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Eu-China in the Western Balkans: Different Agendas?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 20 - 35, 03.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1567113

Öz

The European Union (EU) has significant historical, political, economic, and cultural ties with the Western Balkan states. Integrating the Western Balkan states into the EU is crucial for the region and the EU, strengthening European security as regional developments directly impact the EU. Unlike China, which views the Western Balkans as an economic opportunity, the EU prioritizes democratic governance, the rule of law, and reform-linked financial aid. However, China's influence in the region affects not only the EU’s ability to shape policies and governance, but also the approaches and performance of regional and non-regional actors (like the EU, the US, and Russia). This paper examines the competing agendas of the EU and China in the Western Balkans, highlighting how their differing approaches create policy dilemmas for the region’s states.

Kaynakça

  • “Belt and Road Institute”, n.d https://bribelgrade.org/about-bri/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Berlin Process”, retrieved from https://www.berlinprocess.de/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China condemns opening of Taiwan office in Lithuania as ‘egregious act’, retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/19/china-condemns-opening-of- taiwan-office-in-lithuania-as-egregious-act Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “China in Balkan”, retrieved from https://china.balkaninsight.com/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China’s Zijin Mulls $3.8 Billion Expansion of Serbia Copper Mine”, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-28/china-s-zijin-mulls-3-8- billion-expansion-of-serbia-copper-mine#xj4y7vzkg Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China-CEEC Cooperation”, retrieved from http://www.china-ceec.org/eng / Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “China's strategic interests in the Western Balkans”, retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733558/EPRS_BRI(2022)733558_EN.pdf Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Corridor X Motorway (E-75 & E-80) in Serbia”, https://www.wbif.eu/project- detail/PRJ-SRB-TRA-005
  • “Ebert Stiftung”; retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sarajevo/16005 Accessed 15 June 2024.
  • Elezi, G. (2024, April 17). Dealing with “enlargement fatigue” to avoid “patience fatigue” - European Policy Centre. European Policy Centre. https://cep.org.rs/en/publications/dealing-with-enlargement-fatigue-to-avoid-patience- fatigue/
  • “EU must ‘marry’ Western Balkans quickly to avoid new risks – Albania PM”, Euractive, (December 2017), https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu- must-marry-western-balkans-quickly-to-avoid-new-risks-albania-pm/ Accessed 04 September 2024.
  • “EU-Western Balkan cooperation through Erasmus+”, https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/erasmus-plus/factsheets/regional/westernbalkans- regional-erasmusplus-2020.pdf
  • “Euronews Albania”, “CEO of Bankers Petroleum Albania: Ambitious project to transform Patos-Marinza field”, https://euronews.al/en/ceo-of-bankers-petroleum-albania-ambitious-project-to-transform-patos-marinza-field/#:~:text=Bankers%20Petroleum%20Albania%20is%20set,projects%20planned%20for%20this%20year. Accessed 17 Oct 2024.
  • Freeman, Carla P. “China’s ‘regionalism foreign policy’ and China-India relations in South Asia.” Contemporary Politics 24, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1408168.
  • Holzner, M., & Schwarzhappel, M. (2018). Infrastructure Investment in the Western Balkans: A First Analysis. Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, https://www.eib.org/attachments/efs/infrastructure_investment_in_the_western_balka ns_en.pdf Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Horizon 2000”, https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/funding/funding- opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-2020_en#statistics;
  • “Institute of International Politics and Economics in Belgrade”, retrieved from https://www.diplomacy.bg.ac.rs/en/history/ Accessed 05 September 2024
  • “Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance”, https://neighbourhood- enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/overview-instrument-pre-accession- assistance_en Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Lithuania quits ‘divisive’ China 17+1 group”, retrieved from https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1416061/lithuania-quits-divisive-china- 17plus1-group Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Liu, L. Beyond the status quo and revisionism: an analysis of the role of China and the approaches of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to the global order. Asian Journal of Political Science: 29/1, 2021, 88-109.
