Araştırma Makalesi
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Adaptation to Pregnancy and Motherhood in Pregnant Adolescents

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 61 - 68, 31.01.2023

Öz

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the adaptation of adolescent pregnant women to pregnancy and motherhood, and the factors affecting this adaptation.

Material and Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 92 pregnant women aged 19 years and younger, and with a pregnancy greater than 25 weeks, who applied to the pregnant outpatient clinic of a gynecology and obstetrics hospital in Izmir. Data were collected using the Pregnant Identification Form and the Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann Whitney U test, and Spearman Correlation Test.

Results: The mean age of the pregnant adolescents in the study was 18.14±1.00, and 44.6% of them were secondary school graduates. It was determined that the adolescent pregnant women who participated in the study had a high level of adaptation to pregnancy and motherhood (total mean scale score: 152.93±28.78). A weak and negative correlation was found between only the gestation weeks of pregnant adolescents and the average score of "status of the relationship with the spouse” subscale of the Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire. No significant difference was found between total and subscale average scores according to age, education level, income level, number of pregnancies, changes in their body due to pregnancy, and support from their spouses (p>0.05). On the other hand, it was determined that adolescent pregnant women's feelings about being a mother when they first heard that they were going to be a mother, their readiness for motherhood and their status of getting information, the presence of anxiety, the presence of postpartum supporters, and their self-definition of adaptation to pregnancy and becoming a mother affected the total and subscale score averages ( p<0.05).

Conclusion: Adolescent pregnant women participating in the study have a high adaptation to pregnancy and motherhood. The state of getting information, the presence of anxiety, the presence of people who will provide support after the birth, and the state of self-definition in terms of readiness for pregnancy and adaptation affect this. Providing education and counseling that will increase the level of knowledge of pregnant women, questioning the presence of anxiety and the presence of people who can provide postpartum support, and directing the adolescent pregnant correctly can be counted among the interventions that can increase the compliance with pregnancy.

