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Kinesiogenomik: Kinesiolojinin Genomik Çağı

Yıl 2015, Cilt 3 (Özel Sayı 2), 584 - 594, 15.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS440

Öz

Genetik bilim dalının kinesioloji alanındaki uygulamaları kinesiogenomik veya spor genetiği olarak adlandırılabilir. Bu nedenle, kinesiogenomik terimi, kinesiolojinin çeşitli disiplinlerindeki genetik bilim uygulamaları olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Kinesiogenomik alanında yürütülen araştırmaların temel bilimsel amacı sportif performansın genetik yönlerini açıklayabilmek ve farklı genlerin farklı allelleriyle vücut sistemleri ve metabolizmasının yanıt ve uyumu üzerinde gösterdikleri etkileri açıklayabilmektir. Kinesiolojinin çeşitli disiplinlerindeki genetik bilim uygulamalarıyla, aynı zamanda performansının saptanmasında genetik testlerin kullanılmasını olası kılacak ve sporcu performansını geliştirmeye yönelik bireysel egzersiz reçetesi ve gen tedavisini beraberinde getirecektir. Maksimal oksijen kullanımı, kısa fibril tip yapısı, antrene edilebilirlik gibi bireysel özelliklerde genetik yatkınlık ağır basmaktadır. Genetik araştırmalar, sportif performansla ilişkili genlerin fenotipik katkıların açıklanmasıylà; aerobik, anaerobik kapasite, kalp ve iskelet kası morfolojileri, kas gücü ve dayanıklılığı ve sinirsel ileti özellikleri gibi kinesiogenomik bağlantılı özelliklerinin etkisiyle kinesioloji alanında yeni gelişmelere neden olmaktadır. Bugüne kadar yapılan kinesiogenomik araştırmalarında, kinesioloji alanında alanında geniş kohortlu, fenotipi iyi belirlenmiş geniş katılımlı gruplar üzerinde yapılan genom çalışamalarıyla bir yeni çağ açılmıştır. Bu derleme makale çalışmasının amacı, kinesioloji alanındaki çeşitli disiplinlerde son dönemde yaşanan önemli genetik uygulamaları özetlemek ve kinesiogenomik açısından spor bilimi ve kinesioloji alanında gelecek için bilimsel beklenti ve olanakları öngörmeye çalışmaktır

Kaynakça

  • Bayraktar B, Kurtoğlu M. Sporda performans ve performans artırma yöntemleri. Atasü T, Yücesir İ, eds. Doping ve futbolda performans artırma yöntemleri, İstanbul, 2004; 269-296.
  • Breivik G. (2005). Sport, gene doping and ethics. (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), GeneticTechnology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s.165-177. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Brown LE. Isokinetics in Human Performance. Human Kinetics. USA 2000.
  • Brutsa ert, T. D.; Parra, E. J. : What makes a champion? Explaining variation in human athletic performance. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology.;151:109-123, 2006.
  • Calvo, M.;Rodas, G.; Vallejo, M.; Estruch, A.; Arcas, A.; Javierre, C.; Viscor, G.; Ventura, J.L.; Heritability of explosive power and anaerobic capacity in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 86: 218-25, 2002.
  • Foody, B and Savulescu, J. (2007), ”Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport: "Drugs and Gene Doping" Principles of Health Care Ethics, Second Edition Edited by R.E. Ashcroft, A. Dawson, H. Draperand J.R. McMillan.
  • Friedmann T. (2010). How close are we to gene doping? Hastings Center Report 40, (2), 20-22.
  • Fukuyama F. (2003). İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz: Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları. (Ç Aksoy Fromm Çev.). Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gardner, JAMA 2007;297:969-977.
  • Gayagay G, Yu B, Hambly B, et al. Elite endurance and the ACE I-allele the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet.; 103:48-50, 1998.
  • Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ. Losartan Potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the man agement of hypertension. Drugs 1996, 51:820-845.
  • Haisma HJ, de Hon O, Sollie P, Vorstenbosch J. (2004). Gene Doping. NetherlandCentrefor Doping Affairs: Topical Publication.
  • Halit Egesoy, Hayrettin Gümüşdağ, Alpaslan Kartal Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi “Gen Dopingi ve Sportif Performans.” Yıl 6, Sayı 1, Haziran 2013 (71-85).
  • Işık, A. (2008), “Sportif Performans ve Genetik”, Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, ss. 37-39.
  • Lea, DH. (2008). “Genetic and genomic health care: ethical issues of importance to nurses. (Electronic version). The Online Journal Issues Nursing, 13(1).
  • Livanelioğlu, K. (2008), ”Sporda Gen Dopingi Uluslararası sempozyumu”.
  • Mara diegue, A. (2008). A resource guide for learning about genetics, (Electronic version). The Online Journal Issues Nursing, 13(1).
  • Maughan, R.J.:Thelimits of humanathleticperformance. Annals of transplantation. Vol.10, No.4: 52-54, 2005.
  • Miah A. (2005). Gene doping: the shape of things to come (C Tamburrini, T Tannsjo, Eds.). Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s. 42-53. New York: Routledge.
  • Montgomery HE, Marshall R, Hemingway H, et al. Human gene for physical performance. Nature; 393:221-222, 1998.
  • Myerson S, Hemingway H, Budget R, et al.. Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. J ApplPhysiol.;87(4):1313-1316,1999.
  • Perusse, L.;Rankinen, T.; Rauramaa, R.; Rivera, S.M.; Bouchard, C.; Wolfarth, B.: The human gene mapfor performance and health related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol.35 (8): 1248-1264, 2003.
  • Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity. 2006; 14: 529-644.
  • Ruiz, Jonatan R., et al. Can weidentify a power-oriented polygenic profile? Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010, 108.3: 561-566.
  • Savulescu J, Foddy B, Comment: Genetic test availablefor kinesiologic performanceBr. J. Sports Med. 39:472,2005.
  • Schneider AJ. (2005). Genetic enhancement of athletic performance (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s.32- 41. New York: Routledge.
  • Schneider AJ, Friedmann T. (2006). Gene Doping in Sports: TheScienceandEthics of Genetically Modified Athletes. London, UK: Elsevier.
  • Schneider AJ, Rupert JL. (2009). Constructing winners: The science and ethics of genetically manipulating athletes. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 36, 182- 206.
  • Simon RL. (1984). Good competition and drug-enhanced performance. Journal of The Philosophy of Sport, 11(1), 613.
  • Tamburrini CM. (2005). Educational or genetic blue prints, what’s the difference? (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s. 83-90. New York: Routledge.
  • Tännsjö T. (2005). Genetic engineering and elitism in sport. (CM. Tamburrini, T. Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethica lQuestion (1st ed.), s. 57-69. New York: Routledge.
  • Tural, Ş; Tural, E; Kara, N ve Ağaoğlu, S.A. (2011), ”Sporda Gen Dopingi” Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi, C. 13, S. 3, ss. 253-260.
  • UNESCO, (2009). Universal Declaration on the human genome and human rights, Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.unesco.org/ibc/uk/genome/projet/index.html.
  • Ünal M, Ünal DÖ. (2003),”Sporda Doping Kullanımının Tarihçesi” İst. Tıp Fak. Mecmuası, C. 66, S. 4, ss.261-267.
  • Varlet-Marie, E; AudranM andAshenden, M. (2009), “Modification of gene expression: help to detect doping with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents”, Am J Hematol, Vol. 84, No. 11, ss. 755–759.
  • Wolfarth, B.;Bray, M.S.; Hagberg, J.M.; Perusse, L.; Rauramaa, R.; Rivera, M. A.; Roth, S.M.; Rankinen, T.; Bouchard, C. :The human gene mapfor performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2004 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol.37, No. 6: 881-903, 2005

