Öz
Increasing surveillance directed at Muslims after 9/11 is among the mostly studied issues in the surveillance literature. Many studies show that surveillance directed at Muslims is intensified in the name of national security measures. Increasing surveillance makes the Muslims in the West live more anxiously and causes negative discrimination against Muslims. The Islamophobic practices affect the Muslims living in the West and Muslims who travel to West for various reasons.
Muslims are seen as the most “suspected” individuals especially in crowded places such as airports, shopping malls, entertainment centers. Muslims who carry Islamic symbols are searched more carefully or paid more attention in crowded places. The surveillance directed at Muslims is justified for the so-called national security necessities. Security forces and media claim that the surveillance directed at Muslims stems from “objective” reasons, however, the biased assumptions regarding religion and culture shape the sphere of surveillance. The discriminatory and accusatory “surveillance discourse” is also reinforced by the media images and populist politicians.
This study aims to figure out the intersection points of Islamophobia and surveillance practices. For this purpose, the surveillance practices directed at Muslims in the West are mentioned briefly in the article. The main axis of the study is the Islamophobic assumptions underlying the increasing surveillance of Muslims in the West. In this article, gender aspects of Islamophobia are also addressed. “Gendered Islamophobia” concept is elaborated in this context. The intensity and type of surveillance changes according to gender because of the different dressing styles. The Muslim women, who prefer to veil, become more easily identifiable because of the headscarf, hijab, turban etc. Moreover, in gendered Islamophobic discourses, Muslim women are usually portrayed as “oppressed”, while Muslim men are presented as “oppressors”.
Surveillance includes unequal power relations between the surveillant and the surveilled. Being the object of the surveillance reflects a power relation in which the person who surveils can exercise power on the surveilled. This article points out the role of Islamophobia in portraying Muslims as “threat” as well as attracting attention to hierarchical power relations embedded in surveillance practices directed at Muslims.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bayoumi, M. (2015, June 29). 'Why Do They Hate Us?' Retrieved December 06, 2017, from https://www.thenation.com/article/why-do-they-hate-us/
- Bleich, E. (2012). Defining and researching Islamophobia. Review of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 180-189.
- Doyle, N. J., & Ahmad, I. (2013). Islamophobia, European Modernity and Contemporary Illiberalism. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 14(2), 167-172.
- Hafez, F. (2014). Shifting borders: Islamophobia as common ground for building pan-European right-wing unity. Patterns of Prejudice, 48(5), 479-499.
- Inman, S., McCormack, P., & Walker, S. (2012). “Wearing Your Own Culture”: a Study of Islamophobia in English Schools. Children’s Voices, 109-127.
- Jailani, Y. (2016). The Struggle of the Veiled Woman: 'White Savior Complex'and Rising Islamophobia Create a Two-Fold Plight. Harvard International Review, 37(2), 51-54.
- Lavette, M., & Penketh, L. (2014) Institutionalized Islamophobia and the ‘Prevent’ agenda: ‘winning hearts and minds’ or welfare as surveillance and control. In Lavalette, M., & Penketh, L. (Eds.). Race, racism and social work: Contemporary issues and debates. Policy Press.
- Levi, M., & Wall, D. S. (2004). Technologies, security, and privacy in the post‐9/11 European information society. Journal of law and society, 31(2), 194-220.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
-
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Zeynep Serap Tekten Aksürmeli
*
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
1 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi
8 Ocak 2018
Kabul Tarihi
12 Şubat 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2017 Sayı: 6