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent Pregnancy Key Fact [internet] 2020. [cited 2022 May 13] Available from: https://www.who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
  • Ganchimeg T, Ota E, Morisaki N, Laopaiboon M, Lumbiganon P, Zhang J, et al. Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a World Health Organization multicountry study. BJOG.2014;121:40-8.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). World health statistics 2022: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. [cited 2022 July 15] Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/ publications/world-health-statistics
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2020. [cited 2022 July 15] Available from: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/43399,siy2020-tur- 26052022pdf.pdf?0
  • Karaçam Z, Çakaloz DK, Demir R. The impact of adolescent pregnancy on maternal and infant health in Turkey: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2021;50(4):102093.
  • Turkay Ü, Aydın Ü, Çalışkan E, Salıcı M, Terzi H, Astepe B. Comparison of the pregnancy results between adolescent Syrian refugees and local adolescent Turkish citizens who gave birth in our clinic. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(8):1353-8.
  • Karai A, Gyurkovits Z, Nyári TA, Sári T, Németh G, Orvos H. Adverse perinatal outcome in teenage pregnancies: an analysis of a 5-year period in Southeastern Hungary. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(14):2376-9.
  • Rexhepi M, Besimi F, Rufati N, Alili A, Bajrami S, Ismaili H. Hospital-based study of maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes in adolescent pregnancy compared to adult women pregnancy. Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(5):760.
  • Korenčan S, Pinter B, Grebenc M, Verdenik I. The outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in adolescents in Slovenia. Zdr Varst. 2017;56(4):268.
  • Kingston D, Heaman M, Fell D, Chalmers B. Maternity Experiences Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada. Comparison of adolescent, young adult, and adult women’s maternity experiences and practices. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1228-e37.
  • Torvie AJ, Callegari LS, Schiff MA, Debiec KE. Labor and delivery outcomes among young adolescents. AJOG. 2015;213(1):95. e1-. e8.
  • Zhang T, Wang H, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, et al. The adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes of adolescent pregnancy: a cross sectional study in Hebei, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1- 10.
  • Javadifar N, Majlesi F, Nikbakht A, Nedjat S, Montazeri A. Journey to motherhood in the first year after child birth. J Family Reprod Health. 2016;10(3):146.
  • Tirgari B, Rayyani M, Cheraghi MA, Mangeli M. Experiences of Iranian teen mothers with parenting stress: A qualitative study. Comp Child Adolesc Nurs. 2020;43(3):203-16.
  • Hodgkinson S, Beers L, Southammakosane C, Lewin A. Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):114-22.
  • Watts MCNC, Liamputtong P, Mcmichael C. Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. J BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1-11.
  • Gbogbo S. Early motherhood: voices from female adolescents in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana—a qualitative study utilizing Schlossberg’s Transition Theory. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2020;15(1):1716620.
  • Kamalak Z, Köşüş NK, Köşüş AK, Hizli D, Akçal BA, Kafali H, et al. Adolescent pregnancy and depression: is there an association? Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(3):427-30.
  • Kleiber BV, Dimidjian S. Postpartum depression among adolescent mothers: A comprehensive review of prevalence, course, correlates, consequences, and interventions. Clin Psychol (New York). 2014;21(1):48.
  • Wilson-Mitchell K, Bennett J, Stennett RJ. Psychological health and life experiences of pregnant adolescent mothers in Jamaica Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(5):4729-44.
  • Raskin M. The role of young mothers' coping with parenting stress in the quality of their parenting [dissertation on the internet] Tufts University; 2012. [cited 2022 May 11]. available from: https://dl.tufts. edu/pdfviewer/nk322r73t/2r36v8469
  • Beydağ K, Mete S. Validity and reliability study of the Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi. 2008;11(1):16-24.
  • Keskinoglu P, Bilgic N, Picakciefe M, Giray H, Karakus N, Gunay T. Perinatal outcomes and risk factors of Turkish adolescent mothers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20(1):19-24.
  • Yıldızhan R, Kolusarı A, Edirne T, Adalı E, Erol Ş, Kurdoğlu M, et al. Van yöresinde adolesan gebeliklerin analizi. Van Tıp Dergisi. 2009;16(4):124- 7.
  • Lin C-T, Chou F-H. A comparison of maternal psychosocial adaptation among pregnant women with different gravidity. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2008;55(6):28-36.
  • Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS. Relationship of psychological factors in pregnancy to progress in labor. Nurs Res. 1979;28(2):94-7.
  • Aba YA, Kömürcü N. Antenatal education on pregnant adolescents in Turkey: prenatal adaptation, postpartum adaptation, and newborn perceptions. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(1):42-9.
  • Demirbaş H, Kadıoglu H. Prenatal dönemdeki kadınların gebeliğe uyumu ve ilişkili faktörler. MÜSBED. 2014;4(4):200-6.
  • Şat SÖ, Sözbir ŞY. Use of mobile applications and blogs by pregnant women in Turkey and the impact on adaptation to pregnancy. Midwifery. 2018;62:273-7.
  • Aksu H, Güleç Şatır D. Comparison of the Adaptation to Pregnancy in Women Who Received Infertility Treatment and Those Who Didn't. J Basic Clin Health Sci. 2021;6(1):260-7.
  • Logsdon MC, Birkimer JC, Ratterman A, Cahill K, Cahill N. Social support in pregnant and parenting adolescents: Research, critique, and recommendations. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2002;15(2):75.
  • Deliktas A, Korukcu O, Kukulu K. Farklı gruplarda annelik deneyimi. MÜSBED. 2015;5(4):274-83.
  • Smith PB, Buzi RS, Kozinetz CA, Peskin M, Wiemann CM. Impact of a group prenatal program for pregnant adolescents on perceived partner support. Child Adolesc Social Work J. 2016;33(5):417-428.
  • Camarneiro APF, de Miranda Justo JMR. Prenatal attachment and sociodemographic and clinical factors in Portuguese couples. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2017;35(3):212-22.
  • Pehlivanoglu Çelik F, Er Güneri S. The Relationship between Adaptation to Pregnancy and Prenatal Attachment in High-Risk Pregnancies. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(suppl. 4):568-75.
  • Karakoça H, Ozkan H. The relationship with prenatal attachment of psychosocial health status of pregnant women. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2017;5(1):36-46.
  • Çınaklı Ş, Arslantaş H. Adölesan olan ve olmayan annelerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, postpartum depresyon ve maternal bağlanma. Cukurova Med J. 2021;46(2), 789-800.
  • Güneş Tokgöz M. Prenatal dönemdeki kadınların gebeliğe ve annelik rolüne uyumlarının ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi [master's thesis]. [İstanbul]: İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018. 6 p.
  • Yurdakul M. Perceived social support in pregnant adolescents in Mersin area in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(1): 115.
  • Gao L-L, Sun K, Chan SW-C. Social support and parenting self-efficacy among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Midwifery. 2014;30(5):532-8.
  • Ediz Ç. Adölesan gebelere verilen psikososyal destek tabanlı psikoeğitimin anksiyete, depresyon ve algılanan sosyal desteğe etkisi [Master's thesis]. [Malatya]: Inönü Universitesi; 2020. 42 p.
  • Hudson DB, Campbell-Grossman C, Hertzog M. Effects of an internet intervention on mothers' psychological, parenting, and health care utilization outcomes. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2012;35(3-4):176-193.
  • Fleming SE, Vandermause R, Shaw M. First-time mothers preparing for birthing in an electronic world: internet and mobile phone technology. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2014 Mar 19;32(3):240-253.
  • Nolan S, Hendricks J, Towell A. Social networking sites (SNS): exploring their uses and associated value for adolescent mothers in Western Australia in terms of social support provision and building social capital. Midwifery. 2015 Sep;31(9):912-919.
  • Wu JJ, Ahmad N, Samuel M, Logan S, Mattar CN. The Influence of Web-Based Tools on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Adolescents or Adolescent Mothers: Mixed Methods Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(8), e26786.
  • Huang CY, Costeines J, Kaufman JS, Ayala C. Parenting stress, social support, and depression for ethnic minority adolescent mothers: Impact on child development. J Child Fam Stud. 2014;23(2):255-62.
  • Asnong C, Fellmeth G, Plugge E, Wai NS, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, et al. Adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of pregnancy in refugee and migrant communities on the Thailand-Myanmar border: a qualitative study. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):1-13.
  • Deliktas A, Kukulu K. Pregnant women in Turkey experience severe fear of childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Transcult Nurs. 2019;30(5):501-11.
  • Anderson CA, Gill M. Childbirth related fears and psychological birth trauma in younger and older age adolescents. Appl Nurs Res. 2014;27(4):242-8.
  • Buldum A, Emül TG.Gynecology A. The Fear of Childbirth and Social Support in Adolescent Pregnancy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2021;34(6):839-46.

Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 61 - 68, 31.01.2023

Öz

Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, adölesan gebelerin gebelik ve anneliğe uyumlarını ve bu uyumu etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte olan bu araştırma, İzmir’de bir Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Hastanesinin Gebe Polikliniğine başvuran, 19 yaş ve altında ve 25 haftadan büyük gebeliği olan 92 adölesan gebeyle yürütülmüştür. Veriler “Gebe Tanıtım Formu” ve “Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Kruskal-Wallis testi, Mann Whitney U testi ve Spearman Korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırma kapsamına alınan adölesan gebelerin yaş ortalaması 18,14±1,00 (Min:14, Max:19) olup, %44,6’sının ortaokul mezunu olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan adölesanların gebelik ve anneliğe uyum puan ortalamalarının (152,93±28,78) yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Adölesan gebelerin gebelik haftaları ile Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin yalnızca “eşi ile ilişkisinin durumu” alt ölçeği puan ortalaması arasında zayıf ve negatif yönde bir ilişki belirlenmiştir (r =-0,215 p=0,039). Yaş, eğitim düzeyi, gelir düzeyi, gebelik sayısı, gebeliğe bağlı bedenlerinde oluşan değişiklikler, eşlerinden destek alma durumuna göre Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği toplam ve alt ölçek puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p>0,05). Buna karşın adölesan gebelerin anne olacağını ilk duyduklarında anne olmakla ilgili hisleri, anneliğe hazır olma ve bilgi alma durumları, kaygı varlığı, doğum sonrası destek olacak kişilerin varlığı ve gebeliğe uyum ve anne olmaya ilişkin kendini tanımlama durumlarının toplam ve alt ölçek puan ortalamalarını etkilediği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).

