ABD’li Akademisyenlerin LinkedIn’de Benlik Sunum Rollerinin Keşfi*

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 49, 69 - 89, 20.12.2019

Ufuk Bakan Sefer Kalaman Uğur Bakan

Öz

Facebook, Twitter ve LinkedIn gibi sosyal medya platformlarının kullanımı son on yılda önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Günümüzde benlik sunumu üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, insanların hayatlarında önemli bir yere sahip olan Facebook, Twitter ve Instagram üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bireyler arasındaki etkileşimleri de göz önüne alan sosyal ağ analizi, karmaşık bir yapı içinde bulunan sosyal hayatı analiz etmek amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, LinkedIn portrelerinin ortak özelliklerinin ve internette bulunan popüler önerilere uyup uymadıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. LinkedIn’de kullanıcıların ağdaki etkinliğini artıran popüler öneriler aynı zamanda kişilerin benlik sunumlarını da belirlemektedir. Analiz sonucunda kullanıcıların ideal profil oluşturma eğilimi ile benlik sunumu arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. LinkedIn gibi profesyonellerin oluşturduğu ağlarda kullanıcılar, hedef odaklı stratejileri tercih etmeleri gerekmektedir. ABD’deki toplam 300 LinkedIn kullanıcısının portrelerinden ve hesaplarından oluşan bir örneklem seçilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Profil (ağ boyutu, sayfa, ücretli hesap, meslek) ve portre (renk, cinsiyet, beden, yüz, stil, vb.) değişkenlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde değişimin olup olmadığı frekans analizi ve regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmada tespit edilen demografik faktörlerle sosyal medya kullanımı arasındaki farklılıklar incelenmiş ve elde edilen veriler bulgular bölümünde detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Analizden elde edilen verilere göre, ABD’deki LinkedIn kullanıcılarının çok azının profillerini belirlenen önerilere göre hazırladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte cinsiyet ve akademik disiplin ile ideal profil hazırlama arasında alt boyutlarda farklılıkların mevcut olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Linkedın, Benlik Sunumu, Benlik Saygısı, Kimlik, Sosyal Ağ

Exploring Roles of Self-Presentation of U.S. Scholars on LinkedIn

Öz

The rate of use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn has increased drastically over the last decade. Today, researches on self-presentation focus on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, which have an important place in people’s lives. Social network analysis, which also considers interactions between individuals, is developed to analyse social life that has a complex structure. This study was examined the photographs and user-provided information at LinkedIn. Popular suggestions that increase the effectiveness of users on the network in LinkedIn also determine the selfpresentations of people. As a result of the analysis, the relationship between the ideal profile formation tendency and the ego presentation was tried to be revealed. In networks created by professionals such as LinkedIn, users should choose target-oriented strategies. A total
sample of 300 LinkedIn users’ portraits and accounts were selected and analyzed in the United States. It has been analyzed using frequency analysis and regression analysis that if
there is any significant difference of according to variables as profile (network size, page, premium, occupational category) portrait (color, gender, body, face, style, et.). The relation
between demographic factors and social media use were examined in detail and results were discussed. According to the data obtained from the analysis, It is determined that
very few of the LinkedIn users in the USA have prepared their profiles according to the determined recommendations. However, there were differences in sub-dimensions between
gender and academic discipline and ideal profile preparation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Linkedın, Self-Presentation, Self-Esteem, Identity, Social Network.

