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R&D SPENDING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATION IN AN EMERGING MARKET

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 38 - 58, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.964849

Öz

The study aims to investigate the relationship between the R&D spending of twenty-five industrial sub-sectors consisting of the largest 500 industrial firms of Turkey and their financial performances between 2013 and 2019. In this context, the effect of current and lagged R&D spending of the sub-sectors on return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and return on sales (ROS) analyzed with panel data models. As this study is one of the first to explore the relationship between R&D spending at the sectoral level data in a developing country such as Turkey and financial performance, it holds great importance. The findings of the study demonstrate that current year R&D spending of the sub-sectors affect their financial performance negatively and this impact turns positive after a year. However, this positive effect cannot be preserved and turns back to negative in the long term. The robustness test also supports these empirical findings. Therefore, it is suggested that R&D spending should be made steadily and the industrial sector should focus on the long-term returns of R&D spending to sustain the positive impact on financial performance.

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK

Teşekkür

I acknowledge The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the financial support of the postdoctoral study in the framework of TUBITAK - 2219 International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Program.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351.
  • Akgün, A. & Akgün, V. Ö. (2016). İşletmelerde ar-ge harcamalarının karlılığa etkisi: Aselsan örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12, 1–12.
  • Alam, A., Uddin, M., Yazdifar, H., Shafique, S., & Lartey T. (2020). R&D investment, firm performance and moderating role of system and safeguard: Evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Business Research, 106, 94–105.
  • Alper, D. & Aydoğan, E. (2016). Relationships between R&D and corporate performance: An empirical analysis in Istanbul Stock Exchange. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 12(2), 96–114.
  • Altınbay, A., Altunal, I., & Karaş, G. (2017). BIST sürdürülebilirlik endeksindeki firmaların ar-ge harcamaları ve ar-ge harcamalarının karlılık üzerindeki etkisi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 4(12), 37–46.
  • Ameer, R. & Othman, R. (2020). Industry structure, R&D intensity, and performance in New Zealand: New insight on the Porter hypothesis. Journal of Economic Studies, 47(1), 91–110.
  • Andras, T. L.& Srinivasan, S. S. (2003). Advertising intensity and R&D intensity: Differences across industries and their impact on firm’s performance. International Journal of Business and Economics, 2(2), 81–90.
  • Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. (2010). A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 725-740.
  • Ayaydın, H. & Karaaslan, İ. (2014). The effect of research and development investment on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from manufacturing firms in Turkey. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 9(2), 43–59.
  • Aytekin, S. & Özçalık, S. G. (2018). Borsa İstanbul teknoloji ve bilişim endeksi firmalarında ar-ge harcamaları ve finansal performans ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(ICEESS’ 18), 67–73.
  • Bae, S. C., Park, B. J. C., & Wang, X. (2008). Multinationality, R&D intensity, and firm performance: Evidence from u.s. manufacturing firms. The Multinational Business Review, 16(1), 53–77.
  • Ballester, M., Garcia-Ayuso, M., & Livnat, J. (2003). The economic value of the R&D intangible asset. European Accounting Review, 12(4), 605-633.
  • Block, J. H. (2012). R&D Investments in family and founder firms: An agency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 248-265.
  • Bond, S. R. & Guceri, I. (2017). R&D and productivity: Evidence from large UK establishments with substantial R&D activities. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(1–2), 108–120.
  • Chan, L. K. C., Lakonishok, J., & Sougiannis, T. (2001). The stock market valuation of research and development expenditures. Journal of Finance, 56(6), 2431–2456.
  • Chauvin, K. W. & Hirschey, M. (1993). Advertising, R&D expenditures and the market value of the firm. Financial Management, 22(4), 128-140.
  • Chen, T. C. & Wu, Y. J. (2020). The influence of r&d intensity on financial performance: The mediating role of human capital in the semiconductor industry in Taiwan’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 12, 1–19.
  • Chen, T., Guo, D., Chen, H., & Wei, T. (2019). Effects of R&D Intensity on firm performance in Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja. Routledge, 32(1), 2377–2392.
