THE SUBLIME PORTE AND THE STANDARD OF CIVILIZATION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE EYES OF THE EUROPEANS ON THE BASIS OF 1856 PARIS TREATY

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 418 - 437, 31.12.2019

Habip Ünyılmaz

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.571998

Öz

The admission of the Ottoman Empire to benefit European
public law was arranged in the 1856 Paris Treaty which is also the certificate
of Ottoman inclusion in the Concert of Europe. But there is an old debate about
the nature and results of the admission, that students of the history of
international law are familiar with. In this article to deliver the
intellectual background of the concepts and institutions of the debate, the
doctrine and practice of the century are explained. The debate which is shaped
by both ideological motivations of doctrine and high politics affected law
practice, presented by examining differentiating views on the subject. In
evaluation, firstly attention drawn to the limited and inconsistent character
of European public law. Than although as an important phase in which the
Empire’s endeavors to be a part of the European family of nations was
confirmed, the probability that Paris Treaty’s had an only partial effect on the
subject is submitted. It will be seen that especially at the second half of the
century, the experience of the Ottomans which is thought to have gained
membership in the family of nations by fulfilling the requirements of the
standard of civilization is an informative case study to learn about the
complex and ambiguous idea of international law of the era.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of international law, Ottoman Empire, standard of civilisation, family of nations, 1856 Paris Treaty

AVRUPA UYGARLIK EŞİĞİNDE BÂBIÂLİ : 1856 PARİS ANDLAŞMASI TEMELİNDE ULUSLARARASI HUKUK VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU İLİŞKİSİNE AVRUPALILARIN GÖZÜYLE BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Avrupa
Ahengi’ne kabulünün vesikası olan 1856 Paris Andlaşması’nda, İmparatorluğun
aynı zamanda Avrupa kamu hukukuna da dâhil edildiği düzenlenmiştir. Buna rağmen
söz konusu düzenlemenin mahiyeti ve sonuçlarına dair uluslararası hukuk
tarihiyle ilgilenenlerin aşina olduğu eski bir tartışma devam edegelmiştir. Bu
çalışmada yüzyılın uluslararası hukuk öğretisi ve uygulaması izah edilerek öncelikle
ilgili tartışmada kullanılan kavramlar ve kurumlar düşünsel bütünü içinde
anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Hem hukuk öğretisinin ideolojik güdülenmesinin
hem de yüksek siyasetin tesirindeki hukuk uygulamasının şekillendirdiği bu
tartışmaya dair farklı görüşler açıklanarak sunulmuştur. Bu görüşler üzerinden
yapılan değerlendirmede ilkin Avrupa kamu hukukunun sınırlı ve değişken
karakterine dikkat çekilmiştir. Ardından İmparatorluğun Avrupalı uluslar
ailesinin bir parçası olabilmek için giriştiği faaliyetlerin teyit edildiği
önemli bir aşama olmasına rağmen Paris Andlaşması’nın ancak kısmen bu konuda
etki doğurduğu ihtimali ortaya konmuştur. Böylece uygarlık eşiğini geçerek
uluslar ailesinin üyesi olduğu düşünülen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun bilhassa yüzyılın
ikinci yarısındaki tecrübelerinin 19. yüzyılın karmaşık ve kesinlikten uzak
uluslararası hukuk düşüncesini açıklamak için öğretici bir vakıa çalışması
olduğu görülecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası hukukun tarihi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, uygarlık eşiği, uluslar ailesi, 1856 Paris Andlaşması

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