DÜNYA TİCARET ÖRGÜTÜ BALIKÇILIK SÜBVANSIYONLARI ANLAŞMASINA İLİŞKİN GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 24 - 36

Özlem Canbeldek Akın

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.1707058

Öz

Özet

Bu çalışma, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) tarafından 2022 yılında kabul edilen Balıkçılık Sübvansiyonları Anlaşması’nı (FSA) ele almaktadır. FSA, yasa dışı, bildirilmeyen ve düzensiz (IUU) balıkçılığa sağlanan sübvansiyonları yasaklamakta; aşırı avlanmış stoklara ve açık denizlerde yürütülen düzenlenmemiş balıkçılığa yönelik sübvansiyonları sınırlamaktadır. Anlaşma, DTÖ tarihinde çevre odaklı ilk çok taraflı ticaret anlaşması olma niteliğini taşımakta ve Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinin 14.6. maddesinin uygulanmasını amaçlanmaktadır. FSA, gelişmekte olan ve en az gelişmiş ülkelere özel ve farklılaştırılmış muamele tanımakta, uygulama ve bildirim yükümlülüklerinde esneklik sağlamaktadır. Ancak bu yönüyle, gelişmiş ülkeler tarafından eleştirilmekte; bazı ekonomik olarak güçlü gelişmekte olan ülkelerin bu statüyü rekabet avantajına dönüştürdüğü öne sürülmektedir. Ayrıca, anlaşmanın yalnızca belirli sübvansiyon türlerini kapsaması, aşırı kapasite ve avlanmayı teşvik eden diğer destek türlerinin dışarıda bırakılması, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından yetersiz görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, FSA her ne kadar bazı eksiklikler barındırsa da çevre-ticaret ilişkisine dair küresel iş birliği açısından önemli bir dönüm noktası oluşturmakta ve deniz ekosistemlerinin korunmasına yönelik hukuki çerçeveyi güçlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dünya Ticaret Örgütü , Balıkçılık , Sübvansiyon

GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION FISHERIES SUBSIDIES AGREEMENT

Öz

This study examines the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA), adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2022. The FSA prohibits subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and limits subsidies for overfished stocks and unregulated fishing activities conducted on the high seas. The agreement represents the first multilateral trade agreement in WTO history with an explicit environmental focus and aims to implement Target 14.6 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The FSA grants special and differential treatment to developing and least-developed countries, providing flexibilities in implementation and notification obligations. However, this aspect has drawn criticism from developed countries, who argue that some economically strong developing countries exploit this status as a competitive advantage. Furthermore, the agreement's narrow scope—limited to certain types of subsidies—has been criticized for excluding support measures that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, thereby falling short of ensuring environmental sustainability. In conclusion, despite its shortcomings, the FSA marks a significant turning point for global cooperation on trade and the environment and strengthens the legal framework for the protection of marine ecosystems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

World Trade Organisation , Fisheries , Subsidies

Kaynakça

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