TÜRKİYE’DE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA VE YEŞİL EKONOMİ AÇISINDAN YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ: AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 466 - 482, 30.06.2021
Tuğba Koyuncu
,
Tuba Karabulut
Öz
Yeşil ekonomi ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma özellikle 1980’li yıllardan sonra literatüre kazandırılan ve günümüzde dikkat çeken konular arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiye ekonomisinde yenilenebilir enerji ve ekolojik ayak izinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi uzun dönemde tespit etmektir. Bu nedenle çalışmada Türkiye’de 1961-2015 yılları arası uzun dönemli veriler kullanılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Eşikli Otoregresif (TAR) modeli ile farklı rejim dönemlerinde değişkenlerin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi uzun dönemli olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada kişi başı reel gayri safi yurt içi hasıla, kişi başı ekolojik ayak izi ve kişi başı yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından sağlanan elektrik enerjisi üretimi verileri yıllık olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar birinci ve ikinci rejim dönemlerinde ekolojik ayak izinin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediğini gösterirken, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından sağlanan elektrik enerjisi üretiminin ekonomik büyümeyi birinci rejim döneminde negatif, ikinci rejim döneminde ise pozitif etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu bulgular dikkate alındığında, politika yapımcılarının alacağı yenilenebilir enerji üretiminin artırılmasına yönelik kararların, ekonomik büyümeyi artıracağını ve çevresel bozulmalarda azalışların görüleceği dolayısıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Acaravcı A., Erdoğan S.(2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji, Çevre ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Ülkeler için Ampirik Bir Analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 13(1) 53-64.
- Alam M., Murad W.(2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic cooperation and development countries. Renewable Energy(145), 382-390.
- Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy(38), 656-660.
- Apergis, N., Payne, J., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics(69), 2255-2260.
- Aşıcı A.A., Şahin Ü. (2012). Yeşil Ekonomi. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi 1. Basım, İstanbul.
- Bao, C., Xu, M. (2019). Cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in China's provinces and regions. Journal of Cleaner Production(231), 483-493.
- Bildirici M. E., Alp E. A., Ersin, Ö. Ö., Bozoklu, Ü.(2010). İktisatta kullanılan doğrusal olmayan zaman serisi yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitapevi, İstanbul.
- Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our common future: report of the world commission on environment and development, Oxford University Press.
- Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on Ecological Footprint and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Markov Switching Equilibrium Correction Model. Energy Economics(65), 355-374.
- Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy(131), 208-216.
- Çetin M., Sezen S.(2018). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemeyen Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Salınımı Arasındaki İlişki: Bir SVAR (Yapısal VAR) Analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 16(1), 136-157.
- Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
- Destek, M. A., Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth,trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisationfor economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production(242), 118537.
- Dinçer M. Z., Aslan Ö. (2008). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları ve Hidrojen Enerjisi: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi. Yayın No: 2009–51, İstanbul: İTO Yayınları
- Engle, R. F., Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society (55), 251-276.
- Eren, B. M., Taşpınar, N., & Gökmenoğlu, K. K. (2019). The impact of financial development and economic growth on renewable energy consumption: Empirical analysis of India. Science of the Total Environment(663), 189-197.
- Glasure, Y. U., Lee, A.-R. (1998). Cointegration, error-correction, and the relationship between GDP and energy: The case of South Korea and Singapore. Resource and Energy Economics, 20(1), 17-25.
- GlobalFootprintNetwork,http://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.187201835.2010694144.1584266736-437579080.1573088033#/countryTrends?type=BCpc,EFCpc&cn=223 (Erişim Tarihi: 15/03/2020).
- Kutluay Şahin D.(2018). Yeşil Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilir Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9(18), 1-13.
- Luqman, M., Ahmad, N., & Bakhsh, K. (2019). Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model. Renewable Energy(139), 1299-1309.
- Maji I.K., Sulaiman C., Abdul-Rahim A.S. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: A fresh Evidence From West Africa. Energy Report (5) 384-392.
- OECD (2011), Towards green growth: a summary for policy makers, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, May 2011.
- Rahman, M. M., & Velayutham, E. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia. Renewable Energy(147), 399-408.
- Razmi S. F., Bajgiran B. R., Behname M., Salari T.E., Razmi S.M.J. (2020). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to stock market development and economic growth in Iran. Renewable Energy(145), 2019-2024.
- Soubbotina Tatyana P. ve Sheram Katherina A. (2000). Beyond Economic Growth: Meeting The Challenges of Global Development. Wasington, USA: World Bank.
- Tıraş H. H. (2012). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Çevre: Teorik Bir İnceleme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi(2), 57-73.
- Tsay, R. S.(1989). Testing and Modeling Threshold Autoregressive Processes. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84(405), 231-240.
- Tong, H. (1983). Threshold Models in Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production(118), 144-157.
- Xun, F., Hu, Y. (2019). Evaluation of ecological sustainability based on a revised three-dimensional ecological footprint model in Shandong Province, China. Science of the Total Environment(649), 582-591.
Yao S., Zhang S., Zhang X.(2019). Renewable energy, carbon emission and economic growth: A revised environmental Kuznets Curve perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production(235), 1338-1352.
- Yılmaz V.(2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Yeşil Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives 6 (2), 79-89.
