ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejilerinin Evrimi: Değişim Dinamikleri ve Stratejik Süreklilik

Öz

ABD’nin ulusal güvenlik politikaları 1947 yılından itibaren kurumsal yapının konsolidasyonu, 1948’de savunma birimlerinin hiyerarşik yeniden yapılanması ve 1986’da çıkartılan Savunma Bakanlığı Yeniden Yapılandırılması yasaları ile tekamül ettirilerek günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu kapsamda her Amerikan başkanının seçilmesine müteakip bir Uluslar Güvenlik Stratejisi (NSS) hazırlayarak Kongreye göndermesi zorunlu hale getirilmiştir. Bu zorunluluğa düzenli olarak uyulmamakla birlikte ilki 1987 yılında yayımlanan ve son olarak 2022 kamuoyu ile paylaşılan bu raporlar ABD’nin stratejik vizyonunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makalede 1947’den itibaren izlenen savunma stratejileri ve politikaları genel çerçeveleri itibariyle ele alınarak ABD’nin savunma vizyonun tarihsel gelişimi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ulusal Güvenlik
• Ulusal Güvenlik Politikaları
• Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejileri
• ABD

The Evolution of US National Security Strategies: Dynamics of Change and Strategic Continuity

Öz

The national security policies of the USA have evolved since 1947 with the consolidation of the institutional structure, the hierarchical restructuring of the defense units in 1948, and the Department of Defense Restructuring laws enacted in 1986, and have reached the present day. In this context, it has been made mandatory for every American president to prepare a National Security Strategy (NSS) and submit it to Congress after being elected. Although this obligation is not regularly complied with, these reports, the first of which was published in 1987 and last shared with the public in 2022, reveal the strategic vision of the USA. In this article, the defense strategies and policies pursued since 1947 are discussed in their general frameworks and the historical development of the defense vision of the USA is attempted to be revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• National Security
• National Security Policies
• National Security Strategies
• USA

Kaynakça

1. Ataç, K, Kutlu ve Çam, M, Mehmet. “Soğuk Savaş: Amerikan Büyük Stratejisi, Johnson Doktrini ve Kıbrıs”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 16, sy. 35 (2020): 595-634.
2. Atay, Mehmet. "Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Milli Güvenlik Örgütlenmesi", Avrasya Dosyası, 6, (2000): 106-120.
3. Bett, K. Richard. U.S National Security Strategy: Lenses and Landmarks, New Jersey: Princeton University, 2004.
4. Biesinger, Raymond. “Neither leading nor ceding America’s bitter internal politics have made economic diplomacy harder”, The Economist, 2015, https://www.economist.com/special-report/2015/10/01/neither-leading-nor-ceding (01.04.2024).
5. Birdişli, Fikret. “Ulusal Güvenlik Kavramının Tarihsel ve Düşünsel Temelleri”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1, sy. 31, (2011): 149-169.
6. Birdişli, Fikret. Teori ve Pratikte Uluslararası Güvenlik: Kavram, Teori, Uygulama, 2. bs. Ankara: Seçki Yayıncılık, 2016.
7. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ronald Reagan." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 3, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ronald-Reagan (06.10.2024).
8. Cavanaugh, M, Jeffrey. “From the "Red Juggernaut" to Iraqi WMD: Threat Inflation and How It Succeeds in the United States”, Political Science Quarterly, 122, sy. 4 (2007):555-584

