Youth Perspectives on the Phenomenon of Brain Drain: An Examination Based on Self-Determination Theory

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 790 - 806, 31.08.2024

Gamze Soysal , Derya Atalan Ergin

https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1445986

Öz

Brain drain has become important issue for many countries. The brain drain of youth or well-educated people can have social and economic consequences for both the host countries and the countries of origin. This study aims to understand the motivations of educated youth for their decision to go abroad or stay in Turkey in the context of brain drain. This qualitative study conducted using theory-driven approach and a deductive process. We determined the research themes based on self-determination theory. A total of 15 youths aged 18-23 years participated in the study (Ngirls=8, Nboys=6, Ntransgender=1). The structured interview form contained 11 open-ended questions and each interview lasted almost 40 minutes. After transcribing the audio recordings, each researcher categorized youths’ responses under the themes of “relatedness”, “competence” and “autonomy”. The results showed that the need for relatedness is crucial for youths’ decision to stay in Turkey. However, the responses of the youth who wanted to go abroad tended to fall under the themes of "competence" and "autonomy". These findings may have drawn attention to the needs of youth and provided an opportunity to take various precautions in the educational and working environment before increasing levels of brain drain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brain drain, youth, self-determination theory, relatedness, competence, autonomy

“Beyin Göçü” Olgusunda Gençlerin Görüşleri: Öz-belirleme Kuramı Temelinde Bir İnceleme

Öz

Beyin göçü, birçok ülke için önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Gençlerin veya iyi eğitim almış bireylerin beyin göçü, hem ev sahibi ülkeler hem de kök ülkeler için sosyal ve ekonomik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışma, beyin göçü bağlamında eğitimli gençlerin yurt dışına gitme veya Türkiye'de kalmaya karar vermelerinin ardındaki motivasyonları anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanı analizlerinde kuram temelli bir yaklaşım temel alınarak betimsel yaklaşım kullanılmış ve tümdengelimsel (dedüktif) bir süreç kullanılmıştır. Temalar Öz-belirleme kuramına dayanarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada 18-23 yaş arasındaki toplam 15 genç ile görüşülmüştür (Nkız=8, Nerkek=6, Ntransgender=1). Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu 11 açık uçlu soru içermekte olup, her görüşme yaklaşık 40 dakika sürmüştür. Ses kayıtları deşifre edildikten sonra, her araştırmacı yanıtları "ilişkililik", "yetkinlik" ve "özerklik" temaları altında kategorize etmiştir. Sonuçlar, ilişkililik ihtiyacının gençlerin Türkiye'de kalmaya karar vermeleri için kritik önemde olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, yurt dışına gitmek isteyen gençlerin yanıtları genellikle "yetkinlik" ve "özerklik" temalarında yer almıştır. Gençlerin ihtiyaçlarına dikkat çeken bulgular özellikle eğitimli gençlerin beyin göçlerini önlemek amacıyla eğitim ve iş yaşamında çeşitli tedbirler alabilme fırsatı sunabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beyin göçü, gençlik, öz-belirleme kuramı, ilişkisellik, yetkinlik, özerklik

