2010 Sonrası Avrupa Yapımı Polisiye Dramalarda Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliğinin İnşası

Öz

Erkek egemen toplumlarda medeni, siyasal, ekonomik, toplumsal ve kültürel alanlarda izlenen politikalar, cinsiyet eşitliğinin önündeki başlıca engelleri oluşturmaktadır. Medya ise, özellikle sinema, televizyon ve dijital platform içerikleri bağlamında, bu erkek egemen ideolojinin en yoğun biçimde yeniden üretildiği mecralar arasındadır. Cinsiyet eşitliği bakımından dünyanın geri kalanına göre daha eşitlikçi olduğu düşünülen Avrupa ülkelerinde üretilen yapımların da bu durumu sürdürmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa yapımı dizilerde toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsiyet eşitliği/eşitsizliği temsillerini incelemektedir. Erkek egemen toplumlarda medya, özellikle diziler, cinsiyet rollerini pekiştirerek ataerkil ideolojiyi yeniden üretmektedir. Araştırmada, İsveç-Danimarka, Birleşik Krallık, Belçika, Almanya ve İzlanda’dan beş dizi analiz edilmiştir. İçerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak başlıca karakterlerin sayıları, ekran süresi, meslekleri, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine uyumu ve hikâyeye katkıları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kadın karakterlerin genellikle ikincil rollerde kaldığını, geleneksel aile içi sorumluluklarla sınırlandırıldığını ve erkeklere kıyasla daha az ekrana yansıdığını göstermektedir. Kadınlar genellikle mağdur, bağımlı veya nesneleştirilmiş şekilde sunulurken, erkekler güçlü ve karar verici rollerde öne çıkmaktadır. Araştırma, medya temsillerinin toplumsal cinsiyet algısını şekillendirdiğini ve eşitsizlikleri pekiştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır, ancak feminist hareketlerin etkisiyle kadın karakterlerin daha bağımsız ve güçlü temsil edilmesi yönünde olumlu değişimler yaşanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Polisiye Dizi
• Toplumsal cinsiyet
• Ataerkil
• Eşitlik
• Temsil

The Construction of Gender Inequality in Police Dramas Produced in Europe After 2010

Öz

In patriarchal societies, policies in civil, political, economic, social, and cultural spheres constitute the most significant barriers to gender equality. The media, particularly films, serial dramas, and productions on digital streaming platforms, are the primary vehicles for reproducing this male-dominated ideology. Film productions in European countries, considered more egalitarian regarding gender equality than the rest of the world, are expected to challenge gender inequalities. This study examines representations of gender and gender inequality in European serial dramas. The study analyzed five serial dramas from Sweden and Denmark, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and Iceland. Content analysis assessed the number of main characters, screen time, occupation, conformity to gender roles, and their contribution to the storyline. The results show that female characters are often relegated to secondary roles, confined to traditional domestic responsibilities, and appear on screen less often than men. Women are often presented as victimized, dependent, or objectified, while men are prominent in influential decision-making roles. The research reveals that media representations shape perceptions of gender and reinforce inequalities. Still, influenced by feminist movements, there have been positive changes towards more independent and powerful representations of female characters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crime Serial Dramas
• Gender
• Patriarchy
• Equality
• Representation

Kaynakça

1. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139-158. http://www.jstor.org/stable/189609
2. Al Tamimi, W. S. (2022). Education for women and girls in Iraq. İçinde J. A. Boivin & H. Pacheco-Guffrey (Editörler), Education as the driving force of equity for the marginalized (pp. 272-289). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8025-7.ch013
3. Amaya, J. F. S. ve González, O. R. (2019). Introduction to the special issue: Challenges of lgbt research in the 21st century. International Sociology, 34(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919856
4. Asr, F. T., Gonzales, J., Mazraeh, M., Lopes, A., Gautam, V., Rao, P. ve Taboada, M. (2021). The gender gap tracker: Using natural language processing to measure gender bias in media. PLoS ONE, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0245533
5. de Beauvoir, S. (2010 [1949]). The second sex (C. Borde ve S. M. Chevallier, Trans.). Vintage Classics.
6. Blickenstaff, J. C. (2006). Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter? Gender and Education, 17(4), 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250500145072
7. Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine domination (R. Nice, Çev.). Stanford University Press.
8. Buonanno, M. (2019). Seriality: Development and disruption in the contemporary medial and cultural environment. Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies, 14(2), 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749602019834667

9. Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
10. Cambridge Dictionary. (2024). Equality https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/equality
11. Capuzza, J. C. ve Spencer, L. G. (2017). Regressing, progressing, or transgressing on the small screen? Transgender characters on U.S. scripted television series. Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1221438
12. CIHR. (2023). What is gender? What is sex? https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/48642.html
13. Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? Sex Roles - A Journal of Research, 64(3), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5
14. Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2. b.). University of California Press.
15. Council of Europe. (2024). Sex and gender. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/sex-and-gender
16. Craig, S. L. ve McInroy, L. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for lgbtq youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(1), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.777007
17. Durkin, K. (1985). Television and sex-role acquisition 1: Content. British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 101-113.
18. Edmond, M. (2023). Enduring inequalities: Fifty years of gender equality talk in the media and cultural industries. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(3), 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754942211453
19. Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Books.
20. Foucault, M. (2012). The history of sexuality: An introduction (R. Hurley, Trans.). Pantheon Books.
21. Fraser, N. (2020). Fortunes of feminism: From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Verso.
22. Fuentez, A. (2023). Here’s why human sex is not binary: Ova don’t make a woman, and sperm don’t make a man. Springer Nature. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-why-human-sex-is-not-binary/
23. Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the media. Polity Press.
24. Girshick, L. B. (2008). Homophobia. İçinde C. M. Renzetti ve J. L. Edleson (Editörler), Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence. volumes 1 & 2 (ss. 336-338). SAGE Publications, Inc.
25. Goffman, E. (1987). Gender advertisements. Harper & Row, Publishers.
26. González, M. P. L., Paniagua, Á. I., Thornborrow, T. ve Jordán, O. C. (2020). Associations between media representations of physical, personality, and social attributes by gender: A content analysis of children’s animated film characters. International Journal of Communication, 14(2020), 6026-6048. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16149
27. Gosepath, S. (2021). Equality. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
28. Gottfried, H. (2013). Gender, work, and economy: unpacking the global economy. Polity Press.
29. Halberstam, J. (2018). Trans: A quick and quirky account of gender variability. University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctv1wxs8s
30. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Open University Press.
31. Haraldsson, A. ve Wängnerud, L. (2019). The effect of media sexism on women’s political ambition: Evidence from a worldwide study. Feminist Media Studies, 19(4), 525-541. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1468797
32. Holtzhausen, T. (2011). Content analysis of roles portrayed by women in advertisements in selected South African media. University of Pretoria.
33. Hymowitz, C. ve Schellhardt, T. D. (1986, 24 March 1986). The glass ceiling: Why women can’t seem to break the invisible barrier that blocks them from the top jobs. The Wall Street Journal, 61. https://www.proquest.com/docview/397974878?sourcetype=Newspapers
34. Isaac, C. A., Kaatz, A. ve Carnes, M. (2012). Deconstructing the glass ceiling. Sociology Mind, 2(1), 80-86. https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2012.21011
35. Krijnen, T. ve Bauwel, S. V. (2021). Gender and media: Representing, producing, consuming (2. b.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429318474
36. Küçükşen, K. (2016). Perception of gender equality in new media. International Journal of Human Sciences (JHS), 13(1), 1285-1292. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3565
37. Lauzen, M. M. (2008). Boxed in: Women on screen and behind the scenes in the 2007-08 prime-time season. Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film, San Diego State University.
38. Lauzen, M. M. (2019). Boxed in 2018-19: women on screen and behind the scenes in television. Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film, San Diego State University.
39. Lauzen, M. M. (2023). Boxed in: women on screen and behind the scenes on broadcast and streaming television in 2022-23. Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film, San Diego State University.
40. Lauzen, M. M. (2024). Boxed in: women on screen and behind the scenes on broadcast and streaming television in 2023-24. Center for the Study of Women in Television & Film, San Diego State University.
41. Lorber, J. (2008). Paradoxes of gender (Revised ed.). Yale University Press.
42. Lotz, A. D. (2018). We now disrupt this broadcast: How cable transformed television and the internet revolutionized it all. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11313.001.0001
43. Miguel-Aliaga, I. (2022). Let’s talk about (biological) sex. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology(23). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-022-00467-w
44. Mittell, J. (2015). Complex tv: The poetics of contemporary television storytelling. NYU Press.
