Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Obezite İlişkisi

Öz

ÖZET

Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Obezite İlişkisi

Obezite, kanser de dahil olmak üzere kronik hastalık riskinin artması gibi sağlık açısından risk arz eden ve zaman içinde sürekli pozitif enerji dengesinin sonucu oluşan aşırı adipozite hali olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu hastalığın önlenmesindeki çevresel faktörler; stresi azaltmak, BKİ’yi düşürmek, yeterli ve dengeli beslenmek ve intestinal mikrobiyotadır. Bu derlemede amaç, intestinal mikrobiyotanın obezite üzerindeki etki mekanizmaları hakkında bilgi vermektir. Bulgular arasında LPS ile TLR-4 reseptörü arasındaki etkileşim, NF-KB yolunu aktive ederek mukozal inflamasyonu ve bakteriyel translokasyonu aktive eder. Bunun sonucunda endojen inflamatuar mediatörler olarak çalışan TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 ve IL-12 gibi pro-inflamatuar sitokinlerin sentezi indüklenir. Sonuç olarak obeziteye neden olan sağlıksız beslenme, sedanter yaşam, çeşitli hastalıklar (diyabet, depresyon) gibi faktörlere son yıllarda mikrobiyotada oluşan olumsuz değişiklerin de eklendiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Obezite, Mikrobiyota, Diyet

                                                                        

ABSTRACT

The Relationship between Intestinal Microbiota and Obesity

Obesity is defined as a state of extreme adiposity, which is a risk to health, such as an increased risk of chronic disease, including cancer, that results from a continuous positive energy balance over time. Environmental factors in the prevention of this disease; to reduce stress, reduce BMI, adequate and balanced nutrition and intestinal microbiota. The aim of this review is to give information about the mechanisms of action of intestinal microbiota on obesity. Among the findings, the interaction between LPS and TLR-4 receptor activates the NF-yolB pathway and activates mucosal inflammation and bacterial translocation. As a result, synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12, which act as endogenous inflammatory mediators, are induced. As a result, it is seen that negative changes in microbiota have been added to factors such as unhealthy nutrition, sedentary life, various diseases (diabetes, depression) that cause obesity.

Key Words: Obesity, Microbiota, Diet

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Obezite,Mikrobiyota,Diyet

Kaynakça

1. Bakker, G.J., Nieuwdorp, M. (2017). Relationship between gut microbiota, energy metabolism, and obesity. In M.H. Floch, Y. Ringel and W.A. Walker (Eds.), The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, (ss.255-258). Academic Press.
2. Bliss, E.S., Whiteside, E. (2018). The gut-brain axis, the human gut microbiota and their integration in the development of obesity. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 900-927.
3. Boroni Moreira, A. P., Fiche Salles Teixeira, T., Gouveia Peluzio, M. Do C., De Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas, R. (2012). Gut microbiota and the development of obesity. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 27(5), 1408-1414.
4. Boulangé, C.L., Neves, A.L., Chilloux, J., Nicholson, J.K., Dumas, M.E. (2016). Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Medicine, 8, 42-54.
5. Casals-Pascual, C., Vergara, A., Vila, J. (2018). Intestinal microbiota and antibiotic resistance: Perspectives and solutions. Human Microbiome Journal, 9, 11-15.
6. Chambers, E.S., Morrison, D.J. Frost, G. (2015). Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74(3), 328-336.
7. Chassard, C., Lacroıx, C. (2013). Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 16, 453–460.
8. Coşkun, T. (2014). Prebiyotikler. İçinde A. Kara, T. Coşkun, (Eds.), Teoriden Kliniğe Prebiyotikler ve Probiyotikler, (ss.36-55). Akademi Yayınevi.

