sosyal karşılaştırma bakış açısıyla işyeri dedikodusunun algılanan örgüt içi
rekabet üzerindeki etkisi ve etik iklimin bu ilişkideki aracılık rolünün ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.
Bu amaç doğrultusunda yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yaklaşımı ile nicel bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anket tekniği ile 376 hizmet sektörü çalışanından elde edilen veriler analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Analiz
sonucunda, işyeri dedikodusun algılanan örgüt içi rekabet üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Etik iklimin bu ilişkideki aracı rolü ise işyeri dedikodusun negatif ve pozitif olmasına
bağlı olarak farklılaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Etik iklimin, negatif dedikodunun algılanan örgüt içi rekabet
üzerindeki etkisinde aracılık rolü oynadığı ama pozitif dedikodunun algılanan örgüt içi rekabet üzerindeki
etkisinde oynamadığı ortaya konulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Ambrose, M. L., Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. (2007). Individual moral development and ethical climate:
The influence of person–organization fit on job attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(3), 323-
333.
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and
recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
- Argo, J. J., White, K., & Dahl, D. W. (2006). Social comparison theory and deception in the interpersonal
exchange of consumption information. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(1), 99-108.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Saks, A. M. (1996). Socialization tactics: Longitudinal effects on newcomer adjustment.
The Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 149-178.
- Babin, B. J., Boles, J. S., & Robin, D. P. (2000). Representing the perceived ethical work climate among
marketing employees. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(3), 345.
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological
research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Bartels, K. K., Harrick, E., Martell, K., & Strickland, D. (1998). The relationship between ethical climate
and ethical problems within human resource management. Journal of business ethics, 17(7), 799-
804.
- Beersma, B., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2012). Why people gossip: An empirical analysis of social motives,
antecedents, and consequences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(11), 2640-2670.
- Birtch, T. A., & Chiang, F. F. T. (2014). The influence of business school’s ethical climate on students’
unethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(2), 283-294.
- Brown, D. J., Ferris, D. L., Heller, D., & Keeping, L. M. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of the
frequency of upward and downward social comparisons at work. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 59-75.
- Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership
Quarterly, 17(6), 595-616.
- Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum Jr, J. W. (1998). Effects of trait competitiveness and perceived
intraorganizational competition on salesperson goal setting and performance. Journal of
Marketing, 62(4), 88-98.
- Buunk, A. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a
field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21.
- Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Dickert, S., & Costantini, A. (2016). Grit or honesty-humility? New insights into
the moderating role of personality between the health impairment process and counterproductive
work behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
- Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic envy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(9), 2128-2173.
- Cohen-Charash, Y., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate
interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology,
92(3), 666-680.
- Craney, T. A., & Surles, J. G. (2002). Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Quality
Engineering, 14(3), 391-403.
- Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational
commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127-141.
- Çiçek, B., & Deniz, M. (2017). Liderlere ve organizasyonlara değer temelli yaklaşım: Değer merkezli
liderlik ve etik iklim ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma - Values-based approach to leaders and
organizations: A research on value-centered leadership and ethical climate relationship. Journal
of Business Research - Turk, 9(2), 150-168.
- Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 100-
110.
- Eddleston, K. A. (2009). The effects of social comparisons on managerial career satisfaction and turnover
intentions. Career Development International, 14(1), 87-110.
- Ellemers, N., Pagliaro, S., & Barreto, M. (2013). Morality and behavioural regulation in groups: A social
identity approach. European Review of Social Psychology, 24(1), 160-193.
- Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Kraimer, M. L. (2006). Justice and leader-member exchange: The moderating
role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 395-406.
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables
and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
- Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: Taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Review of General
Psychology, 8(2), 78-99.
- Fritzsche, D. J. (2000). Ethical climates and the ethical dimension of decision making. Journal of Business
Ethics, 24(2), 125-140.
- Gabriel, Y. (1995). The unmanaged organization: Stories, fantasies and subjectivity. Organization
Studies, 16(3), 477-501.
- Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Schiff, T. M. (2013). The psychology of competition: A social comparison
perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 634-650.
- Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Hochschild, L. (2002). When you and I are “we,” you are not threatening:
The role of self-expansion in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
82(2), 239-251.
- Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2009). Dishonesty in the name of equity. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1153-1160.
- Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2010). Lying to level the playing field: Why people may dishonestly help or hurt
others to create equity. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 89-103.
- Goodman, P. S., & Haisley, E. (2007). Social comparison processes in an organizational context: New
directions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 109-125.
- Gorsira, M., Steg, L., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Corruption in organizations: Ethical climate
and individual motives. Administrative Sciences, 8(1), 1-19.
- Graf, L., König, A., Enders, A., & Hungenberg, H. (2012). Debiasing competitive irrationality: How
managers can be prevented from trading off absolute for relative profit. European Management
Journal, 30(4), 386-403.
- Hair, J. F. (Ed.). (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7. ed., Pearson new internat. ed). Harlow: Pearson.
Harman, H. H. (1960). Modern factor analysis. Oxford, England: Univ. of Chicago Press.
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity
in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,
43(1), 115-135.
