Ampute Futbolcuların Beslenme Durumu ve Sağlıklı Beslenme Tutumları: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Öz

Bu çalışma, ampute futbolcuların antropometrik ölçümleri, beslenme durumları ve sağlıklı beslenmeye yönelik tutumlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma, Kasım 2024–Nisan 2025 tarihleri arasında İstanbul ve çevre illerde yer alan üç farklı ampute futbol kulübünde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya, aktif olarak lisanslı futbol oynayan 28 ampute futbolcu dahil edilmiştir. Antropometrik ölçümler ve besin tüketim analizleri 20 katılımcı üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Genel bilgi formu, 24 saatlik besin tüketim kaydı ve Sağlıklı Beslenmeye İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği (SBİTÖ) kullanılmış ve antropometrik ölçümler yapılmıştır Enerji ve besin ögesi alımları BeBis 8.1 programı ile analiz edilmiş ve verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirmesi SPSS 22.0 ve R 4.5.0 yazılımlarıyla yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların ortalama yaşı 28,7±8,6 yıl ve beden kütle indeksi 24,3±2,27 kg/m² olarak bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların antrenman günlerinde enerji alımlarının, antrenman olmayan günlere göre daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (1769,3±669,4 kkal ve 2078,1±596,4 kkal; p=0,073). Antrenman günlerinde B1, C ve E vitamini, kalsiyum ve magnezyum gibi mikro besin ögesi alımlarının Tahmini Ortalama Gereksinim değerlerinin altında kaldığı belirlenmiştir. SBİTÖ puan ortalaması 73,5±9,4 olup katılımcıların %67,9’u “yüksek”, %17,9’u ise “ideal düzeyde yüksek” tutum sergilemiştir. Hiçbir katılımcı “düşük” veya “çok düşük” tutum düzeyinde yer almamıştır. Ampute futbolcularda saptanan enerji ve bazı mikro besin ögesi yetersizlikleri, performans ve sağlık durumlarını olumsuz etkileyebileceği için bireyselleştirilmiş, dengeli ve yeterli beslenme programlarının oluşturulması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ampute sporcu
• futbol
• antropometri
• beslenme
• beslenme tutumu

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı

Proje Numarası

1919B012425984

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (Tarih: 03.10.2024; Karar No: 126). Araştırma Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan tüm ampute futbolculara katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

Nutritional Status and Healthy Nutrition Attitudes of Amputee Football Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate the anthropometric measurements, nutritional status, and attitudes toward healthy eating among amputee football players. This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2024 and April 2025 at three amputee football clubs in Istanbul and surrounding provinces. The study included 28 actively licensed male amputee football players; however, anthropometric measurements and dietary intake analyses were conducted on 20 participants due to incomplete data. A general questionnaire, a 24-hour dietary recall, and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) were used, along with anthropometric measurements. Energy and nutrient intakes were analyzed using the BeBiS 8.1 software, and statistical evaluations were performed using SPSS 22.0 and R 4.5.0. The participants had a mean age of 28.7 ± 8.6 years and a body mass index of 24.3 ± 2.27 kg/m². Energy intake on training days tended to be lower than on non-training days (1769.3 ± 669.4 kcal vs. 2078.1 ± 596.4 kcal; p = 0.073), indicating a non-significant trend. On training days, intake of micronutrients, including vitamins B1, C, and E, calcium, and magnesium, was below the Estimated Average Requirement values. The mean score on the ASHN was 73.6 ± 9.4, with 67.9% of participants demonstrating a “high” level of attitude and 17.9% demonstrating an “ideally high” level. None of the participants exhibited a “low” or “very low” attitude level. The identified deficiencies in energy and certain micronutrient intakes among amputee football players may negatively affect their performance and health status. Therefore, developing individualized and adequate nutrition programs is recommended.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amputee athlete
• football
• anthropometry
• nutrition
• nutritional attitude

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Research Projects Support Programme for Undergraduate Students

Proje Numarası

1919B012425984

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Marmara University Faculty of Health Sciences Ethics Committee (Date: 03.10.2024; Decision No: 126). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank all amputee football players who voluntarily participated in this study.

