AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ BAKIMINDAN BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER DENİZ HUKUKU SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN HUKUKİ ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 345 - 361, 31.12.2019

İlke Göçmen , Emriye Özlem Şeker

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.567944

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), 1 Nisan 1998
tarihinde Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’ne (BMDHS) taraf
olmuştur. BMDHS; çok taraflı oluşu, maddi yönden denizlerin anayasası niteliği
taşıması, kurumsal yönden Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Mahkemesi dâhil
kurumsallaşmış yapı getirmesi ve AB yönünden karma anlaşma oluşu yönleriyle,
AB’nin diğer uluslararası anlaşmalarından kısmen veya tamamen ayrı olarak, AB
bakımından pek çok ve kimi zaman karmaşık hukuki etkiler meydana
getirebilmektedir. İşte bu çalışma, yukarıdaki nedenlerle, Avrupa Birliği
Adalet Divanının içtihat hukuku ışığında, BMDHS’nin AB bakımından hukuki
etkilerini kurumsal denge ilkesi ve AB hukukundaki genel etkiler üzerinden
ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Görüleceği üzere, kurumsal denge ilkesi, ana
hatlarıyla, BMDHS ile ilgili hususlarda üye devletlerin maksimum kontrol
isteğinin karşısında, ulusüstü niteliği ağır basan AB kurumlarının kontrolü ele
alma isteğinin ise yanında durmuştur. Ayrıca, BMDHS ve BMDHS’nin kimi
hükümlerinin bir parçasını oluşturduğu ölçüde uluslararası teamül hukuku, AB
açısından bağlayıcılık taşıdığında, ihlal davasına ve uygun yorum ilkesine konu
edilebilecek olmakla birlikte; doğrudan etkililik, hukuka uygunluk denetimi ve
AB’nin haksız fiil sorumluluğu yönlerinden kısmen belirsizlik, dahası
tutarsızlıklar içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, Kurumsal Denge İlkesi, Avrupa Birliği Hukukundaki Genel Etkiler

LEGAL EFFECTS OF UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON LAW OF THE SEA WITH REGARD TO EUROPEAN UNION

Öz

European Union (EU) became a party to the United Nations
Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on 1 April 1998. UNCLOS can generate
several and sometimes complicated legal effects with regard to the EU, either
partially or fully separate from the EU’s other international agreements, since
it is multilateral, have the characteristic of constitution of the seas in
substantive terms, brings an institutionalised structure, including International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, in institutional terms and is a mixed
agreement in EU terms. Hence, for these reasons, this Article aims to present
the legal effects of the UNCLOS with regard to the EU, on the basis of
principle of institutional balance and general effects under EU law, in the
light of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. As will be
seen, generally, the principle of institutional balance has been against the
maximum control demands of Member States and for the desire of the EU
institutions, which bear overriding supranational characteristics, to take the
control in their hands in relation to the UNCLOS matters. Besides, both UNCLOS
and international customary law as long as composed by a provision of UNCLOS,
provided that they are binding on the EU, can be a subject of infringement
proceedings and principle of consistent interpretation; however, contain
partially certainty, furthermore inconsistencies in relation to directly
effectiveness, legality review and EU’s non-contractual liability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, Principle of Institutional Balance, General Effects under European Union Law

Kaynakça

• BAYKAL, Sanem / GÖÇMEN İlke: Avrupa Birliği Kurumsal Hukuku, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2016.
• EECKHOUT, Piet: EU External Relations Law, 2d ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
• KARAYİĞİT, Mustafa T.: Avrupa Birliği Anayasa Hukuku, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2019.
• KOUTRAKOS, Panos: EU International Relations Law, 2d ed, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015.
• KUIJPER, Pieter Jan et al.: The Law of EU External Relations: Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the EU as an International Legal Actor, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013.
• KURAN, Selami: Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku, 4th ed, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2014.
• ÖZKAN, Işıl: Avrupa Birliği Kamu Hukuku, 2d ed, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2017.
• SUR, Melda: Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, 12th ed, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2018.
• BOELAERT-SUOMINEN, Sonja: “The European Community, the European Court of Justice and the Law of the Sea”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Cilt: 23, Sayı: 4, 2008.
• EECKHOUT, Piet: “Case C-308/06, The Queen on the application of Intertanko and Others v Secretary of State for Transport, judgment of the Court of Justice, Grand Chamber, of 3 June 2008”, Common Market Law Review, Cilt: 46, Sayı: 6, 2009.
• GÜNDÜZLER, Ulaş: “United Nations Convention on Law of Sea As a Mixed Treaty of EU: A Headache for Turkey?”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 2, 2013.
• HILLION, Christophe: “Conferral, Cooperation and Balance in the Institutional Framework of EU External Action”, in CREMONA Marise (ed.), Structural Principles in EU External Relations Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2018.
• KUIJPER, Pieter Jan: “Customary International Law, Decisions of International Organisations and Other Techniques for Ensuring Respect for International Legal Rules in European Community Law”, in WOUTERS, Jan / NOLLKAEMPER, André / DE WET, Erika (ed.), The Europeanisation of International Law: The Status of International Law in the EU and its Member States, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2008.
• LAVRANOS, Nikolaos: “MOX Plant Dispute – Court of Justice of the European Communities”, European Constitutional Law Review, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 3, 2006.
• LONG, Ronán: “The European Union and Law of the Sea Convention at the Age of 30”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Cilt: 27, Sayı: 4, 2012.
• MEI, Anne Pieter van der: “EU External Relations and Internal Inter-Institutional Conflicts: The Battlefield of Article 218 TFEU”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Cilt: 23, Sayı: 6, 2016.
• OLSON, Peter M.: “Mixity from the Outside: The Perspective of a Treaty Partner”, in HILLION, Christophe / KOUTRAKOS, Panos (ed.), Mixed Agreements Revisited: The EU and its Member States in the World, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010.
• PAASIVIRTA, Esa: “The European Union and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, Fordham International Law Journal, Cilt: 38, Sayı: 4, 2015.ROACH, J. Ashley: “Today’s Customary International Law of the Sea”, Ocean Development & International Law, Cilt: 45, 2014.
• SÁNCHEZ-TABERNERO, Soledad R.: “Swimming in a Sea of Courts: The EU’s Representation Before International Tribunals”, European Papers, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, 2016.
• WOUTERS, Jan / ODERMATT, Jed / RAMOPOULOS, Thomas: “Worlds Apart? Comparing the Approaches of the European Court of Justice and the EU Legislature to International Law”, in CREMONA, Marise / THIES, Anne (ed.), The European Court of Justice and External Relations Law: Constitutional Challenges, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014.