  • Chen, Y. & Ibhagui, O. W. (2019). R&D-firm performance nexus: New evidence from NASDAQ listed firms. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 50, 1–16.
  • Chircop, J., Collins, D. W., Hass, L. H., & Nguyen, N. Q. (2019). Accounting comparability and corporate innovative efficiency. The Accounting Review, 95(4), 127-151.
  • Connolly, R. A. & Hirschey, M. (1984). R&D, market structure and profits: A value-based approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(4), 682–686.
  • Dağlı, H. & Ergün, T. (2017). Türkiye’de ar-ge harcamalarının firma karlılığına etkisi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 69–83.
  • Demir, C. & Güleç, Ö. F. (2019). Araştırma ve geli̇şti̇rme gi̇derleri̇ni̇n fi̇rma kârlılığı üzeri̇ne etki̇si̇: BİST imalat sektörü örneği. Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (34), 57–72.
  • Demirgüneş, K. & İltaş, Y. (2020). Ar-Ge yoğunluğu, tamamlayıcı varlıklar ve firma değeri: Türkiye için zaman serisi bulguları. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi - Istanbul Journal of Economics, 70(1), 47–72.
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AR-GE HARCAMALARI VE FİNANSAL PERFORMANS: GELİŞMEKTE OLAN BİR ÜLKE ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 38 - 58, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.964849

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2013-2019 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin en büyük 500 sanayi şirketinin oluşturduğu yirmi beş sanayi alt sektörünün ar-ge harcamaları ile finansal performansları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, alt sektörlerin cari ve gecikmeli ar-ge harcamalarının sektörlerin aktif karlılığı (ROA), özsermaye karlılığı (ROE) ve net kar marjı (ROS) üzerindeki etkisi panel veri modelleri ile analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan bir ülkede sektörel düzeyde ar-ge harcamaları ile finansal performans arasındaki ilişkileri inceleyen ilk çalışmalardan birisi olması nedeniyle önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, alt sektörlerin cari yıl ar-ge harcamalarının finansal performanslarını negatif etkilediğini ve bu etkinin bir yıl sonra pozitife döndüğünü göstermektedir. Ancak, bu pozitif etki korunamamakta ve uzun dönemde tekrar negatife dönmektedir. Sağlamlık testi de bu ampirik bulguları desteklemektedir. Bu nedenle, ar-ge harcamalarının finansal performans üzerindeki pozitif etkisinin sürdürülebilmesi için bu harcamaların istikrarlı olarak yapılması ve sanayi sektörünün yapılan ar-ge harcamalarının uzun vadeli getirilerine odaklanması önerilmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351.
  • Akgün, A. & Akgün, V. Ö. (2016). İşletmelerde ar-ge harcamalarının karlılığa etkisi: Aselsan örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12, 1–12.
  • Alam, A., Uddin, M., Yazdifar, H., Shafique, S., & Lartey T. (2020). R&D investment, firm performance and moderating role of system and safeguard: Evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Business Research, 106, 94–105.
  • Alper, D. & Aydoğan, E. (2016). Relationships between R&D and corporate performance: An empirical analysis in Istanbul Stock Exchange. PARADOKS Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 12(2), 96–114.
  • Altınbay, A., Altunal, I., & Karaş, G. (2017). BIST sürdürülebilirlik endeksindeki firmaların ar-ge harcamaları ve ar-ge harcamalarının karlılık üzerindeki etkisi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 4(12), 37–46.
  • Ameer, R. & Othman, R. (2020). Industry structure, R&D intensity, and performance in New Zealand: New insight on the Porter hypothesis. Journal of Economic Studies, 47(1), 91–110.
  • Andras, T. L.& Srinivasan, S. S. (2003). Advertising intensity and R&D intensity: Differences across industries and their impact on firm’s performance. International Journal of Business and Economics, 2(2), 81–90.
  • Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. (2010). A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 725-740.
