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The Effect of Competitiveness in International Health Tourism of Türkiye on Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis

Yıl 2022, , 365 - 382, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.983504

Öz

In recent years, most countries have tried to gain international competitiveness in service sectors. It is important to develop in the sector, have a cost advantage, and gain an advantage in the exchange rate and more economic openness. On the other hand, achieving competitiveness in health tourism, an international service trade, allows economic openness. Low cost, high quality, good advertising activities, low ticket prices, and so forth lead to competition in order to increase the export of health care. The high competitiveness of health tourism contributes to economic growth. Conversely, Türkiye's competitive advantages in terms of health tourism have contributed to both the sector and economic growth. In this context, first, the competitiveness of health tourism was analyzed using the export-import ratio index for the period 2003Q1–2019Q4 in Türkiye. The analysis revealed that Türkiye has a competitive advantage in health tourism. Second, the scores of health tourism competitiveness, number of tourists, travel revenues and economic growth were investigated using the vector autoregression method to analyse the effects of the factors on each other. According to the analysis, the impact of a shock in health tourism competitiveness and tourist number on economic growth have lasted for a long time.

Kaynakça

  • Adlung, R., & Carzaniga, A. (2001)‎. Health services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(‎4)‎, 352–364. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/268307
  • Algieri, B., Aquino, A., & Succurro, M. (2018). International competitive advantages in tourism: An eclectic view. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.003
  • Bakhouya, D. (2017). The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and international trade in health services. Impact and regulations. Juridical Tribune (Tribuna Juridica), 7(Special), 54–68. https://www.tribunajuridica.eu/arhiva/An7v11/4.%20Bakhouya.pdf
  • Ballance, R. H., Forstner, H., & Murray, T. (1987). Consistency tests of alternative measures of comparative advantage. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937915
  • Barca, M., Akdeve, E., & Balay, İ. G. (2013). Türkiye sağlık turizm sektörünün analizi ve strateji önerileri. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 64–92. https://isarder.org/index.php/isarder/article/view/123/122
  • Başkol, M. O. (2018). International Competitiveness in Turkish Textile and Clothing Sector. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(3), 643–658. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2018343115
  • Beladi, H., Chao, C.–C., Ee, M. S., & Hollas, D. (2019). Does medical tourism promote economic growth? A cross–country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735909
  • Benavides, D. D. (2002). Trade policies ve export of health services: A development perspective. In N. Drager & D. Vieira (Eds.), Trade in health services: Global, regional and country perspective (pp. 53–69). Pan American Health Organization.
  • Bernhofen, D. M., & Brown, J. C. (2018). Retrospectives: On the genius behind David Ricardo’s 1817 formulation of comparative advantage. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.4.227
  • Bobirca, A, & Miclaus, P. G. (2007). A multilevel comparative assessment approach to international services trade competitiveness: The case of Romania and Bulgaria. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 1(6), 122–127.
  • Chanda, R. (2002). Trade in health services. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(2), 158–163. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/268717
  • Chanda, R., & Richard, D. S. (2006). Trade in health services and GATS: A framework for policymakers. In C. Blouin, N. Drager & R. Smith (Eds.), International Trade in Health Services and the GATS: Current Issues and Debates (pp. 245–304). Washington.
  • Connell, J. (2006). Medical tourism: Sea, sun, sand and … surgery. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.005
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin testi: Yapısal kırılma ve nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 162–171. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2151888
  • Deloitte. (2014). Healthcare and life sciences predictions 2020, A bold future?. The Deloitte Centre for Health Solutions, UK, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Life-Sciences-Health-Care/gx-lshc-healthcare-and-life-sciences-predictions-2020.pdf
  • Fan, Y., Ullah, I., Rehman, A., Hussain, A., & Zeeshan, M. (2022). Does tourism increase CO2 emissions and health spending in Mexico? New evidence from nonlinear ARDL approach. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 37(1), 242–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3322
  • Gaberli, Ü., Akdeniz, C., & Eti, H. S. (2021). Does the value of currency affect the numbers of international inbound tourists to Turkey? Journal of Yasar University, 16(63), 1150–1163. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.919120
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross–spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • İslamoğlu, E. (2018). Altın borsası işlemlerinin en düşük ve en yüksek değerlerinin VAR (Vektör Otoregresif Model) ile analizi. Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 116–139.
  • Jensen, J. B., & Kletzer, L. G. (2005). Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Offshoring. Brookings Trade Forum, 75–133.
  • Kaya, M. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık turizminin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: 2003–2016 dönemi (Yayın No. 489166). [Yüksek lisans tezi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Keser, H. Y., & Ay, S. (2016). Comparative advantage of Turkey in freight transportation sector: In comparison with BRIC countries. 13th International Scientific Conference on Economic ve Social Development: Book of Proceedings, Barcelona, 242–251.
  • Kılavuz, E. (2018). Medical tourism competition: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Health Management and Tourism, 3(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.31201/ijhmt.372364
  • Kumar, V., Leone, R. P., & Gaskins, J. N. (1995). Aggregate and disaggregate sector forecasting using consumer confidence measures. International Journal of Forecasting, 11(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(95)00594-2
  • Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045917
  • Lee, C. G., & Hung, W. T. (2010). Tourism, health and income in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.755
  • Loh, C.–P. A. (2015). Trends and structural shifts in health tourism: Evidence from seasonal time–series data on health–related travel spending by Canada during 1970–2010. Social Science & Medicine, 132, 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.036
  • Marelli, E., & Signorelli, M. (2011). China and India: Openness, trade and effects on economic growth. European Journal of Comparative Economics, 8(1), 129–154. http://ejce.liuc.it/18242979201101/182429792011080106.pdf
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  • Nelson, C. R., & Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconmic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5
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  • Özsoy, C. (2009). Türkiye’de eğitim ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin VAR modeli ile analizi. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 4, 71–83.
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Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmindeki Rekabet Gücünün Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2022, , 365 - 382, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.983504

