İslam'da Azınlıkların İnsan Hakları: Irak Örneği

Öz

Bu makale, azınlıkların insan haklarını (Huquq al-Aqalliyyah) Irak bölgesi bağlamında incelemektedir. Çalışmamızın ilk kısmında, Saddam'ın görev süresi de dâhil olmak üzere, günümüze kadar Irak siyasi tarihinin genel bir seyrini konu edinmektedir. Irak'taki azınlıkların tarihsel ve siyasi koşullarına genel bir bakışın ardından, özellikle Saddam dönemi Şii ve Kürt gruplara yönelik siyasi ayrımcılık ile Saddam sonrası Irak’taki siyasete hâkim unsur Şiilerin, Sünni ve diğer azınlıklara karşı uyguladığı gayri resmi siyasi baskı karşılaştırılmakta ve bunun neticesinde azınlıkları oluşturan toplumlar tarafından bu ayrımcılığa karşı geliştirilen etnik-dini siyasi seferberliğe odaklanılmaktadır. Buna ek olarak makalemiz Irak’taki azınlıkların mevcut durumu ve hakları ile azınlıkların Irak'tan göçlerinin nedenlerini araştırmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma "Batılı" devletlerde kullanıldığı şekliyle azınlıklar hukukunun Irak pratiğindeki zorluklarına işaret etmekte ve bunun sebeplerini tartışmaktadır. Zira Sünni ve Kürtlere yönelik bu gayri resmi baskı Irak’ta DAİŞ denen fanatik Sünni bir grubun ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamış, gayrimüslim azınlıkları İslami terminolojiyi kullanarak 'zimmi' diye nitelendirmiş, böylelikle cinayetlerine meşruiyet sağlamaya çalışmışlardır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında makale, Irak devletinin uyguladığı siyasi ayrımcılık ile DAEŞ’in İslam adına gerçekleştirdiği cinayetleri, çağdaş İslam hukuku perspektifinden analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam Hukuku
• Irak
• Azınlıklar
• Savaş
• İnsan Hakları

Human Rights of Minorities in Islam: From the Perspective of Iraq

Öz

This article examines the human rights of minorities (huquq al-aqalliyyah) in the context of the Iraqi region. In the first part of the study, the general course of Iraqi political history, including Saddam's tenure, is discussed. After an overview of the historical and political conditions of minorities in Iraq, the political discrimination against Shiite and Kurdish groups, especially during the Saddam era, and the unofficial political oppression of Shiites on Sunnis, the dominant political element in post-Saddam Iraq, against Sunni and other minorities, are compared. The research also focuses on the ethnoreligious political mobilization developed by societies against this discrimination. In addition, our article explores the current situation and rights of minorities in Iraq and the reasons for their migration from Iraq. In addition, this study points out the difficulties of minority law in Iraqi practice as it is used in "Western" states and discusses the reasons for this. Because this unofficial repression against Sunnis and Kurds paved the way for the emergence of a fanatical Sunni group called ISIS in Iraq, they described non-Muslim minorities as "dhimmis" using Islamic terminology, thus trying to legitimize their murders. From this point of view, the article aims to analyze the political discrimination applied by the Iraqi state and the murders committed by ISIS in the name of Islam from the perspective of contemporary Islamic law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslamic Law
• Iraq
• Minorities
• War
• Human Rights

Kaynakça

1. “Country Information Report Iraq”. DFAT, August 17, 2020.
2. “Interview about the Migratipn of the Christian Community from Iraq to Slovakia”. Interviewer: Ahm Ershad Uddın, Interview December 21, 2021.
3. “Interview on Minorities of Iraq Living in Kutahya, Turkey”. Interviewer: Ahm Ershad Uddın, Interview September 11, 2021.
4. “Minority Rights Group International, State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples”. 2014.
5. “Oral Presentation of the Chairman of SOITM on Turkmen of Iraq”. United Nations, no date. www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/ WG/11/SOITM_3a.doc
6. “Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization”. Alternative Report Submitted to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination for the Consideration of the 15th to 21st Reports of the Republic of Iraq during the 85th Session. 4, 2014.
7. Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī Al-Damishqī, Ibn Kathīr. Tafsīr Al-Qur'an al-'Aẓīm. 1997.
8. Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad Mawardi. Al Ahkam As Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic Governance. South Carolina, USA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