- Hochstein, B. W., Zahn, W. J., & Bolander, W. (2017). Exploring the unintended negative impact of an
ethical climate in competitive environments. Marketing Letters, 28(4), 621-635.
- Holland, M. G. (1996). What’s wrong with telling the truth? An analysis of gossip. American Philosophical
Quarterly, 33(2), 197-209.
- Hsieh, H.-H., & Wang, Y.-D. (2016). Linking perceived ethical climate to organizational deviance: The
cognitive, affective, and attitudinal mechanisms. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3600-3608.
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional
criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1),
1-55.
- Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural
equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139-
153.
- Johnson, C. (2012). Behavioral responses to threatening social comparisons: From dastardly deeds to
rising above. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(7), 515-524.
- Kim, A., Moon, J., & Shin, J. (2019). Justice perceptions, perceived insider status, and gossip at work: A
social exchange perspective. Journal of Business Research, 97, 30-42.
- Kniffin, K. M., & Sloan Wilson, D. (2010). Evolutionary perspectives on workplace gossip: Why and how
gossip can serve groups. Group & Organization Management, 35(2), 150-176.
- Kuo, C.-C., Chang, K., Quinton, S., Lu, C.-Y., & Lee, I. (2015). Gossip in the workplace and the
implications for HR management: A study of gossip and its relationship to employee cynicism.
The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(18), 2288-2307.
- Kurland, N. B., & Pelled, L. H. (2000). Passing the word: Toward a model of gossip and power in the
workplace. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 428–438.
- Larrick, R. P., Burson, K. A., & Soll, J. B. (2007). Social comparison and confidence: When thinking
you’re better than average predicts overconfidence (and when it does not). Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 76-94.
- Lau, V. P., & Wong, Y. Y. (2009). Direct and multiplicative effects of ethical dispositions and ethical
climates on personal justice norms: A virtue ethics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2),
279-294.
- Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model
of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123.
- Malhotra, D. (2010). The desire to win: The effects of competitive arousal on motivation and
behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111(2), 139-146.
- Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A metaanalytic
review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 175-194.
- Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Major, B., & Seery, M. (2001). Challenge and threat responses during
downward and upward social comparisons. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(5), 477-
497.
- Michelson, G., van Iterson, A., & Waddington, K. (2010). Gossip in organizations: Contexts, consequences,
and controversies. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 371-390.
- Molleman, E., Nauta, A., & Buunk, B. P. (2007). Social comparison-based thoughts in groups: Their
associations with interpersonal trust and learning outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
37(6), 1163-1180.
- Moran, S., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2008). When better is worse: Envy and the use of deception. Negotiation
and Conflict Management Research, 1(1), 3-29.
- Murayama, K., & Elliot, A. J. (2012). The competition–performance relation: A meta-analytic review and
test of the opposing processes model of competition and performance. Psychological Bulletin,
138(6), 1035-1070.
- Newman, A., Round, H., Bhattacharya, S., & Roy, A. (2017). Ethical climates in organizations: A review
and research agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(4), 475-512.
- Nickerson, J. A., & Zenger, T. R. (2008). Envy, comparison costs, and the economic theory of the firm.
Strategic Management Journal, 29(13), 1429-1449.
- Peterson, D. K. (2002). Deviant workplace behavior and the organization’s ethical climate. Journal of
Business and Psychology, 17(1), 47-61.
- Poortvliet, P. M. (2013). Harming others’ task-related efforts: The distinct competitive effects of ranking
information on performance and mastery goal individuals. Social Psychology, 44(6), 373-379.
- Rawley, E., & Simcoe, T. S. (2010). Diversification, diseconomies of scope, and vertical contracting:
Evidence from the taxicab industry. Management Science, 56(9), 1534-1550.
- Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. K. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees’ invidious
reactions to promotes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 33-47.
- Schwepker, C. H. (2001). Ethical climate’s relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment,
and turnover intention in the salesforce. Journal of Business Research, 54(1), 39-52.
- Shin, Y. (2012). CEO ethical leadership, ethical climate, climate strength, and collective organizational
citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 299-312.
- Smither, R. D., & Houston, J. M. (1992). The nature of competitiveness: The development and validation
of the competitiveness index. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(2), 407-418.
- Swab, R. G., & Johnson, P. D. (2019). Steel sharpens steel: A review of multilevel competition and
competitiveness in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(2), 147-165.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA:
Pearson.
- Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its
implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
- Thompson, C. G., Kim, R. S., Aloe, A. M., & Becker, B. J. (2017). Extracting the variance inflation factor
and other multicollinearity diagnostics from typical regression results. Basic and Applied Social
Psychology, 39(2), 81-90.
- Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International
Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
- Wert, S. R., Salovey, P., Wert, S. R., Salovey, P., & Psychology, D. O. (2004). A social comparison
account of gossip. Review of General Psychology, 122–137.
- Wu, X., Kwan, H. K., Wu, L.-Z., & Ma, J. (2018). The effect of workplace negative gossip on employee
proactive behavior in China: The moderating role of traditionality. Journal of Business Ethics,
148(4), 801-815. 5
- Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and Mcdonald’s ωH:
their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika,
70(1), 123-133.
- Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between
organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 616–628.