9. Dalby, M.J., Aviello, G., Ross, A.W., Walker, A.W., Barrett, P., Morgan, P.J. (2018). Diet induced obesity is independent of metabolic endotoxemia and TLR4 signalling, but markedly increases hypothalamic expression of the acute phase protein, SerpinA3N. Nature, 8, 1-15.
10. Delgado, G.T.C., Tamashiro, W.M.S.C. (2018). Role of prebiotics in regulation of microbiota and prevention of obesity. Food Research International, 113, 183-188.
11. Dere, H., ve Saka, M. (2017). İntestinal mikrobiyota ve obezite. İçinde M. Tayfur (Ed.), Beslenme ve Diyetetik Güncel Konular-5 (ss.91-110). Alp Ofset Matbaacılık.
12. Duan, F.F., Liu, J.H., March, J.C. (2015). Engineered commensal bacteria reprogram intestinal cells into glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, 64(5), 1794-1803.
13. Ewaschuk, J.B., Diaz, H., Meddings, L., Diederichs, B., Dmytrash, A., Backer, J., et al. (2008). Secreted bioactive factors from Bifidobacterium infantis enhance epithelial cell barrier function. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 295(5), 1025-34.
14. Gibson, G.R. (2004). Prebiotics. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology, 18, 287- 98.
15. Hyer, S. (2018). The role of human gut microbiota in obesity. Practical Guide to Obesity Medicine, 71-76.
16. Joshi, D., Roy, S., Banerjee, S. (2018). Prebiotics: A functional food in health and disease. In S.C. Mandal, V. Mandal and T. Konishi (Ed.). Natural Products and Drug Discovery, (ss.507-523). Elsevier.
17. Kałużna-Czaplıńska, J., Gątarek, P., Chartrand, M.S., Dadar, M., Bjørklun, G. (2017). Is there a relationship between intestinal microbiota, dietary compounds, and obesity? Trends in Food Science & Technology, 70, 105-113.
18. Kurt, N.D., Bakır, B. (2018). Diyetin makro besin öğesi içeriğinin bağırsak mikrobiyotasına etkisi. Uluslararası Hakemli Beslenme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 17-42.
19. Lone, J.B., Koh, W.Y., Parray, H.A., Paek, W.K., Lim, J., Rather, I.A., Jan, A.T. (2018). Gut microbiome: Microflora association with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Microbial Pathogenesis, 124, 266-271.
20. Louis, P., Hold, G.L. Flint, H.J. (2014). The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer. Nature, 12, 661–672.
21. Lukovac, S., Belzer, C., Pellıs, L., Keıjser, B.J., De Vos, W.M., Montıjn, R.C., Roeselers G. (2015). Differential modulation by akkermansia muciniphila and faecalibacterium prausnitzii of host peripheral lipid metabolism and histone acetylation in mouse gut organoids. American Society for Microbiology, 5(4), 1438-1448.
22. Mandaliya, D., Patel, S., Seshadri, S. (2018). Fiber in our diet and its role in health and disease. In V. Rani and U. C. S. Yadav (Ed.), Functional Food and Human Health, (ss.247-255). Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd
23. Million, M., Lagier, J.C., Yahav, D., Paul, M. (2013). Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(4), 305-313.
24. Muccioli, G.G., Naslain, D., Backhed, F., Reigstad, C.S., Lambert, D.M., Delzenne, N.M., et al. (2010). The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis. Molecular Systems Biology, 6(1), 392-407.
25. Özden, A. (2013). Probiyotik “sağlıklı yaşam için yararlı dost bakteriler”. Güncel Gastroenteroloji, 17(1), 22-38.
26. Parnell, J.A., Reimer, R.A. (2009). Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89,1751–1759.
27. Pascale, A., Marchesi, N., Marelli, C., Coppola, A., Luzi, L., Govoni, S., et al. (2018). Microbiota and metabolic diseases. Endocrine, 61(3), 357–371.
28. Pekmez, C.T., Dragsted, L.O., Brahe, L.K. (2019). Gut microbiota alterations and dietary modulation in childhood malnutrition- The role of short chain fatty acids. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2), 615-630.
29. Psichas, A., Sleeth, M.L., Murphy, K.G., Brooks, L., Bewıck, G.A., Hanyaloglu, A.C., et al. (2015). The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. International Journal of Obesity, 39, 424–429.
30. Rastelli, M., Knauf, C., Cani, P.D. (2018). Gut microbes and health: A focus on the mechanisms linking microbes, obesity, and related disorders. Obesity, 26, 792-800.
31. Rogero, M.M., Calder, P.C. (2018). Obesity, inflammation, toll-like receptor 4 and fatty acids. Nutrients, 10(4), 432-451.
32. Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottière, H.M., Franks, P.W., Gunter, M., et al. (2017). Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers? Cancer Causes Control, 28, 247–258.
33. Rosenbaum, M., Knight,R., Leibel, R. L. (2015). The gut microbiota in human energy homeostasis and obesity. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 26(9), 493-501.
34. Scott, K.P., Gratz, S.W., Sheridan, P.O., Flint, H.J., Duncan, S.H. (2012). The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacological Research, 69(1), 52-60.
35. Serino, M., Luche, E., Gres, S., Baylac, A., Berge, M., Cenac, C., et al. (2015). Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota. Gut,61, 543-553.
36. Singh, D.P., Singh, S., Bıjalwan, V., Kumar, V., Khare, P., Baboota, R.K., et al.,(2018). Co-supplementation of isomalto-oligosaccharides potentiates metabolic health benefits of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract in high fat diet-fed mice via enhanced gut butyrate production. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(8): 2897–2911.
37. Soldavini, J., Kaunıtz, J.D. (2013). Pathobiology and potential therapeutic value of ıntestinal short-chain fatty acids in gut ınflammation and obesity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58(10), 2756–2766.
38. Tolhurst, G., Heffron, H., Lam, Y.S., Parker, H.E., Habib, A.M., Diakogiannaki, E., et al. (2012). Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the g-protein–coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes, 61, 364–371
39. Torres-Fuentes, C., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T.G., Cryan, J.F. (2017). The microbiota–gut–brain axis in obesity. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatology, 2(10), 747-756.
40. Tütüncü, Ö., Saka, M. (2018). Bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinde etkili olan diyetsel bileşenler. İçinde M.Tayfur (Ed.), Beslenme ve Diyetetik Güncel Konular-6 (ss.139-175). Alp Ofset Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti.
41. Ulluwıshewa, D., Anderson, R.C., Mcnabb, W.C., Moughan, P.J., Wells, J.M., Roy, N.C. (2011). Regulation of tight junction permeability by ıntestinal bacteria and dietary components. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(5), 769-776.
42. Videhult, F.K., West, C.E. (2016). Nutrition, gut microbiota and child health outcomes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 19, 208–213.
43. Vyas, U., Ranganathan, N. (2012). Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Gut and beyond. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 1-16.
44. Williams, N.T. (2010). Probiotics. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 67(6), 449–458.
45. Yadav, H., Lee, J.H., Lloyd, J., Walter, P., Rane, S.G. (2013). Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate induced GLP-1 secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 35, 288-303.
46. Yılmaz, K., Altındiş, M. (2017). Sindirim sistemi mikrobiyotası ve fekal transplantasyon. Nobel Medicus, 13(1), 9-15,