  • Mahmutaj, N. China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the WB6: Economic or Geopolitical Project? // EU Enlargement, Geopolitics and the Russian-Ukraine War [ed. Ivan Stanojević, Nemanja Purić]. - ISBN 978-86-6425-126-6. - Vol. 17 (2024), p. 235–240.
  • “Mediterranean Corridor: Rehabilitation of Tirana - Durrës Railway Line and Construction of New Line to Rinas Branch”, https://www.wbif.eu/project-detail/PRJ- ALB-TRA-002 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “Minister Miscevic: EU lacked momentum on Balkan enlargement”, https://n1info.rs/english/news/ minister-miscevic-eu-lacked-momentum-on-balkan- enlargement/ Accessed 04 September 2024.
  • “Orient/East-Med Corridor: Construction of Rail Corridor VIII in North Macedonia, Kumanovo - Kriva Palanka Sections”, https://www.wbif.eu/project-detail/PRJ-MKD- TRA-001 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Robinson, W. The Trojan Dragon Comes to the Balkans. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 44(2), 2020, 29–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48599308
  • “Rritje me 64% e turistëve kinezë në Shqipëri”, retrieved from https://ata.gov.al/2018/11/23/rritje-me-64-e-turisteve-kineze-ne-shqiperi/ Accessed 20 June 2024
  • Schimmelfennig, F., & Scholtz, H. Legacies and leverage: EU political conditionality and democracy promotion in historical perspective. Europe Asia Studies, 62(3), 2010, 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668131003647820
  • Shopov V. Mapping China's Rise in the Western Balkans, European Council on Foreign Relations, March 2022.Stabilisation and Association Process, (2022) retrieved from https://neighbourhood- enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/glossary/stabilisation-and-association- process_en Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Szolucha, A. (2010). The EU and ‘Enlargement Fatigue’: Why Has the European Union Not Been Able to Counter ‘Enlargement Fatigue’? Journal of Contemporary European Research, 6(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v6i1.124.
  • Timofeev, I.(2023) The Chinese View of the World: Is a Non-Zero-Sum Game Possible?, retrieved from https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/the-chinese-view-of-the- world-is-a-non-zero-sum/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Tonchev, P. (2020) China’s Soft Power in South-East Europe, Friedrich Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport- themes/infrastructure-and-investment/trans-european-transport-network-ten-t_en Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Vangeli, A., & Pavlićević, D. (2019). Introduction: New Perspectives on China-Central and Eastern Europe relations. Asia Europe Journal, 17(4), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-019-00560-4;
  • Why Europe will have to face the true cost of being in debt to China, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61276168 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Zeneli, V. (2023) Chinese Influence in the Western Balkans and Its Impact on the Region’s European Union Integration Process, https://www.iwm.at/blog/chinese- influence-in-the-western-balkans-and-its-impact-on-the-regions-european-union Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Zhongping, Feng, and Huang Jing. “China’s strategic partnership diplomacy: engaging with a changing world.” ESPO Working Paper 8 (June 2014). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/181324/China%E2%80%99s%20strategic%20partnershi p%20diplomacy_%20engaging%20with%20a%20changing%20world%20.pdf
  • Zhou, Y. & Luk, S. (2016) Establishing Confucius Institutes: a tool for promoting China’s soft power?, Journal of Contemporary China, 25:100, 628-642, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1132961

Competing for Influence: EU-China Strategic Engagement in the Western Balkans

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 20 - 35, 03.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1567113

Öz

The European Union (EU) has significant historical, political, economic, and cultural ties with the Western Balkan states. Integrating the Western Balkan states into the EU is crucial for the region and the EU, strengthening European security as regional developments directly impact the EU. Unlike China, which views the Western Balkans as an economic opportunity, the EU prioritizes democratic governance, the rule of law, and reform-linked financial aid. However, China's influence in the region affects not only the EU’s ability to shape policies and governance, but also the approaches and performance of regional and non-regional actors (like the EU, the US, and Russia). This paper examines the competing agendas of the EU and China in the Western Balkans, highlighting how their differing approaches create policy dilemmas for the region’s states.