  • Ayaydın, H. & Karaaslan, İ. (2014). The effect of research and development investment on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from manufacturing firms in Turkey. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 9(2), 43–59.
  • Aytekin, S. & Özçalık, S. G. (2018). Borsa İstanbul teknoloji ve bilişim endeksi firmalarında ar-ge harcamaları ve finansal performans ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(ICEESS’ 18), 67–73.
  • Bae, S. C., Park, B. J. C., & Wang, X. (2008). Multinationality, R&D intensity, and firm performance: Evidence from u.s. manufacturing firms. The Multinational Business Review, 16(1), 53–77.
  • Ballester, M., Garcia-Ayuso, M., & Livnat, J. (2003). The economic value of the R&D intangible asset. European Accounting Review, 12(4), 605-633.
  • Block, J. H. (2012). R&D Investments in family and founder firms: An agency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 248-265.
  • Bond, S. R. & Guceri, I. (2017). R&D and productivity: Evidence from large UK establishments with substantial R&D activities. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(1–2), 108–120.
  • Chan, L. K. C., Lakonishok, J., & Sougiannis, T. (2001). The stock market valuation of research and development expenditures. Journal of Finance, 56(6), 2431–2456.
  • Chauvin, K. W. & Hirschey, M. (1993). Advertising, R&D expenditures and the market value of the firm. Financial Management, 22(4), 128-140.
  • Chen, T. C. & Wu, Y. J. (2020). The influence of r&d intensity on financial performance: The mediating role of human capital in the semiconductor industry in Taiwan’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 12, 1–19.
  • Chen, T., Guo, D., Chen, H., & Wei, T. (2019). Effects of R&D Intensity on firm performance in Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja. Routledge, 32(1), 2377–2392.
  • Chen, Y. & Ibhagui, O. W. (2019). R&D-firm performance nexus: New evidence from NASDAQ listed firms. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 50, 1–16.
  • Chircop, J., Collins, D. W., Hass, L. H., & Nguyen, N. Q. (2019). Accounting comparability and corporate innovative efficiency. The Accounting Review, 95(4), 127-151.
  • Connolly, R. A. & Hirschey, M. (1984). R&D, market structure and profits: A value-based approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(4), 682–686.
  • Dağlı, H. & Ergün, T. (2017). Türkiye’de ar-ge harcamalarının firma karlılığına etkisi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 69–83.
  • Demir, C. & Güleç, Ö. F. (2019). Araştırma ve geli̇şti̇rme gi̇derleri̇ni̇n fi̇rma kârlılığı üzeri̇ne etki̇si̇: BİST imalat sektörü örneği. Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (34), 57–72.
  • Demirgüneş, K. & İltaş, Y. (2020). Ar-Ge yoğunluğu, tamamlayıcı varlıklar ve firma değeri: Türkiye için zaman serisi bulguları. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi - Istanbul Journal of Economics, 70(1), 47–72.
  • Doğan, M. & Yıldız, F. (2016). Araştırma ve geli̇şti̇rme harcamalarının (ar-ge) firma karlılığı üzerindeki etkisi: BIST’te i̇şlem gören i̇malat sanayi̇ fi̇rmaları üzeri̇ne bir araştırma. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (14), 178–187.
  • Eberhart, A. C., Maxwell, W. F., & Siddique, A. R. (2004). An examination of long-term abnormal stock returns and operating performance following R&D increases. The Journal of Finance, 59(2), 623–650.
  • Ehie, I. C. & Olibe, K. (2010). The effect of R&D investment on firm value: An examination of US manufacturing and service industries. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 127–135.
  • Esin, F. (2015). Accounting for research and development expenditures in Turkey: The effects on the financial statements of the selected accounting practices. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought, 05(02), 253-258.
  • Goto, M. & Sueyoshi, T. (2008). R&D intensity and financial performance. IEMC-Europe 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Engineering Management Conference, Europe: Managing Engineering, Technology and Innovation for Growth, 1–5.
  • Griliches, Z. (1981). Market value, R&D, and patents. Economics Letters, 7(2), 183–187.