Sonuç: Çalışmaya katılan adölesan gebelerin, gebelik ve anneliğe uyumları yetişkin gebelerin incelendiği çalışmalardan yüksektir. Katılımcıların bilgi alma durumları, kaygı varlığı, doğum sonrası destek olacak kişilerin varlığı ve gebeliğe hazır oluşluk ve uyum açısından kendilerini tanımlama durumları bu döneme uyumu etkilemektedir. Gebelerin bilgi düzeyini artıracak eğitim ve danışmanlık verilmesi, kaygı varlığı ve doğum sonrası destek olabilecek kişilerin varlığının sorgulanarak adölesan gebenin doğru şekilde yönlendirilmesi gebeliğe uyumu artırabilecek girişimler arasında sayılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent Pregnancy Key Fact [internet] 2020. [cited 2022 May 13] Available from: https://www.who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
  • Ganchimeg T, Ota E, Morisaki N, Laopaiboon M, Lumbiganon P, Zhang J, et al. Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a World Health Organization multicountry study. BJOG.2014;121:40-8.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). World health statistics 2022: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. [cited 2022 July 15] Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/ publications/world-health-statistics
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2020. [cited 2022 July 15] Available from: https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/43399,siy2020-tur- 26052022pdf.pdf?0
  • Karaçam Z, Çakaloz DK, Demir R. The impact of adolescent pregnancy on maternal and infant health in Turkey: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2021;50(4):102093.
  • Turkay Ü, Aydın Ü, Çalışkan E, Salıcı M, Terzi H, Astepe B. Comparison of the pregnancy results between adolescent Syrian refugees and local adolescent Turkish citizens who gave birth in our clinic. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(8):1353-8.
  • Karai A, Gyurkovits Z, Nyári TA, Sári T, Németh G, Orvos H. Adverse perinatal outcome in teenage pregnancies: an analysis of a 5-year period in Southeastern Hungary. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(14):2376-9.
  • Rexhepi M, Besimi F, Rufati N, Alili A, Bajrami S, Ismaili H. Hospital-based study of maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes in adolescent pregnancy compared to adult women pregnancy. Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(5):760.
  • Korenčan S, Pinter B, Grebenc M, Verdenik I. The outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in adolescents in Slovenia. Zdr Varst. 2017;56(4):268.
  • Kingston D, Heaman M, Fell D, Chalmers B. Maternity Experiences Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada. Comparison of adolescent, young adult, and adult women’s maternity experiences and practices. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1228-e37.
  • Torvie AJ, Callegari LS, Schiff MA, Debiec KE. Labor and delivery outcomes among young adolescents. AJOG. 2015;213(1):95. e1-. e8.
  • Zhang T, Wang H, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Z, et al. The adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes of adolescent pregnancy: a cross sectional study in Hebei, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1- 10.
  • Javadifar N, Majlesi F, Nikbakht A, Nedjat S, Montazeri A. Journey to motherhood in the first year after child birth. J Family Reprod Health. 2016;10(3):146.
  • Tirgari B, Rayyani M, Cheraghi MA, Mangeli M. Experiences of Iranian teen mothers with parenting stress: A qualitative study. Comp Child Adolesc Nurs. 2020;43(3):203-16.
  • Hodgkinson S, Beers L, Southammakosane C, Lewin A. Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):114-22.
  • Watts MCNC, Liamputtong P, Mcmichael C. Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. J BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1-11.
  • Gbogbo S. Early motherhood: voices from female adolescents in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana—a qualitative study utilizing Schlossberg’s Transition Theory. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2020;15(1):1716620.
  • Kamalak Z, Köşüş NK, Köşüş AK, Hizli D, Akçal BA, Kafali H, et al. Adolescent pregnancy and depression: is there an association? Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(3):427-30.
  • Kleiber BV, Dimidjian S. Postpartum depression among adolescent mothers: A comprehensive review of prevalence, course, correlates, consequences, and interventions. Clin Psychol (New York). 2014;21(1):48.
  • Wilson-Mitchell K, Bennett J, Stennett RJ. Psychological health and life experiences of pregnant adolescent mothers in Jamaica Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(5):4729-44.
  • Raskin M. The role of young mothers' coping with parenting stress in the quality of their parenting [dissertation on the internet] Tufts University; 2012. [cited 2022 May 11]. available from: https://dl.tufts. edu/pdfviewer/nk322r73t/2r36v8469
  • Beydağ K, Mete S. Validity and reliability study of the Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire. Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi. 2008;11(1):16-24.
  • Keskinoglu P, Bilgic N, Picakciefe M, Giray H, Karakus N, Gunay T. Perinatal outcomes and risk factors of Turkish adolescent mothers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20(1):19-24.
  • Yıldızhan R, Kolusarı A, Edirne T, Adalı E, Erol Ş, Kurdoğlu M, et al. Van yöresinde adolesan gebeliklerin analizi. Van Tıp Dergisi. 2009;16(4):124- 7.
  • Lin C-T, Chou F-H. A comparison of maternal psychosocial adaptation among pregnant women with different gravidity. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2008;55(6):28-36.
  • Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS. Relationship of psychological factors in pregnancy to progress in labor. Nurs Res. 1979;28(2):94-7.
  • Aba YA, Kömürcü N. Antenatal education on pregnant adolescents in Turkey: prenatal adaptation, postpartum adaptation, and newborn perceptions. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(1):42-9.