Etik Beyan

Please note that I may not have met all of the publishing requirements for the references, but I will do so after your review.

Kaynakça

  • “Belt and Road Institute”, n.d https://bribelgrade.org/about-bri/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Berlin Process”, retrieved from https://www.berlinprocess.de/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China condemns opening of Taiwan office in Lithuania as ‘egregious act’, retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/19/china-condemns-opening-of- taiwan-office-in-lithuania-as-egregious-act Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “China in Balkan”, retrieved from https://china.balkaninsight.com/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China’s Zijin Mulls $3.8 Billion Expansion of Serbia Copper Mine”, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-28/china-s-zijin-mulls-3-8- billion-expansion-of-serbia-copper-mine#xj4y7vzkg Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “China-CEEC Cooperation”, retrieved from http://www.china-ceec.org/eng / Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “China's strategic interests in the Western Balkans”, retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733558/EPRS_BRI(2022)733558_EN.pdf Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Corridor X Motorway (E-75 & E-80) in Serbia”, https://www.wbif.eu/project- detail/PRJ-SRB-TRA-005
  • “Ebert Stiftung”; retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sarajevo/16005 Accessed 15 June 2024.
  • Elezi, G. (2024, April 17). Dealing with “enlargement fatigue” to avoid “patience fatigue” - European Policy Centre. European Policy Centre. https://cep.org.rs/en/publications/dealing-with-enlargement-fatigue-to-avoid-patience- fatigue/
  • “EU must ‘marry’ Western Balkans quickly to avoid new risks – Albania PM”, Euractive, (December 2017), https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu- must-marry-western-balkans-quickly-to-avoid-new-risks-albania-pm/ Accessed 04 September 2024.
  • “EU-Western Balkan cooperation through Erasmus+”, https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/erasmus-plus/factsheets/regional/westernbalkans- regional-erasmusplus-2020.pdf
  • “Euronews Albania”, “CEO of Bankers Petroleum Albania: Ambitious project to transform Patos-Marinza field”, https://euronews.al/en/ceo-of-bankers-petroleum-albania-ambitious-project-to-transform-patos-marinza-field/#:~:text=Bankers%20Petroleum%20Albania%20is%20set,projects%20planned%20for%20this%20year. Accessed 17 Oct 2024.
  • Freeman, Carla P. “China’s ‘regionalism foreign policy’ and China-India relations in South Asia.” Contemporary Politics 24, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1408168.
  • Holzner, M., & Schwarzhappel, M. (2018). Infrastructure Investment in the Western Balkans: A First Analysis. Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, https://www.eib.org/attachments/efs/infrastructure_investment_in_the_western_balka ns_en.pdf Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Horizon 2000”, https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/funding/funding- opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-2020_en#statistics;
  • “Institute of International Politics and Economics in Belgrade”, retrieved from https://www.diplomacy.bg.ac.rs/en/history/ Accessed 05 September 2024
  • “Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance”, https://neighbourhood- enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/overview-instrument-pre-accession- assistance_en Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • “Lithuania quits ‘divisive’ China 17+1 group”, retrieved from https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1416061/lithuania-quits-divisive-china- 17plus1-group Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Liu, L. Beyond the status quo and revisionism: an analysis of the role of China and the approaches of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to the global order. Asian Journal of Political Science: 29/1, 2021, 88-109.
  • Mahmutaj, N. China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the WB6: Economic or Geopolitical Project? // EU Enlargement, Geopolitics and the Russian-Ukraine War [ed. Ivan Stanojević, Nemanja Purić]. - ISBN 978-86-6425-126-6. - Vol. 17 (2024), p. 235–240.
