Öz
Discussion of the future of social policy cannot be managed without referring to its
institutions and the way of the labour division among them. The way of the relationship among
these institutions, which are namely state, family, market and NGOs, sets the social protection
regime of each society. The primal actor in this regime, which is also irreplaceable, is the state.
Put differently, even imagining a social policy order where the role of the state is minor is almost
impossible. Role of the other institutions under this irreplaceable characteristic of the state is
just the completion of it. Along with a series of recent changes led by neoliberalism, however,
a shift from state-based welfare to pluralism-based welfare is increasingly induced and roles
and responsibilities of the NGOs are redefined. Traditional “relationship of completion” among
social policy institutions is aimed to be turned into the “relationship of substitution” and ways
of a handing-over in the responsibility of the state towards other institutions is also searched
for. This point of view, which sees the measures of social protection only from the perspective of
cost and strives for the decline of the level of social expenditures, means a moving away from
the approach of rights-based social policy and conducting the approach of “charity-based social
policy” instead, rather than the redefinition of the social policy according to the changing social
order. This process, which is conducted in parallel with the empowerment of the NGOs directly
by the state, clearly means a decline in the social policy rights of citizens and devaluation of the
traditional social protection roles and responsibilities of the NGOs.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alcock, Daly ve Edwin Griggs. Introducing Social Policy. 2nd Edition, Edinburgh: Pearson Longman, 2000.
- Alcock, Pete. “The Subject of Social Policy”. The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, 4th Edition, Edt. Pete Alcock, Margaret May ve Sharon Wright, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 5-11.
- Billis, David ve Harris, Margaret. “Taking the Strain of Change: UK Local Voluntary Organisations Enter the Post-Thatcher Period”. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 21/3 (1992): 211-226.
- Coffey, Amanda, Reconceptualizing Social Policy. England: Open University Press, 2004.
- Geyer, Robert. “Can European Union (EU) Social NGOs Co-operate to Promote EU Social Policy?”, Journal of Social Policy 30/3, the UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 477-493.
- Ginsburg, Norman. Divisions of Welfare: A Critical Introduction to Comparative Social Policy, the USA: Sage Publications, 1992.
- Güler, Burcu Kümbül. “Yoksullukla Mücadelede Sosyal Girişimcilik: Ashoka Üyelerinden Sosyal Yenilikçi Örnek Uygulamalar”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13/ 3 (2011): 79-111.
- Harris, Rochester, ve Pete Halfpenny. “Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy: Twenty Years of Change”, Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in Britain; Perspectives on Change and Choice, Edt: Margaret Harris ve Colin Rochester, New York: Palgrave, 2001, 1 – 21.
- Harris, Margaret. “Voluntary Organisations in a Changing Social Policy Environment”, Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in Britain; Perspectives on Change and Choice, Edt: Margaret Harris ve Colin Rochester, New York: Palgrave, 2001, 213 – 229.
- Hill, Michael. Understanding Social Policy, 7th Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
- Koziarek, Malgorzat. “NGO Involvement in Environmental and Social Policy Making in Poland Key findings and recommendations”, (Warsaw: Institute of Public Affairs, 2012), http://www.pozytek.gov.pl/files/pozytek/strona_ang/Cooperation_and_policy-making_SUMMARY.docx, (erişim: 09/11/2016).
- Kramer, Ralph. “Voluntary Agencies and the Personal Social Services”, The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, Edt., Walter W. Powell, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, 240-257.
- Kramer, Ralph. Voluntary Agencies and the Welfare State, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
- Kuhnle, Stein ve Selle, Per. Government and Voluntary Organisations: A Relational Perspective, Aldershot, Avebury, 1992.
- Manning, Nick. “Social Needs, Social Problems, and Social Welfare and Wellbeing”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Edt: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 19 – 26.
- Özdemir, Süleyman. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul: İTO Yayınları, 2004-69.
- Salamon, Lester ve Anheier, Helmut. “Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally”. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 9/3 (1998): 213-248.
- Salamon, Lester ve Anheier, Helmut. Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A CrossNational Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
- Salamon, Lester. “Government-Nonprofit Relations in International Perspective” Nonprofits and Government: Collaboration and Conflict. Edt., Elizabeth T. Boris ve Eugene Steuerle. Washington DC: Urban Institute Press, 1998: 399 – 437.
- Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin ve Vetterlein, Antje. “Rethinking Global Governance: Market Actors and Accountability”. Barnett Papers in Social Policy, the UK: Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Barnett House, 2007/5.
- Spicker, Paul. Social Policy: Themes and Approaches. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995.
- Spicker, Paul. Social Policy; Theory and Practice, Great Britain: Policy Press, 2014.
- Şenkal, Abdulkadir. “Küreselleşme, Sosyal Politikanın Dönüşümü ve Sivil Toplum Örgütleri”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi İstanbul Üniversitesi 45. Kitap (2003): 97 – 123.
- Tennant, Margaret. “Governments and Voluntary Sector Welfare: Historians’Perspectives”, Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 17, (2001): 147-160.
“Hak Temelli” Sosyal Politikadan “Hayırseverlik Temelli” Sosyal Politikaya Geçişte Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Rolü
Öz
Sosyal politikanın geleceğini tartışmak, aslında sosyal politika kurumlarının geleceğini
ve aralarındaki işbölümünün niteliğini tartışmaktır. Nitekim devlet, aile, piyasa ve sivil toplum
örgütleri şeklinde sayabileceğimiz bu kurumlar arasındaki ilişkinin niteliği, aslında her toplumun
sosyal koruma rejimini de belirlemektedir. Bu kurumlar arası ilişkide asli ve değişmez
olması gereken aktör devlettir. Yani devletsiz bir sosyal politika düşünmek mümkün değildir.