  • Grossman, G. M. & Helpman, E. (2001). Innovation and growth in the global economy, London: The MIT Press.
  • Gui-long, Z., Zhang Y., Kai-hua, C., & Jiang Y. (2017). The impact of R&D intensity on firm performance in an emerging market: Evidence from China’s electronics manufacturing firms. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 25(1), 41–60.
  • Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., Kilic, K., & Alpkan L. (2011). Effects of innovation types on firm performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 133(2), 662–676.
  • Güzen, H. D. & Başar, B. (2019). Ar-ge harcamalarının raporlanması ve kârlılığa etki̇si̇: BİST sinai̇ endeksi i̇şletmeleri̇ üzerine bir araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 1–24.
  • Hall, B. H. (2002). The financing of research and development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18(1), 35–51.
  • Hirschey, M., Skiba, H., & Wintoki, M. B. (2012). The size, concentration and evolution of corporate R&D spending in U.S. firms from 1976 to 2010: Evidence and implications. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(3), 496-518.
  • Hsu, W. T., Chen, H. L., & Cheng, C. Y. (2013). Internationalization and firm performance of SMEs: The moderating effects of CEO attributes. Journal of World Business, 48(1), 1–12.
  • Huang, C. J. & Lui, C. J. (2005). Exploration for the relationship between innovation, IT and performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(2), 237–252.
  • İSO. (2020). İSO 500 Hakkında, Tarihçe ve Metodoloji. Retrieved 10 August 2020, from thttp://www.iso500.org.tr/iso-500-hakkinda/tarihce-ve-metodoloji/
  • Jaffe, A. B. (1986). Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms’ patents, profits, and market value. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 984–1001.
  • Johnson, L. D. & Pazderka, B. (1993). Firm value and investment in R&D. Managerial and Decision Economics, 14(1), 15–24.
  • Karacaer, S., Aygün, M., & İç, S. (2009). Araştırma ve geliştirme giderlerinin firma performansı üzerindeki etkisi: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası üzerine bir inceleme. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 11(2), 65–86.
  • Kim, W. S., Park, K., Lee, S. H., & Kim, H. (2018). R&D investments and firm value: Evidence from China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(11), 1–17.
  • Kiracı, M. & Arsoy, M. F. (2014). Araştırma geliştirme giderlerinin işletmelerin karlılığı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi: İMKB metal eşya sektöründe bir araştırma. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış, 13(41), 33–48.
  • Kocamış Uzun, T. & Güngör, A. (2014). Türkiye’de ar-ge harcamaları ve teknoloji sektöründe ar-ge giderlerinin kârlılık üzerine etkisi: Borsa İstanbul uygulaması. Maliye Dergisi, (166), 127–138.
  • Koku, P. S. (2010). R&D expenditure and profitability in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 8(1), 35-42.
  • Lee, M. & Choi, M. (2015). Analysis on time-lag effect of research and development investment in the pharmaceutical industry in Korea. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 6(4), 241–248.
  • Liu, D., Chen, T., Liu, X., & Yu, Y. (2019). Do more subsidies promote greater innovation? Evidence from the Chinese electronic manufacturing industry. Economic Modelling, 80, 441–452.
  • Liu, M., Liu, L., Xu, S., Du, M., Liu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019). The influences of government subsidies on performance of new energy firms: A firm heterogeneity perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(17), 4518.
  • Naik, P. K. (2014). R&D intensity and market valuation of firm: A study of R&D incurring manufacturing firms in India. Journal of Studies in Dynamics and Change (JSDC), 1(7), 295–308.
  • Nkundabanyanga, S. K., Mugumya, E., Nalukenge, I., Muhwezi, M., & Najjemba, G. M. (2020). Firm characteristics, innovation, financial resilience and survival of financial institutions. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 10(1), 48-73.
  • Natasha, I. E. & Hutagaol, Y. R. I. (2009). The analysis of R&D impact on the public listed companies’ performance in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Finance and Accounting, 1(2), 339–350.