Kaynakça

• Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Vinitzky, G., (2010). “Social network use and personality”, Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1289–1295.
• Barry, C. T., Doucette, H., Loflin, D. C., Rivera-Hudson, N., & Herrington, L. L. (2017).“‘Let me take a selfie’: Associations between self-photography, narcissism, and self-esteem”, Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6, (1), s.48–60.
• Bayad, A. (2016). “Erving Goffman’ın Benlik Kavramı ve İnsan Doğası Varsayımı”, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 36, (1), s. 81-93.
• Berger, J. (2018). Görme Biçimleri, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Biçer, S, (2014). “Goffman Metodolojisinden Hareketle Facebook Üzerinde Akademisyenlerin Kendini Sunma Davranışı”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, s. 65-100.
• Brogan, Chris, (2010). “Write Your LinkedIn Profile for Your Future”, Chris Brogan (Ed.), Social Media 101: Tactics and Tips to Develop Your Business Online (s. 293-296), John Wiley & Sons.
• Cachia, R. (2008). “Social Computing: Study on the USe and Impact of Online Social Networking”, European Commission Joint Research Centre Scientific and Technical Reports, Spain.
• Caers, R., Castelyns, V., (2011). “LinkedIn and Facebook in Belgium: The Influences and Biases of Social Network Sites in Recruitment and Selection Procedures”, Social Science Computer Review, 29, (4), s. 437-448.
• Carmack, H. J., & Heiss, S. N., (2018). “Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict College Students’ Intent to Use LinkedIn for Job Searches and Professional Networking”, Communication Studies, 69, (2), s.145-160.
• Case, T., Gardiner, A., Rutner, P., & Dyer, J. (2013). “A LinkedIn Analysis of Career Paths of Information Systems Alumni”, Journal of the Southern Association for Information Systems, 1, (1), s.1-13.
• Chalfen, R., (2002). “Snapshots “r” us: the evidentiary problematic of home media”, Visual Studies, 17, s. 141-149.
• Chen, W., Lee, K. (2013). “Sharing, Liking, Commenting, and Distressed? The Pathway Between Facebook Interaction and Psychological Distress”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, (10), s.728-734.
• Chen, B., & Marcus, J., (2012). “Students’ self-presentation on Facebook: An examination of personality and self-construal factors”, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, (6), s.2091–2099.
• Chiang, J. K. H., Suen H. Y, (2015). “Self-Presentation and Hiring Recommendations in Online Communities: Lessons from LinkedIn”, Computers in Human Behavior, 48, s. 516-524.
• Choi, J., & Kim, Y., (2014). “The moderating effects of gender and number of friends on the relationship between self-presentation and brand-related word-of-mouth on Facebook”, Personality and Individual Differences, 68, s. 1-5.
• Davies, J., (2007). “Display, Identity and the Everyday: Self-presentation through online image sharing”, Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 28(4), s.549-564,
• Dulworth, M, (2008). The Connect Effect: Building Strong Personal, Professional, and Virtual Networks, CA:Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
• Dumas, T. M., Maxwell-Smith, M., Davis, J. P., & Giulietti, P. A., (2017). “Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like-seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood”, Computers in Human Behavior, 71, s. 1–10.
• Eliot, T, S, ve Prufrock, J, A, (2013). “Self presentation”, Diakses dari. https:// faculty.washington.edu/jdb/452/452_chapter_07.pdf Access Date: 30.08.2018.
• Ellison, N. B., Hancock, J. T., & Toma, C. L., (2011). “Profile as promise: A framework for conceptualizing veracity in online dating self-presentations”, New Media & Society, 14, (1), s. 45–62.
• Elmore, B., (2009). “Social network strategies”, Baylor Business Review, s. 25-27.
• Farrell, C, (2012). “College graduates’ best job bet: Word of mouth”, https://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-14/college-graduates-best-job-bet-word-ofmouth. Erişim Tarihi:10.08.2018.
• Fox, J. (2008). Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Fuchs, C. (2011). “An Alternative View of Privacy on Facebook”, Information, 2, s. 140-165.
• Gil-Or, O., Levi-Belz, Y., & Turel, O. (2015). “The “Facebook-self”: characteristics and psychological predictors of false self-presentation on Facebook”, Frontiers in Psychology, 6, s.1-10.
• Goffman. E. (1959). The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life, Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
• Goffman, E. (1967). “On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social İnteraction”, Reflections, 4, (3), s. 7-13.
• Goffman, E, (2009). Günlük Yaşamda Benliğin Sunumu, İstanbul: Metis.
• Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzman, N., & Gaddis, S., (2011). “Facebook-related behaviors and observable profile information”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, s. 483–488.
• Gratschew, M, (2016). A netnographic study of how professionals perceive personal branding in LinkedIn. (Yayınlanmamış Master Tezi). University of Jyväskylä, Finlandiya.
• Gündüz, U, (2017). “The Effect of Social Media on Identity Construction”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8, (5), s. 85-92.
• Hairston, S., Wu, D., Yu, J., (2019). “Analyzing the LinkedIn Profiles of Audit Partners: A Snapshot of Firm Leadership”, The CPA Journal, 89, (3), s.54-57.
• Hogan, B., (2010). “The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online”, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30, (6), s.377–386.
• İşman, A., Buluş, B., Yüzüncüyıl, K. S., (2016). “Sosyalleşmenin Dijitale Dönüşümü ve Dijital Benliğin Sunumu”, TRT Akademi, 1, (2), s. 608-619.
• Ivcevic, Z., & Ambady, N., (2012). “Personality impressions from identity claims on Facebook”, Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1, (1), s. 38–45.
• Jan, M., Soomro, S. A., Ahmad, N, (2017), “Impact of Social Media on SelfEsteem”, European Scientific Journal, 13(23), s. 329-341.