Öz

Son yıllarda ülkeler hizmet sektörlerinde uluslararası rekabet gücü elde etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu bakımdan maliyet avantajı yakalamak, sektörde gelişmek, döviz kuru avantajı yakalamak ve ekonominin daha fazla dışa açık olması önem arz etmektedir. Diğer yandan uluslararası hizmet ticareti olan sağlık turizminde rekabet gücü elde etmek, ekonomilerin dışa açılmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Sağlık hizmetinin ihracatını arttırmak için düşük maliyet, yüksek kalite, iyi tanıtım faaliyetleri, düşük bilet ücretleri gibi faktörler rekabete yol açmaktadır. Sektörün rekabet gücünün yüksek olması ekonomik büyümeye katkı sağlamaktadır. Diğer yandan Türkiye’nin sağlık turizmi bakımından rekabet avantajları hem sektöre hem de ekonomik büyümeye katkı yapmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda ilk olarak Türkiye için 2003Ç1–2019Ç4 dönemine ilişkin, İhracat-İthalat Oranı Endeksi yardımıyla sağlık turizminin rekabet gücü test edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’nin sağlık turizminde rekabet avantajına sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. İkinci olarak VAR analizi yöntemiyle, sağlık turizmi rekabet gücünün; turist sayısı, yolcu gelirleri ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre sağlık turizmi rekabet gücü ve turist sayısında yaşanacak pozitif bir şokun, ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi uzun süre devam etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adlung, R., & Carzaniga, A. (2001)‎. Health services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(‎4)‎, 352–364. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/268307
  • Algieri, B., Aquino, A., & Succurro, M. (2018). International competitive advantages in tourism: An eclectic view. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.003
  • Bakhouya, D. (2017). The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and international trade in health services. Impact and regulations. Juridical Tribune (Tribuna Juridica), 7(Special), 54–68. https://www.tribunajuridica.eu/arhiva/An7v11/4.%20Bakhouya.pdf
  • Ballance, R. H., Forstner, H., & Murray, T. (1987). Consistency tests of alternative measures of comparative advantage. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937915
  • Barca, M., Akdeve, E., & Balay, İ. G. (2013). Türkiye sağlık turizm sektörünün analizi ve strateji önerileri. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 64–92. https://isarder.org/index.php/isarder/article/view/123/122
  • Başkol, M. O. (2018). International Competitiveness in Turkish Textile and Clothing Sector. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(3), 643–658. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2018343115
  • Beladi, H., Chao, C.–C., Ee, M. S., & Hollas, D. (2019). Does medical tourism promote economic growth? A cross–country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735909
  • Benavides, D. D. (2002). Trade policies ve export of health services: A development perspective. In N. Drager & D. Vieira (Eds.), Trade in health services: Global, regional and country perspective (pp. 53–69). Pan American Health Organization.
  • Bernhofen, D. M., & Brown, J. C. (2018). Retrospectives: On the genius behind David Ricardo’s 1817 formulation of comparative advantage. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.4.227
  • Bobirca, A, & Miclaus, P. G. (2007). A multilevel comparative assessment approach to international services trade competitiveness: The case of Romania and Bulgaria. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 1(6), 122–127.
  • Chanda, R. (2002). Trade in health services. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(2), 158–163. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/268717
  • Chanda, R., & Richard, D. S. (2006). Trade in health services and GATS: A framework for policymakers. In C. Blouin, N. Drager & R. Smith (Eds.), International Trade in Health Services and the GATS: Current Issues and Debates (pp. 245–304). Washington.
  • Connell, J. (2006). Medical tourism: Sea, sun, sand and … surgery. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.005
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2006). Türkiye’de turizm gelirlerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin testi: Yapısal kırılma ve nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 162–171. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2151888
  • Deloitte. (2014). Healthcare and life sciences predictions 2020, A bold future?. The Deloitte Centre for Health Solutions, UK, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Life-Sciences-Health-Care/gx-lshc-healthcare-and-life-sciences-predictions-2020.pdf