  • “Mediterranean Corridor: Rehabilitation of Tirana - Durrës Railway Line and Construction of New Line to Rinas Branch”, https://www.wbif.eu/project-detail/PRJ- ALB-TRA-002 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • “Minister Miscevic: EU lacked momentum on Balkan enlargement”, https://n1info.rs/english/news/ minister-miscevic-eu-lacked-momentum-on-balkan- enlargement/ Accessed 04 September 2024.
  • “Orient/East-Med Corridor: Construction of Rail Corridor VIII in North Macedonia, Kumanovo - Kriva Palanka Sections”, https://www.wbif.eu/project-detail/PRJ-MKD- TRA-001 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Robinson, W. The Trojan Dragon Comes to the Balkans. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 44(2), 2020, 29–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48599308
  • “Rritje me 64% e turistëve kinezë në Shqipëri”, retrieved from https://ata.gov.al/2018/11/23/rritje-me-64-e-turisteve-kineze-ne-shqiperi/ Accessed 20 June 2024
  • Schimmelfennig, F., & Scholtz, H. Legacies and leverage: EU political conditionality and democracy promotion in historical perspective. Europe Asia Studies, 62(3), 2010, 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668131003647820
  • Shopov V. Mapping China's Rise in the Western Balkans, European Council on Foreign Relations, March 2022.Stabilisation and Association Process, (2022) retrieved from https://neighbourhood- enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/glossary/stabilisation-and-association- process_en Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Szolucha, A. (2010). The EU and ‘Enlargement Fatigue’: Why Has the European Union Not Been Able to Counter ‘Enlargement Fatigue’? Journal of Contemporary European Research, 6(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v6i1.124.
  • Timofeev, I.(2023) The Chinese View of the World: Is a Non-Zero-Sum Game Possible?, retrieved from https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/the-chinese-view-of-the- world-is-a-non-zero-sum/ Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Tonchev, P. (2020) China’s Soft Power in South-East Europe, Friedrich Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport- themes/infrastructure-and-investment/trans-european-transport-network-ten-t_en Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Vangeli, A., & Pavlićević, D. (2019). Introduction: New Perspectives on China-Central and Eastern Europe relations. Asia Europe Journal, 17(4), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-019-00560-4;
  • Why Europe will have to face the true cost of being in debt to China, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61276168 Accessed 5 September 2024.
  • Zeneli, V. (2023) Chinese Influence in the Western Balkans and Its Impact on the Region’s European Union Integration Process, https://www.iwm.at/blog/chinese- influence-in-the-western-balkans-and-its-impact-on-the-regions-european-union Accessed 20 June 2024.
  • Zhongping, Feng, and Huang Jing. “China’s strategic partnership diplomacy: engaging with a changing world.” ESPO Working Paper 8 (June 2014). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/181324/China%E2%80%99s%20strategic%20partnershi p%20diplomacy_%20engaging%20with%20a%20changing%20world%20.pdf
  • Zhou, Y. & Luk, S. (2016) Establishing Confucius Institutes: a tool for promoting China’s soft power?, Journal of Contemporary China, 25:100, 628-642, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1132961
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset, Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Çalışmaları, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Noela Mahmutaj 0000-0003-1969-6944

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 7 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Mahmutaj, Noela. “Competing for Influence: EU-China Strategic Engagement in the Western Balkans”. International Journal of Politics and Security 7, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2025): 20-35. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1567113.

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Veri Paylaşım Politikası
Bu dergi, yazarları bilimsel etik ve atıf kuralları ile kişisel hakların korunmasına yönelik evrensel ve yasal kriterler çerçevesinde kalırken araştırmaları sonucunda elde ettikleri verileri paylaşmaya teşvik etmektedir. Bu bağlamda IJPS, Budapeşte Açık Erişim Girişimi Deklarasyonunu (2001) benimser.