• Jansen, A., König, C. J., Stadelmann, E. H., Kleinmann, M., (2012). “Applicants’ Selfpresentational Behavior: What do Recruiters Expect and What Do They Get?” Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11, (2), s. 77-85.
• Jensen, David, G. (2017). “The keys to a powerful LinkedIn profile”, Science, 12.
• Kluemper, D.H., McLarty, B., Rosen, P., (2013). “Exploring the relationship between individual characteristics and LinkedIn use”. In R.F. Miguel (Chair), The promise and perils of social media data for selection. Symposium presented at the Society for Industrial and Orga- nizational Psychology, Houston,TX.
• Kösedağ, S. M. (2018). New Media and the Transformation of Local Media: A Mixed Research about Turkey. N. Güz and C. Yegen (Ed.). Media with its News, Approaches and Fractions in New Media Age (201-232). Berlin: Peter Lang Publishing.
• Lachance Shandrow, K. (2013). “Three ways you might be screwing up your LinkedIn profile and how to avoid them”, Entrepreneur, http://www. entrepreneur.com/ article/229997. Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2018.
• Lievens, F., Peeters, H. (2008). “Interviewers’ Sensitivity to Impression Management Tactics in Structured Interviews”, European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, (3), s.174-180.
• Maree, T, (2017), “Linkedin Users’ Self-Brand Congruence, Attitudes and Social Media Use Integration”, Communicatio, 43(3-4), s. 95–113.
• Mayfıeld, A. (2008). What is Social Media, iCrossing, e‐book, https://www. icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What%20is%20Social%20 Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2019.
• Moore, K., & McElroy, J. C., (2012). “The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret”, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, (1), s. 267–274.
• Mutlu, E, (2012). İletişim Sözlüğü. Ankara: Sofos.
• Neary, S., (2014). “Professional Identity: What I Call Myself Defines Who I Am” Career Matters, 2, (3), s.14-15.
• Pachter, B. (2014). Nine guidelines for posting your photograph on social media sites. http://www.barbarapachtersblog.com/2014/06/9-guidelines-for-posting-your.html, Erişim tarihi:20.07.2018.
• Paliszkiewicz, J., Sawicka, M. M., (2016). “Impression Management in Social Media: The Example of LinkedIn”, Management, 11, (3), s. 203-212.
• Peirce, C. S. ve Welby, V. (1977). Semiotic and Significs, C. S. Hardwick (Ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Rettberg, J. W., (2009). “Freshly Generated for You, and Barack Obama”, European Journal of Communication, 24, (4), s.451–466.
• Rui, J. R., (2018). “Objective evaluation or collective self-presentation: What people expect of LinkedIn recommendations”, Computers in Human Behavior, 89, s. 121–128.
• Schwammlein, E., Wodzicki, K, (2012). “What to Tell about Me? Self-Presentation in Online Communities”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, (4), s. 387-407.
• Seidman, G., (2013). “Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations”, Personality and Individual Differences, 54 (3), s. 402–407.
• Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K., (2016). “Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age”, Computers in Human Behavior, s. 58, 89–97.
• Siibak, A., (2007). “Reflections of RL in The Virtual World”, Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 1(1), 7, https://cyberpsychology.eu/ article/view/4203/3244
• Sinar, E., F., (2013). “What LinkedIn links to: Connecting virtual profiles to actual performance”. In Miguel, R. F. (Chair), The promise and perils of social media data for selection. Symposium presented at the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Houston.
• Shepherd, I. D. H, (2005). “From Cattle and Coke to Charlie: Meeting the Challenge of Self Marketing and Personal Branding”, Journal of Marketing Management, 21, (5), s. 589-606.
• Stokes, J, Price, B, (2017). “Social Media, Visual Culture and Contemporary”, Poceedings of The 11th International Multi-Conference on Society, Cybernetics and Informatics, s. 159-163.
• Sung, Y., Lee, J.-A., Kim, E., & Choi, S., M., (2016). “Why we post selfies: Understanding motivations for posting pictures of oneself”, Personality and Individual Differences, 97, s. 260–265.
• Tifferet, S., Vilnai-Yavetz, I., (2018). “Self-presentation in LinkedIn portraits: Common features, gender, and occupational differences”, Computers in Human Behavior, 80, s. 33–48.
• Tifferet, S., Vilnai-Yavetz, I., (2014). “Gender differences in Facebook selfpresentation: An international randomized study”, Computers in Human Behavior, 35, s. 388-399.
• Timisi, N, (2005). “Sanallığın Gerçekliği: İnternetin Kimlik ve Topluluk Alanına Girişi”, M. Binark ve B. Kılıçbay (Ed.). İnternet, Toplum, Kültür (s. 89-105). Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
• Thies, Crystal, (2012). “Building an Effective LinkedIn Profile”, The Social Media Handbook for Financial Advisors, s. 167–217.
• Turan, E. A. (2013). “Yeni Medya Kullanımının ve İçeriklerinin Konvansiyonel Medya İçerikleri Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Yeni Medya Çalışmaları: Kuram, Yöntem, Uygulama ve Siyasa, Kocaeli Üniversitesi I. Ulusal Kongresi, s. 283-291.
• Van der Land, S. F., Willemsen, L., M., & Unkel, S., A., J. (2015). “Are Spectacles the Female Equivalent of Beards for Men? How Wearing Spectacles in a LinkedIn Profile Picture Influences Impressions of Perceived Credibility and Job Interview Likelihood”, HCI in Business, Fui-Hoon Nah F., Tan CH. (eds) HCI in Business. HCIB 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9191. Springer, Cham.
• Van Dijck, J. (2013). ““You have one identity”: performing the self on Facebook and LinkedIn”, Media, Culture & Society, 35, (2), s. 199–215.
• Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J., (2008). “Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships”, Computers in Human Behavior, 24, (5), s.1816–1836.
• Zide, J., Elman, B., & Shahani-Denning, C., (2014). “LinkedIn and recruitment: How profiles differ across occupations”, Employee Relations, 36, (5), 583e604.