  • Demirbaş H, Kadıoglu H. Prenatal dönemdeki kadınların gebeliğe uyumu ve ilişkili faktörler. MÜSBED. 2014;4(4):200-6.
  • Şat SÖ, Sözbir ŞY. Use of mobile applications and blogs by pregnant women in Turkey and the impact on adaptation to pregnancy. Midwifery. 2018;62:273-7.
  • Aksu H, Güleç Şatır D. Comparison of the Adaptation to Pregnancy in Women Who Received Infertility Treatment and Those Who Didn't. J Basic Clin Health Sci. 2021;6(1):260-7.
  • Logsdon MC, Birkimer JC, Ratterman A, Cahill K, Cahill N. Social support in pregnant and parenting adolescents: Research, critique, and recommendations. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2002;15(2):75.
  • Deliktas A, Korukcu O, Kukulu K. Farklı gruplarda annelik deneyimi. MÜSBED. 2015;5(4):274-83.
  • Smith PB, Buzi RS, Kozinetz CA, Peskin M, Wiemann CM. Impact of a group prenatal program for pregnant adolescents on perceived partner support. Child Adolesc Social Work J. 2016;33(5):417-428.
  • Camarneiro APF, de Miranda Justo JMR. Prenatal attachment and sociodemographic and clinical factors in Portuguese couples. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2017;35(3):212-22.
  • Pehlivanoglu Çelik F, Er Güneri S. The Relationship between Adaptation to Pregnancy and Prenatal Attachment in High-Risk Pregnancies. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(suppl. 4):568-75.
  • Karakoça H, Ozkan H. The relationship with prenatal attachment of psychosocial health status of pregnant women. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2017;5(1):36-46.
  • Çınaklı Ş, Arslantaş H. Adölesan olan ve olmayan annelerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, postpartum depresyon ve maternal bağlanma. Cukurova Med J. 2021;46(2), 789-800.
  • Güneş Tokgöz M. Prenatal dönemdeki kadınların gebeliğe ve annelik rolüne uyumlarının ve etkileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi [master's thesis]. [İstanbul]: İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018. 6 p.
  • Yurdakul M. Perceived social support in pregnant adolescents in Mersin area in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(1): 115.
  • Gao L-L, Sun K, Chan SW-C. Social support and parenting self-efficacy among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Midwifery. 2014;30(5):532-8.
  • Ediz Ç. Adölesan gebelere verilen psikososyal destek tabanlı psikoeğitimin anksiyete, depresyon ve algılanan sosyal desteğe etkisi [Master's thesis]. [Malatya]: Inönü Universitesi; 2020. 42 p.
  • Hudson DB, Campbell-Grossman C, Hertzog M. Effects of an internet intervention on mothers' psychological, parenting, and health care utilization outcomes. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2012;35(3-4):176-193.
  • Fleming SE, Vandermause R, Shaw M. First-time mothers preparing for birthing in an electronic world: internet and mobile phone technology. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2014 Mar 19;32(3):240-253.
  • Nolan S, Hendricks J, Towell A. Social networking sites (SNS): exploring their uses and associated value for adolescent mothers in Western Australia in terms of social support provision and building social capital. Midwifery. 2015 Sep;31(9):912-919.
  • Wu JJ, Ahmad N, Samuel M, Logan S, Mattar CN. The Influence of Web-Based Tools on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Adolescents or Adolescent Mothers: Mixed Methods Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(8), e26786.
  • Huang CY, Costeines J, Kaufman JS, Ayala C. Parenting stress, social support, and depression for ethnic minority adolescent mothers: Impact on child development. J Child Fam Stud. 2014;23(2):255-62.
  • Asnong C, Fellmeth G, Plugge E, Wai NS, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, et al. Adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of pregnancy in refugee and migrant communities on the Thailand-Myanmar border: a qualitative study. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):1-13.
  • Deliktas A, Kukulu K. Pregnant women in Turkey experience severe fear of childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Transcult Nurs. 2019;30(5):501-11.
  • Anderson CA, Gill M. Childbirth related fears and psychological birth trauma in younger and older age adolescents. Appl Nurs Res. 2014;27(4):242-8.
  • Buldum A, Emül TG.Gynecology A. The Fear of Childbirth and Social Support in Adolescent Pregnancy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2021;34(6):839-46.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Simge Evrenol Öçal 0000-0002-6164-3099

Aynur Saruhan 0000-0002-4216-6549

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Evrenol Öçal, S., & Saruhan, A. (2023). Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 61-68.
AMA Evrenol Öçal S, Saruhan A. Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları. İKÇÜSBFD. Ocak 2023;8(1):61-68.
Chicago Evrenol Öçal, Simge, ve Aynur Saruhan. “Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik Ve Anneliğe Uyumları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Ocak 2023): 61-68.
EndNote Evrenol Öçal S, Saruhan A (01 Ocak 2023) Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8 1 61–68.
IEEE S. Evrenol Öçal ve A. Saruhan, “Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları”, İKÇÜSBFD, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 61–68, 2023.
ISNAD Evrenol Öçal, Simge - Saruhan, Aynur. “Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik Ve Anneliğe Uyumları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (Ocak 2023), 61-68.
JAMA Evrenol Öçal S, Saruhan A. Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8:61–68.
MLA Evrenol Öçal, Simge ve Aynur Saruhan. “Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik Ve Anneliğe Uyumları”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 61-68.
Vancouver Evrenol Öçal S, Saruhan A. Adölesan Gebelerin Gebelik ve Anneliğe Uyumları. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8(1):61-8.