45. Molina-Guzmán, I. (2018). Latinas and Latinos on tv: Colorblind comedy in the post-racial network era. University of Arizona Press.
46. Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3, Autumn), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
47. Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. SAGE Publications, Inc.
48. Newman, T. (2023). Sex and gender: What is the difference? Medical New Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363
49. Oakley, A. (2016). Sex, gender and society. Routledge.
50. OECD. (2023). Gender wage gap. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/gender-wage-gap.html?oecdcontrol-96565bc25e-var3=2023
51. Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract. Stanford University Press.
52. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
53. Polat, H. (2019). Women and representation in the media: A discussion on tv series. Karadeniz Technical University Journal of Communication Research, 7(2), 77-96.
54. Popa, D. ve Gavriliu, D. (2015). Gender representations and digital media. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1199-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.244
55. Rahman, A., Ullah, R., Jerin, I. ve Hossain, R. (2022). The portrayal of women in tvc and film: an analysis in the gender perspective. CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 206-226. https://doi.org/10.46291/cenraps.v4i1.77
56. Reena, D. (2023). Media and promotion of gender equality. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 8(1, January-February), 108-110. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.81.14
57. Regitz‐Zagrosek, V. (2012). Sex and gender differences in health: Science & society series on sex and science. Science & Society, 13, 596-603. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.87
58. Ross, K. (2014). Women in media industries in Europe: What’s wrong with this picture? Feminist Media Studies, 14(2), 326-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.909139
59. Santoniccolo, F., Trombetta, T., Paradiso, M. N. ve Rollè, L. (2023). Gender and media representations: A review of the literature on gender stereotypes, objectification and sexualization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105770
60. Santos, A., Cerqueira, C. ve Cabecinhas, R. (2018). “Challenging it softly”: A feminist inquiry into gender in the news media context. Feminist Media Studies, 22(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1465445
61. Sarı, B. (2022). Women labour: What was it? What is it now? A theoretical analysis based on different economic perspectives. Sosyoekonomi, 30(53), 49-85. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.03
62. Smart, C. (1977). Women, crime and criminology: A feminist critique. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203079676
63. Stone, P. (2007). Opting out?: Why women really quit careers and head home. University of California Press.
64. Sulimma, M. (2020). Gender and seriality: Practices and politics of contemporary US television. Edinburgh University Press.
65. The Indiana University Bloomington Libraries. (2023). Introduction to queer theory. The Indiana University Bloomington Libraries. https://guides.libraries.indiana.edu/c.php?g=995240&p=8361766
66. Thensen, G. ve Yıldırım, T. M. (2022). Electoral systems and gender inequality in political news: Analyzing the news visibility of members of parliament in Norway and the UK. American Political Science Review, 117(2, May), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422000776
67. Thompson, R. J. (1997). Television’s second golden age: From Hill Street Blues to ER. Syracuse University Press.
68. UN Women. (2025). How to talk to kids about gender equality and stereotypes. https://www.unwomen.org/en/articles/explainer/how-to-talk-to-kids-about-gender-equality-and-stereotypes
69. UNICEF. (2017). Gender equality: Glossary of terms and concepts.
70. Van der Pas, D. J. ve Aaldering, L. (2020). Gender differences in political media coverage: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 114-143, 114-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz046
71. Venzo, P. ve Hess, K. (2013). Honk against homophobia: Rethinking relations between media and sexual minorities. Journal of Homosexuality 60(11), 1539-1556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.824318
72. Ward, L. M. ve Grower, P. (2020). Media and the development of gender role stereotypes. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-051120010630
73. West, C. ve Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
74. WHO. (2024). Sexual health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/sexual-health#tab=tab_2
75. WHO. (2025). Gender and health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
76. Williams, C. L. (1995). Still a man’s world: Men who do women’s work. University of California Press.
77. Wisensale, S. K. (2004). Solving a problem or tinkering at the margins? Work, family, and caregiving. İçinde H. Gottfried ve L. Reese (Editörler), Equity in the workplace: gendering workplace policy analysis (ss. 215-242). Lexington Books.
78. Wizemann, T. M. ve Pardue, M.-L. (2001). Exploring the biological contributions to human health: Does sex matter? (Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, Ed.). National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10028.html
79. Yogyakarta Principles. (2025). The Yogyakarta Principles. https://yogyakartaprinciples.org/
80. Yünkül, K. ve Aycan, E. (2023). The phenomenon of strong woman in tv series broadcast on digital platforms: An example of kulüp series. Inonu University Journal of Culture and Art (IJCA), 9(1), 163-180. https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.1309634