9. Abu-Zahrah, Muhammad. “Ilaqatal-Duwaliyyahfil-Islam”. Al-’a’idun Min Huqulal-Naft, Muntada Al-Fikr Al-’Arabi, Amman, January 26, 1986.
10. Al Khanif. Religious Minorities, Islam and the Law: International Human Rights and Islamic Law in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 1st Ed. 2021.
11. Ali, Majıd. Hassan. “Aspirations for Ethnonationalist Identities among Religious Minorities in Iraq: The Case of Yazidi Identity in the Period of Kurdish and Arab Nationalism, 1963-2003”. Nationalities Papers 47/6 (2019), 953–967.
12. al-Zarqa, Mustafa Ahmad. Al-Madkhal al-Fiqh al-A’am. Syria: Dar al-Kalam Publication, 2004.
13. Amr G. E. Sabet. “Islam and the Secular StateNegotiating the Future of Shari’ah”. American Journal of Islam and Society 27/2 (2010), 336.
14. Aysha A. Hidayatullah. Feminist Edges of the Qur’an. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
15. Bob Woodward. Plan of Attack. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
16. Cetorelli, V. and Ashraph, S. A Demographic Documentation of ISIS’s Attack on the Yazidi Village of Kocho. London, UK: LSE Middle East Centre, 2019.
17. Country Information Report Iraq. DFAT, August 17, 2020.
18. Ebu Yusuf, Ya'ḳub b. Ibrahim. el-Harac. b.y. el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye li’t-Turâs̱, no date.
19. Ebü’l-Hüseyn Müslim b. el-Haccâc Müslim. El-Cmi'u’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ. Kahire: Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkī, 1955.
20. Emin Poljarevic. “Theology of Violence-Oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)”. Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. 485-512. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers, 2021.
21. Faisal Mawlawi. Al-Ususus-Sharyya Lil-Alakati Baynal Muslilimin Wa Gayril Muslimin. Beirut: Dar Al-Irshad Islamiyya, 1988.
22. Federation of American Scientists. UNICEF - Results of the 1999 Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Surveys, UNICEF - Results of the 1999 Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Surveys. (January 26, 2013).
23. Fox News. “Judge Closes Trial During Saddam Testimony” (March 15, 2006).
24. Griswold, Eliza. “Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?”. The New York Times (July 18, 2016).
25. Gündüz, Şınası. “The Knowledge of Life. The Origins and Early History of the Mandaeans and Their Relation to the Sabians of the Qur'ān and to the Harranians”. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 3 (1999), 5-6.
26. Habib, Kamal Al-Saeed. Minorities and Politics in the Islamic Experience from the Beginning of the Prophet’s State to the End of the Ottoman Empire. Madbuli Publication, 2002.
27. Ibrahim al-Marashi. “Iraqi Intelligence Operations and Objectives in Turkey. Alternatives”. Turkish Journal of International Relations 2/1 (2000), 78-94.
28. Iraq: Humanitarian Bulletin (2020). Iraq: Humanitarian Bulletin (2020).
29. Iraqi Refugees, Watston İnstitute Brown Universty, March 3, 2022.
30. İbn Nüceym, Zeynuddin Zeyn b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed Mısri Hanefi. El-Bahrü’r-Râik Şerhu Kenzi’d-Dekâik. Kahire: el-Matbaatü’l-İlmiyye, 2011.
31. John, Griffiths. “What Is Legal Pluralism”. Journal of Legal Plural- Ism and Unofficial Law 24 (1986).
32. Juan Eduardo Campo. “Dhimmi”. Encyclopedia of Islam - Ashton Central Mosque. 801. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010.
33. Kali Rubaii. “Ripartheid: How Sectarianism Became Internal to Being in Anbar, Iraq”. POLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 42/1 (2019), 125-141.
34. Lalani, M, Still Targeted. “Continued Persecution of Iraq’s Minorities”. London: MRG, 2010.
35. Laponee, J. A. The Protection of Minorities. USA: University of California press, 1960.
36. Majalla Magazine. “Iraq under the Ba’ath”. (2012).
37. Muḥammad Amīn ibn 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Azīz ibn Aḥmad in 'Abd ar-Raḥīm ibn Najmuddīn İbn Muḥammad Ṣalāḥuddin al-Shāmī, Radd Al-Muhtār ’ala al-Durr al-Mukhtār. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al Ilmiya, 2011.
38. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh Al-Rusul Wa al-Mulūk. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2010.
39. Muhhammad ibn Haṭttaab, Khalīl ibn Ishhaaq al-Jundi. Mawahib Al-Jalil Li Sharh Mukhtasar Khalil. Ṭarābulus, Lībyā: Maktabat al-Najāḥ, 1969.
40. Patrick Cockburn. “Cricket but No Chess in Sistani’s Vision for Democratic Iraq”. The Independent News (February 9, 2005). www.independent.co.uk/news/world/cricket-but-no-chess- in-sistanis- vision-for-democratic-iraq-1529714.html.
41. Qaradawi, Yusuf al-. Non-Muslims in the Islamic Community. Lebanon/ Beirut: er-Risala publication, 4th Ed. 1985.
42. Report on International Religious Freedom: Iraq (2020).
43. Salloum, S. “Minorities in Iraq: Memory, Identity and Challenges”. Baghdad, Masarat for Cultural and Media Development, 157.
44. Schick, Irvin Cemil. “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Yahudiler”. Tarih ve Toplum 43(1987).
45. Shiraz Maher. Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. United Kingdom: Penguin, 2017.
46. Sjoberg L. Gender. Justice, and the Wars in Iraq: A Feminist Reformulation of Just War. Lanham (Maryand, US). Lexington Books, 2006.
47. Şükrü Hanioğlu, M. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press, 2008.
48. Tirmiẕî, Ebû 'Îsâ Muḥammed b. 'Îsâ et-. Sunen. ed. Beşşar 'Avvad Ma'rûf. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Ġarbi’l-İslâmî, 1998.
49. Tirmizî, Muḥammed b. 'Îsâ b. S̱evre b. Mûsa b.ed-Ḍaḥḥâk et-. Sünen-i Tirmizî. ed. Aḥmed ̣Muḥammed Şâkir-Muḥammed Fu'âd 'Abdülbâḳî-İbrâhîm Utve 'Avd. Mısır: Şirketü Mektebeti ve Maṭbaati Muṣtafa el-Bâbî el-Ḥalebî, 2nd Ed. 2001.
50. Trotta, Daniel. “Iraq War Costs US More than $2 Trillion: Study”. Reuters (September 19, 2017).
51. Uddin, Ahm Ershad. “The Fanatical ISIS through the Lens of Islamic Law”. International Journal of Islamic Thought 12/1 (2017), 1-22.
52. Wahbah Mustafa al-Zuhayli. Al-’Alaqat al-Dawali Fi al-Islam. Damascus: Dar Al Fikr, 2013.
53. Wahbah Zuhayli. Athar Al-Harb Fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Bayrut: Dar al-Fikr, 1989.
54. Zeynep, Kaya. Iraq’s Yazidis and ISIL: The Causes and Consequences of Sexual Violence in Conflict. London: LSE Middle East Centre, 2019.