Devletin bu değişmezliği içinde diğer kurumların rolü ise onu tamamlamaktır. Ancak son yıllarda
neoliberal düşüncelerin başını çektiği bir dizi değişimle birlikte, devlet temelli refahtan,
çoğulcu refah düzenine geçişin önü açılmaya çalışılmakta ve sivil toplum örgütlerinin rol ve
sorumluluğu da yeniden tanımlanmaktadır. Bu süreçte, sosyal politika kurumları arasındaki
geleneksel birbirini “tamamlama” ilişkisi, “ikame” ilişkisine dönüştürülmeye çalışılmakta ve
devletin sorumluluğu diğer kurumlara devredilmeye çabalanmaktadır. Sosyal korumaya sadece
maliyet penceresinden bakan ve sosyal harcamaları azaltmayı tek hedef olarak belirleyen bu
bakış açısı, iddia ettiğinin aksine sosyal politikanın değişen toplum koşullarına uyarlanması ve
geleceğinin güvence alınması değil, aksine “hak temelli sosyal politika” yaklaşımından uzakla-
şıp, “hayırseverlik temelli sosyal politika” yaklaşımına geçiş anlamına gelmektedir. Sivil toplum
örgütlerinin bizzat devlet tarafından güçlendirilmesiyle koşut yürütülmeye çalışılan bu süreç,
kesin olarak vatandaşların sosyal politika haklarında bir gerilemeye işaret etmekte ve sivil toplum
örgütlerinin geleneksel olarak üstlendiği bireylerin sosyal koruma rol ve sorumluluğunun
da içini boşaltmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sivil toplum örgütleri Hak temelli sosyal politika Refah Sosyal koruma
Kaynakça
- Alcock, Daly ve Edwin Griggs. Introducing Social Policy. 2nd Edition, Edinburgh: Pearson Longman, 2000.
- Alcock, Pete. “The Subject of Social Policy”. The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, 4th Edition, Edt. Pete Alcock, Margaret May ve Sharon Wright, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 5-11.
- Billis, David ve Harris, Margaret. “Taking the Strain of Change: UK Local Voluntary Organisations Enter the Post-Thatcher Period”. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 21/3 (1992): 211-226.
- Coffey, Amanda, Reconceptualizing Social Policy. England: Open University Press, 2004.
- Geyer, Robert. “Can European Union (EU) Social NGOs Co-operate to Promote EU Social Policy?”, Journal of Social Policy 30/3, the UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 477-493.
- Ginsburg, Norman. Divisions of Welfare: A Critical Introduction to Comparative Social Policy, the USA: Sage Publications, 1992.
- Güler, Burcu Kümbül. “Yoksullukla Mücadelede Sosyal Girişimcilik: Ashoka Üyelerinden Sosyal Yenilikçi Örnek Uygulamalar”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13/ 3 (2011): 79-111.
- Harris, Rochester, ve Pete Halfpenny. “Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy: Twenty Years of Change”, Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in Britain; Perspectives on Change and Choice, Edt: Margaret Harris ve Colin Rochester, New York: Palgrave, 2001, 1 – 21.
- Harris, Margaret. “Voluntary Organisations in a Changing Social Policy Environment”, Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in Britain; Perspectives on Change and Choice, Edt: Margaret Harris ve Colin Rochester, New York: Palgrave, 2001, 213 – 229.
- Hill, Michael. Understanding Social Policy, 7th Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
- Koziarek, Malgorzat. “NGO Involvement in Environmental and Social Policy Making in Poland Key findings and recommendations”, (Warsaw: Institute of Public Affairs, 2012), http://www.pozytek.gov.pl/files/pozytek/strona_ang/Cooperation_and_policy-making_SUMMARY.docx, (erişim: 09/11/2016).
- Kramer, Ralph. “Voluntary Agencies and the Personal Social Services”, The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, Edt., Walter W. Powell, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, 240-257.
- Kramer, Ralph. Voluntary Agencies and the Welfare State, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
- Kuhnle, Stein ve Selle, Per. Government and Voluntary Organisations: A Relational Perspective, Aldershot, Avebury, 1992.
- Manning, Nick. “Social Needs, Social Problems, and Social Welfare and Wellbeing”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Edt: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, 19 – 26.
- Özdemir, Süleyman. Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul: İTO Yayınları, 2004-69.
- Salamon, Lester ve Anheier, Helmut. “Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally”. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 9/3 (1998): 213-248.
- Salamon, Lester ve Anheier, Helmut. Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A CrossNational Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
- Salamon, Lester. “Government-Nonprofit Relations in International Perspective” Nonprofits and Government: Collaboration and Conflict. Edt., Elizabeth T. Boris ve Eugene Steuerle. Washington DC: Urban Institute Press, 1998: 399 – 437.
- Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin ve Vetterlein, Antje. “Rethinking Global Governance: Market Actors and Accountability”. Barnett Papers in Social Policy, the UK: Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Barnett House, 2007/5.
- Spicker, Paul. Social Policy: Themes and Approaches. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995.
- Spicker, Paul. Social Policy; Theory and Practice, Great Britain: Policy Press, 2014.
- Şenkal, Abdulkadir. “Küreselleşme, Sosyal Politikanın Dönüşümü ve Sivil Toplum Örgütleri”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi İstanbul Üniversitesi 45. Kitap (2003): 97 – 123.
- Tennant, Margaret. “Governments and Voluntary Sector Welfare: Historians’Perspectives”, Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 17, (2001): 147-160.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Ocak 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 |