Kaynakça

• Adovor, E., Czaika, M., Docquier, F., & Moullan, Y. (2021). Medical brain drain: How many, where and why?. Journal of Health Economics, 76, 102409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102409
• Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for?. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.xAssociation of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (2021) Türkiye gençlik araştırması. https://www.kas.de/tr/web/tuerkei/einzeltitel/-/content/tuerkiye-genclik-arast-rmasi-2021
• Aytac, S (2019) Analysis of the effects of pull and push factors on brain drain: An example of Turkey. Journal of Social Economics Research, 6(2), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.35.2019.62.74.84
• Azadi, P., Mirramezani, M., & Mesgaran, M. B. (2020). Migration and brain drain from Iran. Stanford Iran, 2040, 1-30. https://iranian-studies.stanford.edu/iran-2040-project/publications/migration-and-brain-drain-iran
• Bakewell, O. (2021). Unsettling the boundaries between forced and voluntary migration. In E. Carmel, K. Lenner, & R. Paul (Eds.), Handbook on the Politics and Governance of Migration (pp. 124-136). Edward Elgar. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-on-the-governance-and-politics-of-migration-9781788117227.html
• Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00133-4
• Botezat, A., & Moraru, A. (2020). Brain drain from Romania: What do we know so far about the Romanian medical diaspora?. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 11(1) 309-334. https://ideas.repec.org/a/jes/journl/y2020v11p309-334.html
• Boyle, G. (2001). Quality of life and autonomy in long-term care: A Belfast study. [PhD dissertation],Queen’s University Belfast. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161416092.pdf
• Boyle, G. (2008). Autonomy in long‐term care: a need, a right or a luxury?. Disability & society, 23(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802038795
• Burger, S. (2022). Brain drain, brain gain and its net effect, Global Knowledge partnership on Migration and Development. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/knomad_paper_46_brain_drain_brain_gain_and_its_net_effect_sandra_berger_november_2022.pdf
• Cambridge Dictionary (2023). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/brain-drain
• Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., & Meeus, W. (2008). Capturing the dynamics of identity formation in various ethnic groups: Development and validation of a three dimensional model. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.002
• Davids, E. L., Roman, N. V., & Kerchhoff, L. J. (2017). Adolescent goals and aspirations in search of psychological well-being: from the perspective of self-determination theory. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316653744
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
• De-Juanas, Á., Bernal Romero, T., & Goig, R. (2020). The relationship between psychological well-being and autonomy in young people according to age. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 559976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559976
• Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of economic literature, 50(3), 681-730. http://dx. doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.681
• Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., & Laudanski, K. (2019). Global brain drain: How can the Maslow theory of motivation improve our understanding of physician migration?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(7), 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182
• Emmanuel, N. D., Elo, M., & Piekkari, R. (2019). Human stickiness as a counterforce to brain drain: Purpose-driven behaviour among Tanzanian medical doctors and implications for policy. Journal of International Business Policy, 2, 314-332.https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-019-00036-7
• Erikson, E. H. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4(1), 56-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515600400104
• Ette, A., & Witte, N. (2021). Brain drain or brain circulation? Economic and non-economic factors driving the international migration of German citizens. In The Global Lives of German Migrants: Consequences of International Migration Across the Life Course (pp. 65-83). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4
• Feng, G. C. (2014). Intercoder reliability indices: disuse, misuse, and abuse. Quality & Quantity, 48, 1803-1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9956-8
• Güngör, N. D. (2004). Brain drain from Turkey: An empirical investigation of the determinants of skilled migration and student non-return. [Unpublished master thesis] Middle East Technical University. https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605063/index.pdf
• Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & de Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative research methods: when to use them and how to judge them. Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334
• Hashish, E. A., & Ashour, H. M. (2020). Determinants and mitigating factors of the brain drain among Egyptian nurses: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 699-719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120940381
• IOM (2022) World Migration Report 2022. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
• Kaczan, D. J., & Orgill-Meyer, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights. Climatic Change, 158(3-4),281-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02560-0
• Khan, J. (2021). European academic brain drain: A meta‐synthesis. European Journal of Education, 56(2), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12449
• Khuc, Q. V., Nguyen, M. H., Le, T. T., Nguyen, T. L., Nguyen, T., Lich, H. K., & Vuong, Q. H. (2022). Brain drain out of the blue: Pollution-induced migration in Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063645
• King, R., & Gëdeshi, I. (2020). The actual and potential migration of students from Albania: A putative brain drain?. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Office Tirana. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/albanien/17258.pdf
• Kvartiuk, V., Petrick, M., Bavorova, M., Bednaříková, Z., & Ponkina, E. (2020). A brain drain in Russian agriculture? Migration sentiments among skilled Russian rural youth. Europe-Asia Studies, 72(8), 1352-1377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1730305
• Lai, W., Song, H., Wang, C., & Wang, H. (2021). Air pollution and brain drain: Evidence from college graduates in China. China Economic Review, 68, 101624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101624
• Lanko, D. (2022). Fear of brain drain: Russian academic community on internationalization of education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(5), 640-655. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211031066
• Li, B., Cheng, S., & Xiao, D. (2020). The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality. China Economic Review, 62, 101481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101481
• MacFarlane, A., & O’Reilly-De Brún, M. (2012). Using a theory-driven conceptual framework in qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Research, 22(5), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311431898
• Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
• Metin, F. (2023). Brain Drain from Türkiye: Register Evidence of Non‐Returning Graduates. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 8(2), 373-419. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1149770
• Mosquera, P. M. R., Manstead, A. S., & Fischer, A. H. (2002). Honor in the Mediterranean and northern Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 16-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033001002
• Okafor, C., & Chimereze, C. (2020). Brain drain among Nigerian nurses: Implications to the migrating nurse and the home country. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 7(1), 15-21. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Caleb-Chimereze/publication/338741425_Brain_Drain_among_Nigerian_Nurses_Implications_to_the_Migrating_Nurse_and_the_Home_Country/links/5e283ba7a6fdcc70a1411a4a/Brain-Drain-among-Nigerian-Nurses-Implications-to-the-Migrating-Nurse-and-the-Home-Country.pdf
• OECD (2022) International Migration Outlook 2022 https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/30fe16d2-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/30fe16d2-en
• Perlman, D., Patterson, C., Moxham, L., Taylor, E. K., Brighton, R., Sumskis, S., & Heffernan, T. (2017). Understanding the influence of resilience for people with a lived experience of mental illness: A self‐determination theory perspective. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(8), 1026-1032. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21908
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012753
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. doi:10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
• Sano, Y., Hillier, C., Haan, M., & Zarifa, D. (2020). Youth migration in the context of rural brain drain: Longitudinal evidence from Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 15(4). https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/1850/436
• Shakya, S., Basnet, S., & Paudel, J. (2022). Natural disasters and labor migration: Evidence from Nepal’s earthquake. World Development, 151, 105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105748
• Simpson, N. B. (2022). Demographic and economic determinants of migration. IZA World of Labor. doi: 10.15185/izawol.373.v2
• Stark, O., Helmenstein, C., & Prskawetz, A. (1997). A brain gain with a brain drain. Economics Letters, 55(2), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00085-2
• Tanrısevdi, F., Durdu, İ., & Tanrısevdi, A. (2019). Beyin Göçü mü? Beyin Gücü mü?. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, (14), 133-158. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1409060
• TUIK (2023) Yaşam Memnuniyeti araştırması [Life Satisfaction Research] https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yasam-Memnuniyeti-Arastirmasi-2022-49691
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2023) Uluslararası Göç İstatistikleri https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Uluslararasi-Goc-Istatistikleri-2021-45814
• Uskul, A. K., Cross, S. E., Sunbay, Z., Gercek-Swing, B., & Ataca, B. (2012). Honor bound: The cultural construction of honor in Turkey and the Northern United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(7), 1131-1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111422258
• Xue, S., Zhang, B., & Zhao, X. (2021). Brain drain: The impact of air pollution on firm performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 110, 102546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102546
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri [Research Methods in Social Sciences] (9. Basım), Seçkin Yayıncılık.