Kinesiogenomics: The Genomic Era in Kinesiology

Yıl 2015, Cilt 3 (Özel Sayı 2), 584 - 594, 15.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS440

Öz

The application of genomics research in kinesiology may be characterized as kinesiogenomics or sport genetics. Therefore, kinesiogenomcs is generally known as the study of genetics in the various discipline of kinesiology which refer to the study of human movement. In the research field of Kinesiogenomics, the scientific goal is to clarify the role of genes in sport performance, identification of various genes with their different alleles that affect to the response and adaptation of the body systems and metabolism .
By thelp of the these genetic research studies in various disciplines of kinesiology, it will be possible to use genetic testing to predict sport performance or to individualize exercise prescription with the potential for genetic therapy. It is supposed to enhance the sport performance because of that reason that the Interindividual variation of kinesiogenomic-related trait such as maximal oxygen consumption, muscle fibre composition and trainability has a strong genetic basis.
Genetic research has a large potential for developing the area of kinesiology with the contribution of genetic factors for various phenotypes related to sport performance including aerobic and anaerobic performance, muscular endurance and strength, motor performance, and some determinant of performance such as morphological, cardiac and skeletal muscle characteristic. In the area of kinesiology, up till now kinesiogenomics research studies have moved into a new era utilizing well-phenotyped, large cohort and genomewide technologies. The main aim of this review is to summarize the most recent and significant genetic finding in the various discipline of kinesiology and to predict the future expectation and possibilities for kinesiogenomics.

