Environmental Justice Struggles in Mount Ida: Local and Transnational Environmental Advocacy through the Lens of the Boomerang Model

Öz

Struggles for environmental justice are carried out at local, national and international scales with social persuasion and pressure from both inside and below, as well as from outside and above. These movements aim to discourage states and companies from risky projects, by strengthening their local resistance through transnational solidarity and multi-actor and multi-scale pressure mechanisms. In the case of the Kazdağı Association for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Assets, this study examines the relationships that local environmental NGOs fighting for environmental justice in Türkiye have established with transnational advocacy networks, together with other activists and national NGOs, and how these efforts are received by the state, the mining sector and companies. Transnational NGOs can change the balance of power of local actors with the resources they have; this allows previously ineffective social groups to contend against stronger opponents. The study attempts to explain the multi-actor and multi-scale nature of environmental conflicts between coalitions of market, state, national and transnational civil society actors, and the functioning of transnational support mechanisms. The Kazdağları protests against a multinational corporation exemplify both the search for foreign support by local NGOs and the attempts of governments and corporations to limit and neutralize these foreign support channels. The findings show that the boomerang effect strategy is perceived as a threat in Turkey, especially in anti-mining struggles, and environmental NGOs are often targeted with the discourse of “activities against national interests”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Political Ecology
• Local Environmental Movements in Türkiye
• Environmental Ngos
• Transnational Advocacy Networks (Tans)
• Boomerang Effect Model.

Kazdağları’nda Çevresel Adalet Mücadelesi: Bumerang Modeli Işığında Yerel ve Ulusötesi Çevre Savunuculuğu

Öz

Çevresel adalet mücadeleleri yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeklerde hem içeriden aşağıdan hem de dışarıdan ve yukarıdan toplumsal ikna ve baskı ile yürütülür. Bu hareketler, yerel direnişlerini ulusaşırı dayanışma, çok aktörlü ve çok ölçekli baskı mekanizmalarıyla güçlendirerek devlet ve şirketleri riskli projelerden vazgeçirmeyi hedefler. Bu çalışma, Kazdağı Doğal ve Kültürel Varlıkları Koruma Derneği örneğinde, Türkiye’de çevresel adalet mücadelesi yürüten yerel çevreci STK’ların diğer aktivistler ve ulusal STK’larla birlikte ulusötesi savunuculuk ağlarıyla kurduğu ilişkileri ve bu çabaların devlet, madencilik sektörü ve şirketler tarafından nasıl karşılandığını incelemektedir. Ulusötesi STK’lar, sahip oldukları kaynaklarla yerel aktörlerin güç dengelerini değiştirebilir; bu da daha önce etkisiz kalan toplumsal grupların daha güçlü rakiplere karşı mücadele etmesine olanak tanır. Çalışma piyasa, devlet, ulusal ve ulusötesi sivil toplum aktörleri koalisyonları arasındaki çevresel ihtilafların çok aktörlü ve çok ölçekli yapısını ve ulusaşırı destek mekanizmalarının işleyişini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Çok uluslu bir şirkete karşı Kazdağları protestoları hem yerel STK’ların dış destek arayışlarını hem de hükümet ve şirketlerin bu dış destek kanallarını sınırlama ve bertaraf etme girişimlerini örneklemektedir. Bulgular, Türkiye’de özellikle madencilik karşıtı mücadelelerde bumerang etkisi stratejisinin bir tehdit olarak algılandığını ve çevreci STK’ların sıklıkla “milli menfaatler aleyhine faaliyetler” söylemleriyle hedef alındığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Politik Ekoloji
• Türkiye’de Yerel Çevre Hareketleri
• Çevreci STK’lar
• Ulusaşırı Savunuculuk Ağları (TAN)
• Bumerang Etki Modeli.

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