  • Fan, Y., Ullah, I., Rehman, A., Hussain, A., & Zeeshan, M. (2022). Does tourism increase CO2 emissions and health spending in Mexico? New evidence from nonlinear ARDL approach. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 37(1), 242–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3322
  • Gaberli, Ü., Akdeniz, C., & Eti, H. S. (2021). Does the value of currency affect the numbers of international inbound tourists to Turkey? Journal of Yasar University, 16(63), 1150–1163. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.919120
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross–spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • İslamoğlu, E. (2018). Altın borsası işlemlerinin en düşük ve en yüksek değerlerinin VAR (Vektör Otoregresif Model) ile analizi. Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 116–139.
  • Jensen, J. B., & Kletzer, L. G. (2005). Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Offshoring. Brookings Trade Forum, 75–133.
  • Kaya, M. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık turizminin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: 2003–2016 dönemi (Yayın No. 489166). [Yüksek lisans tezi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Keser, H. Y., & Ay, S. (2016). Comparative advantage of Turkey in freight transportation sector: In comparison with BRIC countries. 13th International Scientific Conference on Economic ve Social Development: Book of Proceedings, Barcelona, 242–251.
  • Kılavuz, E. (2018). Medical tourism competition: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Health Management and Tourism, 3(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.31201/ijhmt.372364
  • Kumar, V., Leone, R. P., & Gaskins, J. N. (1995). Aggregate and disaggregate sector forecasting using consumer confidence measures. International Journal of Forecasting, 11(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(95)00594-2
  • Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045917
  • Lee, C. G., & Hung, W. T. (2010). Tourism, health and income in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.755
  • Loh, C.–P. A. (2015). Trends and structural shifts in health tourism: Evidence from seasonal time–series data on health–related travel spending by Canada during 1970–2010. Social Science & Medicine, 132, 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.036
  • Marelli, E., & Signorelli, M. (2011). China and India: Openness, trade and effects on economic growth. European Journal of Comparative Economics, 8(1), 129–154. http://ejce.liuc.it/18242979201101/182429792011080106.pdf
  • Medical Tourism (2021). Medical tourism index 2020–2021. MedicalTourism.com. https://www.medicaltourism.com/mti/home
  • Mucuk, M., & Alptekin, V. (2008). Türkiye’de vergi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: VAR analizi (1975–2006). Maliye Dergisi, (155), 159–174. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/09/10.Mehmet.MUCUK_Volkan.ALPTEKIN.pdf
  • Nelson, C. R., & Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconmic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5
  • Ölmez, F. (2021). Türkiye’de döviz kurunun turizm ticaret dengesine etkisinin doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan modellerle analizi (Yayın No. 683031). [Yüksek lisans tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Özdemir, C., & Konak, S. (2015). Medikal turizm kavramı ve Türkiye'de medikal turizm. İçinde S. P. Temizkan (Ed.), Sağlık turizmi (ss. 75–99). Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Özdemir, D., & Buzdağlı, Ö. (2019). Sağlık turizminde uluslararası rekabet gücü: Seçilmiş G20 ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. İKSAD 4. International Congress of Social Sciences: Final Papers Proceedings (ss. 161–174). İKSAD.
  • Özgen, F. B., & Güloğlu, B. (2004). Türkiye’de iç borçların iktisadi etkilerinin VAR tekniğiyle analizi. METU Studies in Development, 31(1), 93–114.
  • Özsoy, C. (2009). Türkiye’de eğitim ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin VAR modeli ile analizi. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 4, 71–83.
  • Piazolo, M., & Zanca, N. A. (2011). Medical tourism – A case study for the USA and India, Germany and Hungary. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 8(1), 137–160. http://acta.uni-obuda.hu/Piazolo_Zanca_27.pdf
  • Porter, M. E. (1990, March–April). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/1990/03/the-competitive-advantage-of-nations
  • Riedel, J., Hall, C., & Grawe, R. (1984). Determinants of indian export performance in the 1970s. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 120(1), 40–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706562