Kaynakça

1. Arı, Y., Sevinç, K., Arslan, K., Kantemür, F., & Gürbüz, M. A. (2024). The relationship between body fat percentage and anthropometric and motoric performance characteristics of football players. Journal of Sport for All and Recreation, 6(2), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1462782
2. Bednarczuk, G., Marszałek, J., Molik, B., Nowak, A. M., & Bastos, T. (2025). Balance level of elite amputee football players. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 15907. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00447-y
3. Bragaru, M., Dekker, R., Geertzen, J. H., & Dijkstra, P. U. (2011). Amputees and sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 41(9), 721–740. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590420-000000000-00000
4. Cherif, M., Said, M. A., Bannour, K., Alhumaid, M. M., Chaifa, M. B., Khammassi, M., et al. (2022). Anthropometry, body composition, and athletic performance in specific field tests in Paralympic athletes with different disabilities. Heliyon, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09023
5. Chumlea, W. C., Guo, S. S., & Steinbaugh, M. L. (1994). Prediction of stature from knee height for Black and White adults and children with application to mobility-impaired persons. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 94(12), 1385–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(94)92540-2
6. Deguchi, M., et al. (2021). Eating perception, nutrition knowledge and body image among para-athletes: Practical challenges in nutritional support. Nutrients, 13(9), 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093120
7. Demir, G. T., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2019). Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN): Validity and reliability study. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2), 256–274. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.559462
8. Ghazzawi, H. A., Hussain, M. A., Raziq, K. M., Alsendi, K. K., Alaamer, R. O., Jaradat, M., et al. (2023). Exploring the relationship between micronutrients and athletic performance. Sports, 11(6), 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11060109

9. Göral, K., & Yıldırım, D. (2022). Investigation of attitudes of sports sciences faculty students towards healthy eating. CBU Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 17(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1114833
10. Grams, L., Garrido, G., Villacieros, J., & Ferro, A. (2016). Marginal micronutrient intake in high-performance male wheelchair basketball players. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0157931. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157931
11. Güler, H., Sural, V., Çar, B., & Tolukan, E. (2021). The relationship between athletes' attitudes for healthy eating and exercise dependence. Progress in Nutrition, 23(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i2.11805 Islamoglu, A. H., & Kenger, E. B. (2019). Nutrition considerations for athletes with physical disabilities. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 18(7), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000613
12. Jeoung, B., & Kim, J. (2021). Analysis and evaluation of nutritional intake of Korean athletes with disabilities. Nutrients, 13(10), 3631. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103631
13. Kahve, A. N., & Derin, D. Ö. (2022). Yetişkinlerde antropometrik ölçümler. In M. Karakuş (Ed.), Sağlık bilimleri alanında uluslararası araştırmalar X (pp. 141–149). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
14. Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., et al. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
15. Krempien, J. L., & Barr, S. I. (2011). Risk of nutrient inadequacies in elite athletes with spinal cord injury. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(5), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.417
16. Kumcağız, H., & Avcı Çayır, G. (2018). Sporun, fiziksel engelli bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisine ilişkin görüşler. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 654–669. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.422597
17. Lee, R. D., & Nieman, D. C. (2012). Nutritional assessment. McGraw-HillHigher Education. Lohman, T. G., Roche, A. F., & Martorell, R. (1988). Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics.
18. Madden, R. F., Shearer, J., & Parnell, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of dietary intakes and supplement use in paralympic athletes. Nutrients, 9(11), 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111266
19. Mozumdar, A., & Roy, S. K. (2004). Method for estimating body weight in persons with lower-limb amputation and its implication for their nutritional assessment. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(4), 868-875. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.4.868
20. Murathan, G. (2023). Exploring attitudes towards healthy nutrition among athletes. International Journal of Disability Sports and Health Sciences, 6(Special Issue 1), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1358382
21. Oria, M., Stallings, V. A., & Caswell, J. A. (2019). Appendix J: Dietary reference intakes tables. In Dietary reference intakes for sodium and potassium. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25353
22. Osterkamp, L. K. (1995). Current perspective on assessment of human body proportions of relevance to amputees. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95(2), 215–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00050-X
23. Öztürk, D. (2021). Healthy nutrition and performance enhancing attitudes of athletes. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 10(2), 78–86.
24. Pereira, T. C., & Cazarin, C. B. B. (2022). Anthropometric Assessment Methods for Adults and Older People. In: Betim Cazarin, C.B. (eds) Basic Protocols in Foods and Nutrition. Methods and Protocols in Food Science. Humana, New York, NY.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2345-9_18
25. Rosenberg, D. E., Turner, A. P., Littman, A. J., Williams, R. M., Norvell, D. C., Hakimi, K. M., & Czerniecki, J. M. (2013). Body mass index patterns following dysvascular lower extremity amputation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(15), 1269-1275.https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.726690
26. Simim, M. A., Silva, B. V., Marocolo, M., Mendes, E. L., Mello, M. T., & Mota, G. R. (2013). Anthropometric profile of Brazilian amputee football team. Motriz, 19, 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742013000300016
27. Simim, M. A., Mota, G. R., Marocolo, M., Silva, B. V., Mello, M. T., & Bradley, P. S. (2018). Physical demands of amputee soccer. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 35(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0147
28. Stojanovic, S., Ilbak, I., Jorgic, B., & Purenović-Ivanović, T. (2023). Examination of sports performance parameters aimed to be explored in research on amputee football players: A Systematic Review. Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 7(1), 21-25.https://doi.org/10.26773/jaspe.230105
29. Urhan, M., Akanalçı, C., Küçükerdönmez, Ö., Karataş, E., Akder, R. N., Nalçakan, M., et al. (2025). Diet quality among paralympic basketball athletes. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01139-w