9. Dockrill, Saki. Eisenhower's New-Look National Security Policy, 1953-61. London: Macmıllan Press, 1996. Enthoven C, Alain ve Smith K Wayne. How Much Is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, 1961–1969, Washington: RAND Corporation, 1971.
10. Erhan, Çağrı. "ABD'nin Ulusal Güvenlik Anlayışı", Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, 56, sy. 4 (2001): 78-93.
11. Federation of American Scientists, “NCS 162/2”, https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/nsc-hst/ (11.08.2024) Giglio, H, James ve Rabe, G, Stephen. Debating The Kennedy Presidency, Maryland: Rowman & Lıttlefield Publıshers, 2003.
12. Goldgeier, James, and Suri, Jeremi. "Revitalizing the U.S National Security Strategy", The Washington Quarterly, 38, sy.4 (2016): 35-55.
13. Halliday, Fred. The Making of Second Cold War, New York: Verso, 1989.
14. Hooks,W. Steven ve Spainer W. John. Amerikan Dış Politikası: İkinci Dünya Savaşından Günümüze, Çev.: Özge Zihnioğlu, İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi, 2016.
15. Isaacson, Walter ve Thomas, Evan. “The Wise Men: Six Friends and The World They Made” New York Simon & Schuster, 1986.
16. İsmail Ermağan, “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde ABD Dış Politikası - Obama Dönemi ve Ak Parti”, Elektronik Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, sy.2 (2012): 21-35.
17. JFK Presidential Library And Museum, “Cold War”, https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-cold-war, (11.07.2024)
18. Koç, Şanlı.Bahadır. "Arzın Merkezine Seyahat: ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi", Avrasya Dosyayı, sy.2 (2005): 240-262
19. Marcella, Gabriel. Affairs of State: The Interagency And National Security, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2008.
20. Miller Center, “Gerald Ford: Foreign Affairs”, John Robert Greene, https://millercenter.org/president/ford/foreign-affairs (10.08.2024)
21. Miller Center, “Presidential Speeches, Lyndon B. Johnson”, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/may-2-1965-report-situation-dominican-republic (12.07.2024)
22. National Security Archive, “National Security Act Amendments of 1949”, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/28655-document-11-national-security-act-amendments-1949-10-august-1949 (11.07.2024).
23. Nevins, Allan ve Commager, Steele, Henry. ABD Tarihi, Çev.: Halin İnalcık, Ankara: Doğubatı Yayınları, Ankara, 2015. Office of the Historian, "Kennan and Containment, 1947", https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/kennan (06.08.2024).
24. Office of the Historian, “1977–1981: The Presidency of Jimmy Carter”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/foreword (06.08.2024). Office of The Historian, “Carter’s Foreign Policy”, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/carter (10.08.2024).
25. Office of the Historian, “National Security Act of 1947”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/national-security-act#:~:text=The%20National%20Security%20Act%20of,National%20Security%20Council%20(NSC) (10.08.2024)
26. Office of The Historian, “NCS-68, 1950”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/NSC68#:~:text=NSC%2D68%20outlined%20a%20variety,the%20United%20States%20to%20attain, (12.07.2024) Office of The Historian, “The Limited Test Treaty, 1963”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/limited-ban, (10.08.2024).
27. Office of The Historian. The “Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957”, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/eisenhower-doctrine, (10.08.2024).
28. Office of The Secretary of Defense, “National Security Strategy of the United States 1987”, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
29. Office of the Secretary of Defense, “National Security Strategy of the United States March 1990”, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
30. Office of the Secretary of Defense, “National Security Strategy of the United States of America May 2010”, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
31. Office of the Secretary of Defense, “The National Security Strategy of the United States of America September 2002”, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
32. Office of the Secretary of Defense, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement July 1994, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy (09.08.2024)
33. Office of the Secretary of Defense, National Security Strategy of the United States August 1991, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
34. Office of the Secretary of Defense, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America February 2015, https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ (09.08.2024).
35. Özkan, Behlül. "Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Amerikan Dış Politikası", Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9, sy. 16 (2011): 51-91.
36. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum, Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-nation-defense-and-national-security (10.08.2024).
37. Samuels, J. Richard. “Nixon Doctrine”, Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Nixon-Doctrine (08.08.2024).
38. The Carter Center, Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope, https://www.cartercenter.org/countries/israel_and_palestine.html (06.10.2024).
39. The United States House of Representatives, “Committees”, https://www.house.gov/committees (07.06.2024)
40. The White House, “National Security Council”, https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ (07.06.2024). The White House, “President Donald J. Trump Announces a National Security Strategy to Advance America’s Interests 18 December 2017” https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-national-security-strategy-advance-americas-interests/ (07.06.2024).
41. The White House, National Security Strategy for Arctic October 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/10/07/fact-sheet-the-united-states-national-strategy-for-the-arctic-region/ (08.06.2024
42. The White House, National Security Strategy October 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/10/12/fact-sheet-the-biden-harris-administrations-national-security-strategy/ (08.06.2024). The United States Department of State, "Organization Chart", https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/99484.htm (10.08.2024).
43. Wilson, Theodore A. 1977. The Marshall Plan, 1947-1951, New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1977. Yılmaz, Sait. ABD İstihbaratı 1947-2013, Ankara: Kripto Yayınevi, 2013.