Kaynakça

  • Bayraktar B, Kurtoğlu M. Sporda performans ve performans artırma yöntemleri. Atasü T, Yücesir İ, eds. Doping ve futbolda performans artırma yöntemleri, İstanbul, 2004; 269-296.
  • Breivik G. (2005). Sport, gene doping and ethics. (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), GeneticTechnology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s.165-177. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Brown LE. Isokinetics in Human Performance. Human Kinetics. USA 2000.
  • Brutsa ert, T. D.; Parra, E. J. : What makes a champion? Explaining variation in human athletic performance. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology.;151:109-123, 2006.
  • Calvo, M.;Rodas, G.; Vallejo, M.; Estruch, A.; Arcas, A.; Javierre, C.; Viscor, G.; Ventura, J.L.; Heritability of explosive power and anaerobic capacity in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 86: 218-25, 2002.
  • Foody, B and Savulescu, J. (2007), ”Ethics of Performance Enhancement in Sport: "Drugs and Gene Doping" Principles of Health Care Ethics, Second Edition Edited by R.E. Ashcroft, A. Dawson, H. Draperand J.R. McMillan.
  • Friedmann T. (2010). How close are we to gene doping? Hastings Center Report 40, (2), 20-22.
  • Fukuyama F. (2003). İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz: Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları. (Ç Aksoy Fromm Çev.). Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Gardner, JAMA 2007;297:969-977.
  • Gayagay G, Yu B, Hambly B, et al. Elite endurance and the ACE I-allele the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet.; 103:48-50, 1998.
  • Goa KL, Wagstaff AJ. Losartan Potassium: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the man agement of hypertension. Drugs 1996, 51:820-845.
  • Haisma HJ, de Hon O, Sollie P, Vorstenbosch J. (2004). Gene Doping. NetherlandCentrefor Doping Affairs: Topical Publication.
  • Halit Egesoy, Hayrettin Gümüşdağ, Alpaslan Kartal Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi “Gen Dopingi ve Sportif Performans.” Yıl 6, Sayı 1, Haziran 2013 (71-85).
  • Işık, A. (2008), “Sportif Performans ve Genetik”, Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, ss. 37-39.
  • Lea, DH. (2008). “Genetic and genomic health care: ethical issues of importance to nurses. (Electronic version). The Online Journal Issues Nursing, 13(1).
  • Livanelioğlu, K. (2008), ”Sporda Gen Dopingi Uluslararası sempozyumu”.
  • Mara diegue, A. (2008). A resource guide for learning about genetics, (Electronic version). The Online Journal Issues Nursing, 13(1).
  • Maughan, R.J.:Thelimits of humanathleticperformance. Annals of transplantation. Vol.10, No.4: 52-54, 2005.
  • Miah A. (2005). Gene doping: the shape of things to come (C Tamburrini, T Tannsjo, Eds.). Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s. 42-53. New York: Routledge.
  • Montgomery HE, Marshall R, Hemingway H, et al. Human gene for physical performance. Nature; 393:221-222, 1998.
  • Myerson S, Hemingway H, Budget R, et al.. Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. J ApplPhysiol.;87(4):1313-1316,1999.
  • Perusse, L.;Rankinen, T.; Rauramaa, R.; Rivera, S.M.; Bouchard, C.; Wolfarth, B.: The human gene mapfor performance and health related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol.35 (8): 1248-1264, 2003.
  • Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity. 2006; 14: 529-644.
  • Ruiz, Jonatan R., et al. Can weidentify a power-oriented polygenic profile? Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010, 108.3: 561-566.
  • Savulescu J, Foddy B, Comment: Genetic test availablefor kinesiologic performanceBr. J. Sports Med. 39:472,2005.
  • Schneider AJ. (2005). Genetic enhancement of athletic performance (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s.32- 41. New York: Routledge.
  • Schneider AJ, Friedmann T. (2006). Gene Doping in Sports: TheScienceandEthics of Genetically Modified Athletes. London, UK: Elsevier.
  • Schneider AJ, Rupert JL. (2009). Constructing winners: The science and ethics of genetically manipulating athletes. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 36, 182- 206.
  • Simon RL. (1984). Good competition and drug-enhanced performance. Journal of The Philosophy of Sport, 11(1), 613.
  • Tamburrini CM. (2005). Educational or genetic blue prints, what’s the difference? (CM Tamburrini, T Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethical Question (1st ed.), s. 83-90. New York: Routledge.
  • Tännsjö T. (2005). Genetic engineering and elitism in sport. (CM. Tamburrini, T. Tännsjö, Eds.), Genetic Technology and Sport: Ethica lQuestion (1st ed.), s. 57-69. New York: Routledge.
  • Tural, Ş; Tural, E; Kara, N ve Ağaoğlu, S.A. (2011), ”Sporda Gen Dopingi” Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi, C. 13, S. 3, ss. 253-260.
  • UNESCO, (2009). Universal Declaration on the human genome and human rights, Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.unesco.org/ibc/uk/genome/projet/index.html.
  • Ünal M, Ünal DÖ. (2003),”Sporda Doping Kullanımının Tarihçesi” İst. Tıp Fak. Mecmuası, C. 66, S. 4, ss.261-267.
  • Varlet-Marie, E; AudranM andAshenden, M. (2009), “Modification of gene expression: help to detect doping with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents”, Am J Hematol, Vol. 84, No. 11, ss. 755–759.
  • Wolfarth, B.;Bray, M.S.; Hagberg, J.M.; Perusse, L.; Rauramaa, R.; Rivera, M. A.; Roth, S.M.; Rankinen, T.; Bouchard, C. :The human gene mapfor performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2004 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol.37, No. 6: 881-903, 2005
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Onur Oral

Anna Zusa Bu kişi benim

Meral Sevuk Bu kişi benim

Meral Sevınc Tırpan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt 3 (Özel Sayı 2)

Kaynak Göster

APA Oral, O., Zusa, A., Sevuk, M., Sevınc Tırpan, M. (2015). Kinesiogenomics: The Genomic Era in Kinesiology. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 3(Special Issue 4), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS440
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).