- Yu, E., Choi, J. (1985). The causal relationship between energy and GNP: An International Comparison. Journal of Energy Development(10), 249-272.
- Zivot, E., Andrews, D. W. K.(1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10(3):251-270.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GREEN ECONOMY IN TURKEY IN TERMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 466 - 482, 30.06.2021
Tuğba Koyuncu
,
Tuba Karabulut
Öz
Green economy and sustainable development are among the topics that have been brought to the literature espically after 1980s and attract attention today. This study renewable energy and ecological footprint its effect on economic growth in the long term in Turke2s economy is intended to be identified for the years 1961-2015. For this purpose, the effect of variables on economic growth in different regime periods was determined with the Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) model. In the study, per capita real gross domestic product, per capita ecological footprint and per capita electricity generation data from renewable energy sources were used annually. The results showed that the ecological footprint positively affected economic growth in the first and second regime periods, while the production of electrical energy from renewable energy sources negatively affected economic growth in the first regime period, its positively affected in the second regime period. In line with these findings, it is thought that the decisions regarding the increase of renewable energy production by policy makers will increase economic growth and sustainable development will be achieved by decreasing environmental degradation.
Kaynakça
- Acaravcı A., Erdoğan S.(2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji, Çevre ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Ülkeler için Ampirik Bir Analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 13(1) 53-64.
- Alam M., Murad W.(2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic cooperation and development countries. Renewable Energy(145), 382-390.
- Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy(38), 656-660.
- Apergis, N., Payne, J., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics(69), 2255-2260.
- Aşıcı A.A., Şahin Ü. (2012). Yeşil Ekonomi. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi 1. Basım, İstanbul.
- Bao, C., Xu, M. (2019). Cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in China's provinces and regions. Journal of Cleaner Production(231), 483-493.
- Bildirici M. E., Alp E. A., Ersin, Ö. Ö., Bozoklu, Ü.(2010). İktisatta kullanılan doğrusal olmayan zaman serisi yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitapevi, İstanbul.
- Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our common future: report of the world commission on environment and development, Oxford University Press.
- Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on Ecological Footprint and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Markov Switching Equilibrium Correction Model. Energy Economics(65), 355-374.
- Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy(131), 208-216.
- Çetin M., Sezen S.(2018). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemeyen Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Salınımı Arasındaki İlişki: Bir SVAR (Yapısal VAR) Analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 16(1), 136-157.
- Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
- Destek, M. A., Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth,trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisationfor economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production(242), 118537.
- Dinçer M. Z., Aslan Ö. (2008). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları ve Hidrojen Enerjisi: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi. Yayın No: 2009–51, İstanbul: İTO Yayınları
- Engle, R. F., Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society (55), 251-276.
- Eren, B. M., Taşpınar, N., & Gökmenoğlu, K. K. (2019). The impact of financial development and economic growth on renewable energy consumption: Empirical analysis of India. Science of the Total Environment(663), 189-197.
- Glasure, Y. U., Lee, A.-R. (1998). Cointegration, error-correction, and the relationship between GDP and energy: The case of South Korea and Singapore. Resource and Energy Economics, 20(1), 17-25.
- GlobalFootprintNetwork,http://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.187201835.2010694144.1584266736-437579080.1573088033#/countryTrends?type=BCpc,EFCpc&cn=223 (Erişim Tarihi: 15/03/2020).
- Kutluay Şahin D.(2018). Yeşil Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilir Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9(18), 1-13.
- Luqman, M., Ahmad, N., & Bakhsh, K. (2019). Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model. Renewable Energy(139), 1299-1309.
- Maji I.K., Sulaiman C., Abdul-Rahim A.S. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: A fresh Evidence From West Africa. Energy Report (5) 384-392.
- OECD (2011), Towards green growth: a summary for policy makers, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, May 2011.
- Rahman, M. M., & Velayutham, E. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia. Renewable Energy(147), 399-408.
- Razmi S. F., Bajgiran B. R., Behname M., Salari T.E., Razmi S.M.J. (2020). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to stock market development and economic growth in Iran. Renewable Energy(145), 2019-2024.
- Soubbotina Tatyana P. ve Sheram Katherina A. (2000). Beyond Economic Growth: Meeting The Challenges of Global Development. Wasington, USA: World Bank.
- Tıraş H. H. (2012). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Çevre: Teorik Bir İnceleme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi(2), 57-73.
- Tsay, R. S.(1989). Testing and Modeling Threshold Autoregressive Processes. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84(405), 231-240.
- Tong, H. (1983). Threshold Models in Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production(118), 144-157.
- Xun, F., Hu, Y. (2019). Evaluation of ecological sustainability based on a revised three-dimensional ecological footprint model in Shandong Province, China. Science of the Total Environment(649), 582-591.
Yao S., Zhang S., Zhang X.(2019). Renewable energy, carbon emission and economic growth: A revised environmental Kuznets Curve perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production(235), 1338-1352.
- Yılmaz V.(2018). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Yeşil Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives 6 (2), 79-89.
- Yu, E., Choi, J. (1985). The causal relationship between energy and GNP: An International Comparison. Journal of Energy Development(10), 249-272.
- Zivot, E., Andrews, D. W. K.(1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10(3):251-270.