  • OECD (2015). Frascati manual 2015: Guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Ozkan, N. (2018). Replicating the R&D investments and financial structure relationship: evidence from Borsa İstanbul. Management Review Quarterly, 68(4), 399–411.
  • Pandit, S., Wasley, C. E., & Zach, T. (2011). The effect of research and development (R&D) inputs and outputs on the relation between the uncertainty of future operating performance and r&d expenditures. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 26(1), 121–144.
  • Paula, F. de O. & Silva Rocha, R. J. (2020). The effect of R&D investments and patents on the financial performance of Latin American Firms. Latin American Business Review, 22(1), 33-52.
  • Pindado, J., De Queiroz, V., & De La Torre, C. (2010). How do firm characteristics influence the relationship between R&D and firm value?. Financial Management, 39(2), 757–782.
  • Polat, M. & Elmas, B. (2016). Firmaların finansal performansı ar-ge yatırımlarından etkilenir mi? panel veri analizi ile bir araştırma. ÜNIİAP Uluslararası Bölgesel Kalkınma Konferansı, 476–490.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102.
  • Sharma, C. (2012). R&D and firm performance: Evidence from the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 17(2), 332–342.
  • Sher, P. J. & Yang, P. Y. (2005). The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clustering on firm performance: The evidence of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Technovation, 25(1), 33–43.
  • Shin, N., Kraemer, K. L., & Dedrick, J. (2017). R&D and firm performance in the semiconductor industry. Industry and Innovation, 24(3), 280–297.
  • Şişmanoğlu, E. & Yaşar Akçalı, B. (2016). The effect of innovation on financial performance of some information and technology companies in Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, (24), 82–93.
  • Vithessonthi, C. & Racela, O. C. (2016). Short- and long-run effects of internationalization and R&D intensity on firm performance. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 34, 28–45.
  • Wang, C. H. (2011). Clarifying the effects of R&D on performance: Evidence from the high technology industries. Asia Pacific Management Review, 16(1), 51–64.
  • Xu, J., Liu, F., & Chen, Y. H. (2019). R&D, advertising and firms’ financial performance in South Korea: Does firm size matter?. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(14), 1–16.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldırım, H. H. & Sakarya, Ş. (2018). Firmaların ar-ge harcamalarının akti̇f ve özsermaye karlılığına etki̇si̇: BİST teknoloji̇ sektöründe bi̇r uygulama. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi (JOBS), 6(3), 39–60.
  • Yıldız, G. (2010). Araştırma - geliştirme maliyetlerinin türkiye muhasebe standardı - 15 (TMS-15) ve tek düzen muhasebe sistemi (TDMS) esasına göre muhasebeleştirilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1-2), 353-370.
  • Yoo, J., Lee, S., & Park, S. (2019). The effect of firm life cycle on the relationship between R&D expenditures and future performance, earnings uncertainty, and sustainable growth. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(8), 1–19.
  • Yücel, R. & Ahmetoğulları, K. (2015). Ar-ge harcamalarının firmaların net kâr değişimi ve hisse başına kârlılığına inovatif etkisi: BİST teknoloji yazılım ve bilişim sektöründe bir uygulama. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(4), 87–104.
  • Zang, Z., Zhu, Q., & Mogorrón-Guerrero, H. (2019). How does R&D Investment affect the financial performance of cultural and creative enterprises? The moderating effect of actual controller. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(2), 297.
  • Zhang, Y., Li, H., Hitt, M. A., & Cui, G. (2007). R&D intensity and international joint venture performance in an emerging market: Moderating effects of market focus and ownership structure. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(6), 944–960.
  • Zhu, Z. & Huang, F. (2012). The effect of R&D investment on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from the Chinese listed IT firms. Modern Economy, 3(8), 915–919.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Finans
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nasıf Özkan 0000-0003-2612-6368

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Mart 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2021
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, N. (2022). R&D SPENDING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATION IN AN EMERGING MARKET. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(1), 38-58. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.964849