Sarkopenide Beslenmenin Rolü

Öz

Sarkopeni, yaşa bağlı olarak kas kütlesi ve fonksiyonundaki kayıp olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sarkopeniden korunmada ve sarkopenin tedavisinde beslenmenin önemli bir rol oynadığını öne süren kanıtlar giderek artmaktadır. Bu derleme, sarkopeni ile ilişkili olabilecek besin ögelerini güncel literatür doğrultusunda irdelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Protein, n-3 yağ asitleri, antioksidan vitaminler (A, E ve C vitamini) ve D vitamini ile bazı minerallerin (kalsiyum, selenyum, magnezyum, çinko) alım miktarlarının yeterli olması sarkopeniden korunmada ve sarkopeninin tedavisinde oldukça önemli görünmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beslenme
• sarkopeni
• protein
• n-3 yağ asitleri
• D vitamini

The Role of Nutrition in Sarcopenia

Öz

Sarcopenia is defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. There is an increasing evidence suggesting that nutrition plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. This review aimed to determine the nutrients that may be associated with sarcopenia in line with the current literature. Sufficient intake of protein, n-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E and C) and vitamin D and some minerals (calcium, selenium, magnesium, zinc) seems to be very important in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nutrition
• sarcopenia
• protein
• n-3 fatty acids
• vitamin D

Kaynakça

1. WHO. Ageing. [cited 2022 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1
2. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 18]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227
3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zúñiga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing. 2014 Nov;43(6):748-59.
4. Keskinler MV, Tufan F, Oğuz A. Geriatrik sendromlar. Okmeydanı Tıp Derg 2013;29(2):41-8.
5. Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, Bulli G, Curcio F, Della-Morte D, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 May 14;13:913-927.
6. Savaş S. Sarkopeniden korunma. Ege Tıp Derg. 2015;54 (Ek Sayı): 46-50.
7. Park Y, Choi JE, Hwang HS. Protein supplementation improves muscle mass and physical performance in undernourished prefrail and frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Nov 1;108(5):1026-1033.
8. Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018 Feb;9(1):3-19.

9. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Kurumu Sağlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi 2015 (TÜBER). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031. Ankara: 2016 [cited 2021 Dec 5]. Available from: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/10915,tuber-turkiye-beslenme-rehberipdf.pdf
10. Pedersen AN, Cederholm T. Health effects of protein intake in healthy elderly populations: a systematic literature review. Food Nutr Res. 2014;58:10 .
11. Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK. A positive association of vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in 50 year old women, but not men. Clin Nutr. 2014 Oct;33(5):900-5.
12. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:542–559.
13. Rizzoli R, Stevenson JC, Bauer JM, et al. The role of dietary protein and vitamin D in maintaining musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women: A consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Maturitas. 2014;79:122–132. .
14. Deutz NE, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr. 2014 Dec;33(6):929-36.
15. Paddon-Jones D, Rasmussen BB. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(1):86-90. .
16. Kang L, Gao Y, Liu X, Liang Y, Chen Y, Liang Y, et al. Effects of whey protein nutritional supplement on muscle function among communitydwelling frail older people: A multicenter study in China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Jul-Aug;83:7-12.
17. Robinson SM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Shaw SC, Kanis JA, Bautmans I, et al. Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr. 2018;37(4):1121-1132.
18. Xu ZR, Tan ZJ, Zhang Q, Gui QF, Yang YM. The effectiveness of leucine on muscle protein synthesis, lean body mass and leg lean mass accretion in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(1):25-34.
19. Kuriyan R, Lokesh DP, Selvam S, Jayakumar J, Philip MG, Shreeram S, et al. The relationship of endogenous plasma concentrations of β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) to age and total appendicular lean mass in humans. Exp Gerontol. 2016; 81:13–8.
20. Argiles JM, Campos N, Lopez-Pedrosa JM, Rueda R, Rodriguez-Manas L. Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016; 17:789–96.
21. Deutz NEP, Pereira SL, Hays NP, Oliver JS, Edens NK, Evans CM, et al. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults. Clin Nutr. 2013; 32:704–12.
22. Wu H, Xia Y, Jiang J, Du H, Guo X, Liu X, et al. Effect of beta-hydroxybeta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015; 61:168–75.
23. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes:from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans. 2017 Oct 15;45(5):1105-1115.
24. Di Girolamo FG, Situlin R, Mazzucco S, Valentini R, Toigo G, Biolo G. Omega-3 fatty acids and protein metabolism: enhancement of anabolic interventions for sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17(2):145-150.
25. Lalia AZ, Dasari S, Robinson MM, Abid H, Morse DM, Klaus KA, et al. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids on skeletal muscle protein metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in older adults.Aging (Albany NY).2017 Apr;9(4):1096-1129.
26. Hutchins-Wiese HL, Kleppinger A, Annis K, Liva E, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Durham HA, et al. The impact of supplemental n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary antioxidants on physical performance in postmenopausal women.J Nutr Health Aging.2013;17:76–80.
27. Rodacki CLN, Rodacki ALF, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, et al. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women.Am J Clin Nutr.2012; 95:428–36.
28. Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015; 102:115–22.
29. Keller K. Sarcopenia.Wien Med Wochenschr. 2019 May;169(7-8):157-172.
30. Tümer G, Kızıltan G. Sarkopeni patofizyolojisi ve beslenme tedavisinde özel yaklaşımlar. STED 2014; 23(3):109-121.
31. Wakabayashi H, Sakuma K. Rehabilitation nutrition for sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5(4):269-77.
32. Tanner SB, Harwell SA. More than healthy bones: a review of vitamin D in muscle health.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis.2015;7(4):152-9.
33. Arık G., Ülger Z. Vitamin D in sarcopenia: Understanding its role in pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. European Geriatric Medicine, 2015,1-7.
34. El Hajj C, Fares S, Chardigny JM, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Vitamin D supplementation and muscle strength in pre-sarcopenic elderly Lebanese people: a randomized controlled trial.Arch Osteoporos. 2018,19;14(1):4.
35. Takeuchi I, Yoshimura Y, Shimazu S, Jeong S, Yamaga M, Koga H. Effects of branched-chain amino acids and vitamin D supplementation on physical function, muscle mass and strength, and nutritional status in sarcopenic older adults undergoing hospital-based rehabilitation: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019 Jan;19(1):12-17.
36. Verlaan S, Maier AB, Bauer JM, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, et al. Sufficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and protein intake required to increase muscle mass in sarcopenic older adults–The PROVIDE study. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):551-557.
37. Niki E. Interaction of ascorbate alfa-tocopherol.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.1987, 498, 186–199.
38. Calvani R, Miccheli A, Landi F, Bossola M, Cesari M, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(1):38-53.
39. Saito K, Yokoyama T, Yoshida H, Kim H, Shimada H, Yoshida Y, et al. A significant relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and physical performance among Japanese elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012 Mar;67(3):295-301.
40. Waters DL, Wayne S, Andrieu S, Cesari M, Villareal D, Garry P, et al. Sexually dimorphic patterns of nutritional intake and eating behaviors in community-dwelling older adults with normal and slow gaitspeed. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2014,18,228–233.
41. Martin H, Aihie Sayer A, Jameson K, Syddall H, Dennison EM, Cooper C, et al. Does diet influence physical performance in community-dwelling older people? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Age Ageing 2011,40,181–186.
42. Lewis LN, Hayhoe RPG, Mulligan AA, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Welch AA. Lower Dietary and Circulating Vitamin C in Middle- and Older-Aged Men and Women Are Associated with Lower Estimated Skeletal Muscle Mass. Nutr. 2020 Oct 12;150(10):2789-2798.
43. Ter Borg S, de Groot LC, Mijnarends DM, de Vries JH, Verlaan S, Meijboom S, et al. Differences in nutrient ıntake and biochemical nutrient status between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic older adults-results from the Maastricht Sarcopenia Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 May 1;17(5):393-401.
44. Beaudart C, Locquet M, Touvier M, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Association between dietary nutrient intake and sarcopenia in the SarcoPhAge study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019 Jun;31(6):815-824.
45. Palace VP, Khaper N, Qin Q, Singal PK. Antioxidant potentials of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radic.Biol. Med.1999, 26, 746–761.
46. Kim EY, Kim K, Kim YS, Ahn HK, Jeong YM, Kim JH, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with sarcopenia in korean cancer survivors: based on data obtained by the Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. Nutr Cancer. 2017 Apr;69(3):394-401..
47. Ralapanawa DM, Jayawickreme KP, Ekanayake EM, Jayalath WA. B12 deficiency with neurological manifestations in the absence of anaemia. BMC Res Notes. 2015 Sep 18;8:458.
48. Ates Bulut E, Soysal P, Aydin AE, Dokuzlar O, Kocyigit SE, Isik AT. Vitamin B12 deficiency might be related to sarcopenia in older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2017 Sep;95:136-140.
49. Ganapathy A, Nieves JW. Nutrition and Sarcopenia-What Do We Know? Nutrients. 2020 Jun 11;12(6):1755.
50. Verlaan S, Aspray TJ, Bauer JM, Cederholm T, Hemsworth J, Hill TR, et al. Nutritional status, body composition, and quality of life in community-dwelling sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults: A case-control study. Clin Nutr. 2017 Feb;36(1):267-274.
51. Hamamcıoglu A, Karabaş E. Yaşlanmada beyin sağlığı ve b vitamini. Med J West Black Sea. 2021;5(3):331-336.
52. Bagheri A, Hashemi R, Heshmat R, Motlagh AD, Esmaillzadeh A. Patterns of nutrient ıntake in relation to sarcopenia and ıts components. Front Nutr. 2021 Apr 27;8:645072.
53. van Dronkelaar C, van Velzen A, Abdelrazek M, van der Steen A, Weijs PJM, Tieland M. Minerals and sarcopenia; the role of calcium, ıron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Jan;19(1):6-11.e3.
54. Berchtold MW, Brinkmeier H, Müntener M. Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Physiol Rev. 2000 Jul;80(3):1215-65.
55. Petermann-Rocha F, Chen M, Gray SR, Ho FK, Pell JP, Celis-Morales C. Factors associated with sarcopenia: A cross-sectional analysis using UK Biobank. Physiol Rev. 2020 Mar;133:60-67.
56. Seo MH, Kim MK, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Lee WY, et al. The association between daily calcium intake and sarcopenia in older, nonobese Korean adults: the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) 2009. Endocr J. 2013;60(5):679-86.
57. Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Batelaan SF, Martin HJ, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, et al. Diet and its relationship with grip strength in community-dwelling older men and women: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jan;56(1):84-90.
58. De Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Magnesium in man: Implications for health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 2015, 95,1–46.
59. Pickering ME. Cross-talks between the cardiovascular diseasesarcopenia-osteoporosis triad and magnesium in humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 23;22(16):9102.