  • Ruggeri, K., Záliš, L., Meurice, C. R., Hilton, I., Ly, T.–L., Zupan, Z., & Hinrichs, S. (2015). Evidence on global medical travel. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(11), 785–789. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.146027
  • Saboniene, A. (2009). Lithuanian export competitiveness: Comparison with other Baltic States. Engineering Economics, 62(2), 49–57. https://inzeko.ktu.lt/index.php/EE/article/view/11617
  • Sakala, Z., Kolster, J., & Matondo–Fundani, N. (2013). The growth of international trade in health services: Export prospects in North Africa. AfDB Economic Brief. https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/economic_brief_-_the_growth_of_international_trade_in_health_services_export_prospects_in_north_africa.pdf
  • Sarıçoban, K., & Kösekahyaoğlu, L. (2017). Ticaret sonrası verilerle rekabet gücünün ölçülmesinde kullanılan indeksler üzerine bir literatür taraması. The Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 5(47), 424–444. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.12439
  • Sevim, E. (2019). Medikal turizm ve stratejik analiz. Atlas Akademik Basım Yayın Dağıtım Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • Sidhu, A., Katoch, R., & Kakran, S. (2021). An analysis for unit root testing of emerging Asian equity markets. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 18(8), 1060–1070. https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/8812/8208
  • Smith, K. (2012). The problematization of medical tourism: A critique of neoliberalism. Developing World Bioethics, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00318.x
  • Soare, I., & Zugravu, G. A. (2014). The SPA tourism perception in Romania. Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati Fascicle I. Economics and Applied Informatics, 20(2), 99–108. http://www.eia.feaa.ugal.ro/images/eia/2014_2/SoareZugravu.pdf
  • T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2013). Onuncu kalkınma planı 2014–2018. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Onuncu_Kalkinma_Plani-2014-2018.pdf
  • TCMB. (2021). Elektronik veri dağıtım sistemi. T.C. Merkez Bankası. 20 Haziran 2021’de erişim adresi https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?
  • Tontuş, Ö. H. (2017). Sağlık turizmi nedir? Sağlık Turizmi Dairesi Başkanlığı SATURK, 1–38. https://shgmturizmdb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/10944/0/02pdf.pdf
  • Tontuş, Ö. H. (2019). Sağlık turizmi özelinde hizmet sektörünün tanımı ve uluslararası ticarette hizmet sektörü. Sağlık Turizmi Dairesi Başkanlığı (SATURK). https://shgmturizmdb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/10946/0/04pdf.pdf
  • TÜİK. (2021). İstatistik. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 20 Haziran 2021’de erişim adresi https://www.tuik.gov.tr
  • Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik (2017). T.C. Resmi Gazete. Yayım 13.07.2017. Sayı 30123. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=23751&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • USHAŞ. (2021a). Sağlık turizmi. Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri A.Ş. 03 Mayıs 2021’de erişim adresi, https://www.ushas.com.tr/saglik-turizmi
  • USHAŞ. (2021b). Sağlık turizmi verileri. Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri A.Ş. 03 Mayıs 2021’de erişim adresi, https://www.ushas.com.tr/saglik-turizmi-verileri
  • World Trade Organization. (2021a). Health ve social services. 29 Temmuz 2021’de erişim adresi, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/health_social_e/health_social_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization. (2021b). The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): Objectives, coverage and disciplines. 03 Mart 2021’de erişim adresi, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsqa_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization & World Bank. (2021). Statistics. https://i-tip.wto.org/services/default.aspx
  • Yapraklı, S. (2011). Uluslararası rekabet gücünü etkileyen makroekonomik faktörler: Türk imalat sanayi üzerine bir uygulama. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(22), 373–402. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susead/issue/28413/302361
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şule Batbaylı 0000-0002-0836-9203

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Batbaylı, Ş. (2022). Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmindeki Rekabet Gücünün Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.983504

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